This study explores the application of the normal distribution in analyzing the height data of Mathematics Education students at FMIPA Universitas Negeri Medan in 2024. Employing a quantitative descriptive-analytic methodology, the research involved collecting primary data from 10 randomly selected students through a questionnaire-based survey. Descriptive statistical analysis revealed a mean height of 161.4 cm with a standard deviation of 8.79 cm. The median height was found to be 164 cm, while the mode was 150 cm, indicating a slightly skewed distribution. To assess the suitability of the normal distribution model, the Shapiro-Wilk test was applied, resulting in a W value of 0.921 and a p-value of 0.361, which exceeds the 0.05 significance level. This confirms that the sample data follow a normal distribution pattern. The findings were further supported through visual representation using histograms and analysis based on the empirical rule, which showed that approximately 68% of the students' heights fall within one standard deviation of the mean (152.81–169.99 cm). Additionally, probability calculations demonstrated that the likelihood of a student being 160 cm tall or shorter is approximately 43.64%. These results validate the effectiveness of the normal distribution as a tool for analyzing biological or physical characteristics, even in small sample sizes. However, the study acknowledges its limitation in terms of sample size and suggests that future research involve larger and more diverse populations to enhance generalizability. The study highlights the relevance of normal distribution in statistical modeling, particularly for educational and health-related data interpretation and decision-making processes.

Language is closely related to social and cultural aspects, including in the process of learning foreign languages such as Mandarin. Effective Chinese language learning does not only focus on linguistic aspects, but also requires an understanding of the culture of origin of the language. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the application of culture-based learning in increasing motivation to learn Chinese. The method used is literature study or library research, with documentation technique as data collection method and content analysis technique as data analysis method. Based on the analysis of twelve research articles, it was found that the integration of cultural elements such as traditional games, visual media, and Chinese pop culture can create a learning experience that is fun, interesting, and encourages students' curiosity towards Chinese. In conclusion, culture-based learning is proven to have a positive influence on motivation to learn Chinese and can be used as an alternative teaching strategy that is more contextual and fun.

This study aims to improve the cognitive development of children aged 4–5 years through observation of learning activities in a kindergarten. This study uses a descriptive observation method with five children as subjects. Observations were conducted for two days to observe children's abilities in several cognitive aspects, including the ability to find solutions when facing difficulties, group small and large objects, mention numbers 1–10, and distinguish between various colors. Data were collected through field notes using assessment instruments compiled based on indicators of early childhood cognitive development. The results of the study showed that most children were in the Very Well Developed (BSB) category for all observed indicators, although there were some children who were in the Developing According to Expectations (BSH) category. These findings indicate that the learning strategies implemented by educators have been able to stimulate cognitive development optimally, and can be used as a reference in compiling further learning programs.

This study aims to identify morphological and reproductive characters in Thallophyta and Bryophyta in UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung. Bryophytes have high species diversity and are known as the second largest group of plants after flowering plants. They play an important role in maintaining ecosystems, especially water balance and nutrient cycles, and serve as bioindicators due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. The study was conducted by taking samples of leaf lichens and crustose lichens on various substrates such as rocks, soil, and trees, then observed using a stereo microscope and binocular microscope. The results showed that Thallophyta, such as crustose lichens, have unique morphological structures and can reproduce through ascospores, while Bryophyta, such as leaf mosses, have a life cycle that includes gametophyte and sporophyte stages. Reproduction in leaf mosses occurs sexually through the antheridium and archegonium, and asexually through stolon fragmentation. In addition to their ecological role, lichens also provide important habitat for a variety of organisms and help maintain the balance of tropical forest ecosystems. The adaptation of lichens to a wide range of environmental conditions allows them to survive in various substrates and extreme situations. This study provides new insights into the role of lichens in ecosystems and their potential applications for environmental conservation and restoration. The results of this study can serve as a basis for biodiversity conservation efforts and sustainable environmental management. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate conservation measures to preserve the vital role of lichens in ecosystems and the overall health of the environment.

Flights from Bima to Yogyakarta can be done via transit or non-transit flight routes. The selection of flight routes carried out by cadets of the Yogyakarta Aerospace Technology College (STTKD) is quite important to know the factors that are considered in choosing the flight route to be taken, in addition, this route selection offers different alternatives in terms of travel time, ticket costs and comfort in transit and non-transit flights. With accurate information, cadets can choose the most efficient and economical option, so as to minimize their experience in traveling using air transportation. The research method used in this study is a qualitative research method. Where this research method is a method of research that is descriptive and tends to use analysis. Based on the results of data analysis of five selected sources, it shows that the selection of flight routes from Bima to Yogyakarta is influenced by several main factors such as travel time, price, and comfort. In this study, the data validity checking technique used is the triangulation technique, where the triangulation technique is to test the credibility of the data carried out. In the selection of transit flight routes, the comfort of the service is more dominant, while for non-transit flight routes, the ticket price and travel time are more dominant. Of the two flight routes, each has its own main factors in selecting a flight route, namely price, travel time, and comfort.

This research aims to describe in detail the analysis of language errors in descriptive texts at the linguistic level which includes errors in phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, spelling and punctuation. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The data from this research are text descriptions of the work of 30 class VII MTS Bahrul Ulum students, and 5 texts were used as samples in this research. The data collection technique in this research was obtained by requesting data from the school through the teacher concerned. The object of this research is the results of student assignments in the form of descriptive text and then the data obtained is analyzed. Data analysis was carried out by reading, analyzing and classifying the data, then the results of the language error analysis were depicted in tables and conclusions were described. The results of the research show that language errors in the descriptive texts of class VII students at MTS Bahrul Ulum include: 1) Phonology with 7 errors, consisting of phoneme changes and phoneme deletions, 2) Morphology with 4 errors consisting of reduplication, composition and affixation errors, 3) 2 semantic errors consist of the use of non-standard words and unclear meanings, 4) 14 spelling errors consist of errors in the use of capital letters and punctuation errors. 4 times, consisting of errors in placing commas, spaces and periods. Based on the results of this research, researchers hope that it can be used as a reference and feedback for both students who are learners, and more specifically for educators, language users, or even for other researchers.
 

In the digital era, personal data protection has become a crucial issue due to the growing risks of privacy breaches. This study aims to explore the role of digital education in enhancing privacy literacy and mitigating the social impacts of data violations. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, primary data was collected through online surveys and in-depth interviews with users and experts, while secondary data was analyzed from academic journals and industry reports. Results reveal that only 42.7% of respondents understood how to safely manage their personal information, reflecting a significant gap in privacy awareness. Moreover, a positive correlation (R = 0.72) was identified between improved privacy literacy and reduced social risks, such as identity theft and cyberbullying. Simulations proved to be effective educational tools, with every 10% increase in digital privacy literacy reducing social risks by 7%. The findings highlight the need for integrating privacy education into formal curricula at all educational levels, complemented by community-based initiatives for underserved populations. Collaborative efforts between governments, educational institutions, and technology organizations are essential to develop relevant and effective learning resources. The study underscores the importance of adopting holistic educational strategies to empower individuals in navigating the challenges of data protection in the digital age.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk untuk mengetahui bagaimana layanan e-PBK yang diterbitkan pada DJP Online dapat mencapai standar pelayanan yang telah disusun oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yang bersifat kualitatif dan pendekatan analisis deskriptif. Data penelitian ini diperoleh melalui kuesioner yang menghasilkan data primer, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan metode analisis naratif. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, implementasi fitur e-PBK yang terjadi dilapangan tidak sesuai dengan standar pelayanan yang ditetapkan oleh Direktorat Jenderal Pajak. Proses dalam pemindahbukuan yang seharusnya lebih cepat menjadi sangat lama dan pemindahbukuan yang diajukan pihak KPP tempat OP atau badan terdaftar seringkali ditolak tanpa penjelasan yang jelas. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa untuk dapat mencapai standar pelayanan yang telah ditetapkan oleh DJP dan meningkatkan kuliatas pelayanan pajak, pihak layanan e-PBK  harus meningkatkan kecepatan dan ketepatan waktu pengolahan permohonan e-PBK, meningkatkan responsifitas layanan serta melakukan evaluasi dan perbaikan terus-menerus.

Penggunaan model pembelajaran yang tidak bervariasi menyebabkan siswa kurang antusias dalam pembelajaran IPS, hal tersebut berdampak pada hasil belajar IPS siswa yang kurang maksimal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian eksperimen. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah quasi experimental design jenis nonequivalent control group design. Populasi penelitian ini ialah seluruh peserta didik kelas V SDN Kebun Bunga 6 dengan menggunakan purposive sampling. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, tes, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan yaitu analisis statistik deskriptif dan analisis statistik inferensial. Nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen 50 dan kelas nilai rata-rata kelas kontrol 45. Adapun nilai posttest pada kelas eksperimen diperoleh hasil rata-rata 89,38 dan kelas kontrol memperoleh nilai rata-rata 65,79. Hasil uji t posttest dengan perhitungan Independent Sample t-Test diketahui nilai signifikansi 0,000 dan thitung 7,537. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak, yang artinya terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa.

This study aims to analyze the factors influencing the risk perception of stock investments among Generation Z in Indonesia. The research method used is quantitative, employing a survey approach through questionnaires. The analytical technique applied is multiple linear regression. The results of the study indicate that financial literacy, investment experience, and social influence significantly impact risk perception. These findings have important implications for financial education providers and capital market institutions.