This study explores ethnographic research methods in education, focusing on their characteristics, types, advantages, and limitations. The study aims to provide a systematic understanding of ethnographic research in education and identify steps to enhance its validity and reliability. A library research approach was used, analyzing various academic sources. The findings reveal that ethnography provides deep insights into school culture, classroom social interactions, and student-teacher communication patterns. Identified types of ethnographic research include realist, critical, and case study ethnography. While this method offers a holistic understanding of educational contexts, it also has drawbacks, such as researcher subjectivity and extended time requirements.

Soil pH is an indicator of soil quality that is important to note because it  affects the balance of nutrients in the soil. This is important, especially to maintain the fertility of agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to analyze soil quality based on the soil pH of maize and chili plants. The research sample was taken on the agricultural land of Gemuhblanten Village, Gemuh District, Kendal Regency ins October 2022. Sampling was carried out at six points on each of the maize and chili field. The initial pH data obtained was then averaged. It was obtained that the average soil pH of maize plants was 7.75 which was in the "slightly alkaline" criteria. The average soil pH of chili plants is 7.08 which is a "neutral" criterion The soil pH value for maize plants is slightly higher than the good soil pH for maize plants. Meanwhile, the pH of the soil in chili plants meets a good soil pH value for chili plants.

Purpose: This study aims to improve brain tumor detection by integrating Fuzzy Logic with K-folds validation to enhance classification accuracy and robustness. The research addresses the challenge of distinguishing between normal and abnormal brain MRI images.
Methods: This study utilized a public dataset from Kaggle comprising 2,660 MRI images, initially categorized into four classes: Glioma, Meningioma, Pituitary, and No Tumor. For the study, Glioma, Meningioma, and Pituitary were combined into one abnormal label, resulting in two classes: Normal and Abnormal. The methodology involved pre-processing the images, applying Fuzzy Logic with K-folds validation (K=3), and evaluating the model’s performance using single prediction tests.
Result: The proposed approach achieved an exceptional accuracy of 99.88% during the K-folds validation process. The model demonstrated strong performance across all test samples, accurately classifying both normal and abnormal cases, with true positive results in single prediction tests.
Novelty: This study introduces a novel combination of Fuzzy Logic with K-folds validation, demonstrating a significant improvement in classification accuracy compared to existing methods. The integration of these techniques offers a robust framework for brain tumor detection, enhancing diagnostic precision and addressing the challenge of distinguishing between various tumor types in MRI images.

Lahan gambut merupakan ekosistem vital bagi lingkungan global untuk menghadapi ancaman serius dari aktivitas manusia seperti deforestasi dan konversi lahan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyelidiki dan mengevaluasi pendekatan, metode, serta praktik pembelajaran Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (IPA) yang terintegrasi dengan konteks lahan gambut, sehingga diharapkan dapat meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran siswa tentang konservasi. Melalui metodologi studi literatur, penelitian ini menganalisis berbagai sumber ilmiah relevan untuk mengidentifikasi dan mengevaluasi efektivitas metode pembelajaran dalam meningkatkan pemahaman peserta didik mengenai ekosistem lahan gambut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa model pembelajaran berbasis literasi sains, kearifan lokal, dan kreativitas, serta pendekatan interdisipliner yang menggabungkan aspek ekologi, biologi, kimia, dan ilmu tanah, dapat meningkatkan pemahaman holistik dan kesadaran lingkungan siswa. Penggunaan teknologi seperti simulasi komputer dan pemetaan digital terbukti efektif dalam memvisualisasikan kompleksitas ekosistem lahan gambut. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi pentingnya melibatkan komunitas lokal dan pengetahuan tradisional dalam kurikulum pembelajaran. Pendekatan berbasis proyek, eksperimen lapangan, dan metode pembelajaran kolaboratif juga direkomendasikan untuk memfasilitasi pengalaman langsung dan pemecahan masalah terkait pengelolaan lahan gambut. Implikasi dari penelitian ini mencakup rekomendasi untuk pengembangan kurikulum dan pelatihan guru yang berfokus pada integrasi IPA dengan isu-isu lingkungan lokal, khususnya lahan gambut. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk mengembangkan metode pembelajaran yang lebih efisien dalam mengintegrasikan IPA dengan konteks lahan gambut, guna mendukung upaya konservasi dan pengelolaan berkelanjutan ekosistem kritis ini.

Psychology is a scientific discipline that aims to understand human behavior. The differences in human behavior in response to the presence of stimulus have proven that every human being is unique and not the same, and their needs are different. No human being is the same psychologically even though their physical condition looks the same to the naked eye. This affects human abilities as well when faced with the source of the problem at hand. Every human being must constantly develop their competence, so as not to experience a mental crisis that can eventually lead to pathological disorders. Understanding human uniqueness especially in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor abilities will help in the smoothness of the counseling process. At SMAN 5 Tasikmalaya, the counseling process is not based on psychological theory alone, but depends on the student. How to approach students who have problems at this high school with one of the ways in each class there is 1 hour of counseling lessons a week, so that students do not have fear, but students become more courageous to consult the BK teacher.

Companies often face various obstacles related to managing raw material inventory to meet demand, one of which is Peuyeum Ketan Istimewa. Working in the food processing industry, of course, raw material inventory management needs to be planned optimally to avoid various risks that can harm the company. The Quantity Discount model is used to take advantage of cost savings provided by suppliers when purchases are made in large quantities, while other efforts that can help manage raw materials in a company are by knowing the safety stock and reorder point of raw materials and also forecasting demand to predict future demand. This study will use the Quantity Discount model which optimizes inventory levels by considering storage costs, ordering costs, and quantity discounts. The calculations carried out are also to find the value of the company's Safety Stock and Reorder Point. The results of this study indicate that the use of the Quantity Discount method can reduce total costs by Rp26,319,267/year, while forecasting using the seasonality method increases the accuracy of demand predictions, thus enabling more efficient inventory management. The implementation of this model is expected to provide a significant contribution to operational efficiency and cost reduction at Peuyeum Ketan Istimewa

This research aims to explore the optimization of land clearing techniques in supporting agricultural sustainability in Dahana Tabaloho Village, Gunungsitoli District, North Sumatra. This research involved students of the University of Nias Agrotechnology Study Program who applied land clearing techniques which included weed removal, soil loosening, drainage and bed making. The methods used in this study were direct observation, interviews, and measurement of soil parameters before and after the application of the techniques. The results showed that the combination of traditional and modern techniques in land management can improve tillage efficiency and environmental sustainability. The use of cultivators for soil loosening is proven to speed up the process, but still requires organic fertilizer to maintain the quality of the soil structure. Good drainage is effective in managing excess water and ensuring water availability during the dry season. In addition, making beds with proper direction supports optimal plant growth. The 15% increase in organic matter content and the stability of soil pH to remain neutral are indicators of the success of the applied techniques. Overall, this study provides evidence that proper land management can support sustainable agricultural productivity in the tropics.

Desa Kesamben Wetan merupakan salah satu desa di Kecamatan Driyorejo, Kabupaten Gresik yang mempunyai produk unggulan berupa kunyit. Kelompok Tani (Mitra 2) terdiri dari 26 petani, menjual kunyit hasil panen tersebut ke UKM (Mitra 1). Mitra 1 menjual kunyit dalam bentuk kunyit basah dan kunyit olahan kering. Permasalahan pada olahan kunyit kering yang dijual tidak melalui proses pencucian sehingga banyak pasir yang menempel dan kunyit sebelum dikeringkan tidak melalui proses blanching sehingga banyak mengandung mikroorganisme dan kadar air yang tinggi. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, tim pengabdian memberikan penerapan IPTEKS pada Mitra 2 berupa mesin pencuci kunyit agar kunyit yang dijual ke mitra 1 sudah dalam keadaan bersih, higienis dan pada Mitra 1 berupa mesin pengukus kunyit untuk proses blanching agar kunyit sebelum dikeringkan terbebas dari mikroorganisme, mempercepat proses pengeringan dan memiliki kwalitas baik. Metode yang digunakan yaitu persiapan, pemberian TTG mesin pencuci, pengukus, pelatihan penggunaan dan maintenance mesin, pendampingan sampai diperoleh hasil yang diinginkan. Mesin tersebut sudah melalui proses rancang bangun dengan menyesuaikan kebutuhan Mitra. Mesin pencuci kunyit berkapasitas 50-80 kg/jam menghasilkan kunyit yang bersih dan higienis, demikian juga untuk mesin pengukus kunyit berkapasitas 30 kg/10 menit menghasilkan kunyit dengan curcumin yang merata diseluruh permukaan kunyit. 

This study aims to prepare students in the future, in order to realize students who have good competency values, a teacher has an important role in educating and preparing them. Both in terms of physical and spiritual. Technological and information advances in the future are very dangerous if a student does not get guidance in its actualization. We hope that through this article all readers can draw the conclusions that we have compiled.

Pelindungan ekspresi budaya tradisional dalam konsep Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal merupakan salah satu upaya melestarikan aspek kebudayaan. Salah satu ekspresi budaya tradisional yang perlu dilindungi adalah Kesenian Genggong Sumedang. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami permasalahan terkait Kesenian Genggong Sumedang yang belum mendapatkan pelindungan defensif sebagai objek Kekayaan Intelektual Komunal serta ketentuan hukum yang dapat mendasari pelindunganya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dan yuridis sosiologis dengan mengumpulkan data primer melalui studi lapangan serta data sekunder melalui studi kepustakaan berupa peraturan perundang-undangan terkait dan bahan hukum sekunder lainnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ketentuan normatif mengenai pelindungan kekayaan intelektual di Indonesia belum dilaksanakan secara optimal. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya sosialisasi tentang pentingnya pelindungan kekayaan intelektual komunal dan pemahaman tata cara permohonan pencatatannya. Dengan demikian, diperlukan kerjasama dan koordinasi yang optimal, baik dalam konteks pencatatan antara komunitas asal pengemban dan Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Sumedang, maupun sosialisasi pentingnya pelindungan defensif atas ekspresi budaya tradisional antara Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Sumedang dan Kementerian Hukum dan Hak AsasiManusia.