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This study evaluates the effectiveness of AI-powered tutoring systems in enhancing personalized English language learning among students in Colleges of Education in Lagos State, Nigeria. The primary objectives include assessing the impact of these systems on students' English proficiency and evaluating their perceptions of usability and effectiveness. Guided by four research questions, the study aims to provide insights into the integration of AI in educational contexts. Employing a survey research design, the study targeted a population of approximately 50,000 final-year students across several Colleges of Education. A sample of 400 students was selected using a combination of convenience and stratified random sampling techniques, ensuring representation from two institutions: the Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka (FCET) and the Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education (AOCOED). A structured questionnaire with 30 items was developed and validated, achieving a reliability coefficient of 0.81. Data collection methods included both in-person and online approaches, yielding a response rate of 74.5% (298 completed questionnaires). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test for hypothesis testing. The findings revealed a significant difference in English language proficiency between students using AI tutoring systems and those using traditional methods, with the AI group reporting better outcomes. Additionally, students expressed mixed perceptions regarding the usability of AI systems. Major recommendations include enhancing AI system functionalities, providing comprehensive training for users, and addressing technological barriers to ensure effective implementation. This study underscores the potential of AI in education while highlighting the need for ongoing improvements and support mechanisms.

This article explores the use of directive speech acts in dialogues presented in English textbooks. Drawing on the theoretical framework of speech act theory by Parker and Riley (1994), the study focuses on understanding how directives—utterances that seek to influence the behavior of the listener—are presented in various dialogues. It examines the various forms and functions of directives, their role in communication, and how they help learners of English understand and practice practical conversational strategies. The article highlights the importance of directive speech acts in both formal and informal contexts, with specific examples drawn from English language textbooks. This study uses qualitative descriptive research where data is found in dialogues in textbooks and then matched with theory and poured into a sentence. This study found that there are five types of directive speech acts, namely, orders, warnings, giving advice, suggestions, and recommendations. In this study, 7 command data, 3 warning data, 2 advice data, 8 suggestion data, and 1 recommendation data were found. In this study, two techniques were found in the delivery of speech acts, namely direct and non-direct. Non-direct techniques tend to contain an element of politeness rather than direct. In addition, the speech actions in this textbook can help students understand, and using directive speech acts effectively can significantly improve communicative competence in language learners.

Topic modeling is an integral text mining component, employing diverse algorithms to uncover hidden themes within texts. This study examines the comparative performance of prominent topic modeling techniques on news headlines, which is characterized by brevity and specific linguistic style. Given the corpus originates from a non-native English-speaking country, an additional layer of complexity is introduced to the task. Our research explores the feasibility of employing a committee approach for topic modeling, evaluating the efficacy and challenges of various methods in practical settings. We applied three techniques—Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF), and BERTopic—to create models with a fixed number of topics (n=40). These models were then tested on approximately 150,000 news headlines. To assess topic coherence, we utilized Word2Vec, human evaluators, and two large language models. Statistical tests confirmed the significance and impact of our findings. BERTopic demonstrated superior coherence compared to NMF, though slightly, but consistently outperformed NMF and LDA according to human and LLM evaluations. The notable disparity in LDA's performance relative to BERTopic and NMF underscores the importance of carefully selecting a topic modeling technique, as the choice can significantly influence the outcome of the analysis.

This research examines English language education at SMAN 1 Sutojayan Blitar using a qualitative case study. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis, focusing on planning, organization, implementation, and assessment. The findings reveal that English teaching at the school is highly structured and effective. Key elements include detailed planning, diverse instructional methods, and a student-centered approach. The curriculum is regularly updated to align with students' skill levels, and clear role delegation, strong coordination, and efficient resource use contribute to a positive learning environment. The communicative approach, technology integration, and varied teaching techniques promote active student participation. A comprehensive assessment system provides continuous feedback, supporting learning progress. Overall, the study highlights the importance of holistic teaching strategies that enhance students' English-speaking skills and can serve as a model for improving English language education.

This study aims to analyze the use of technology in English language learning in Class XI E at SMA N 2 Bangli. The technologies used include laptops, LCD projectors, and applications such as Kahoot, Quizizz, and PowerPoint. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques consisting of observation, checklists, and field notes. The results show that the use of technology helps to enhance students' motivation and engagement in learning. Students become more active, and the learning process becomes more interesting due to the use of visual and digital media. However, some challenges include limited access to technology for some students and technical issues such as unstable internet connections. This study suggests improving the school's technological infrastructure and providing training for teachers to effectively integrate technology into the classroom. With adequate support, the use of technology can significantly improve the quality of English language learning.

This research aims to describe and analyze the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing used by speakers in the Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts (FBS). This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The subjects used in this research were students and students in the Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts (FBS). The object of this research is speech about the use of code switching and code mixing used in everyday communication.  The data collection techniques used in this research are direct observation, interviews and recording techniques. The results of this research show that the code switching and code mixing that occurred was Javanese, Batak, English and Indonesian. The types of code switching found were Indonesian to Batak, from Indonesian to Javanese, and from Indonesian to English and vice versa. The types of code mixing found are code mixing in and code mixing out using Indonesian, English and Javanese with word forms and expressions.

This research aims to describe and analyze the phenomenon of code switching and code mixing used by speakers in the Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts (FBS). This research is a qualitative descriptive research. The subjects used in this research were students and students in the Faculty of Languages ​​and Arts (FBS). The object of this research is speech about the use of code switching and code mixing used in everyday communication.  The data collection techniques used in this research are direct observation, interviews and recording techniques. The results of this research show that the code switching and code mixing that occurred was Javanese, Batak, English and Indonesian. The types of code switching found were Indonesian to Batak, from Indonesian to Javanese, and from Indonesian to English and vice versa. The types of code mixing found are code mixing in and code mixing out using Indonesian, English and Javanese with word forms and expressions.

Language serves as a crucial instrument for shaping communication and fostering understanding across diverse contexts. Effective text organization can prevent misunderstandings, making a deep understanding of English text systems and structures essential. Discourse analysis, which examines language use in social contexts to create meaning and facilitate communication, is vital for appreciating the subtleties of language and the strategies employed by speakers and writers. This study focuses on the role of references within discourse. Using Jane Austen’s Persuasion as a data source, this research applies Halliday and Hasan’s (1976) framework to analyze the types of anaphoric and cataphoric references. Through a descriptive qualitative methodology and document analysis, the study identifies a higher frequency of anaphoric references compared to cataphoric ones. This analysis provides insights into Austen’s storytelling techniques.

English Language Learner might be good in English mainly on grammar, but that doesn’t determine that they are good in transforming information from source language to target language or so called translation. Translation is necessary since it is crucial for individuals who are not fluent in English. This research used descriptive qualitative in analyzing translation techniques and readability. The data sources were the English and Indonesian versions of a review text regarding the Harry Potter film series. The text was translated into Indonesian by nine ELLs (English students at Islamic University of Majapahit). The data were gathered by note-taking procedures and then evaluated using content analysis methods. Three readers served as raters, evaluating the readability of the translated review content. According to the findings, the ELLs used 13 techniques, the most dominant of which was amplification (22.81%), followed by reduction (20.80%) and borrowing. The ELLs' translation text had a high readability score (score 3) ranging from 23.14% to 0.59%. This data reveals that ELLs provided readable translation results on average. Furthermore, the average readability value has been classified as highly readable.

This research aimes to find out the perceptions of Senior high school students and their reasons for applying Merdeka Curriculum in English subjects. In completing this qualitative research, the researcher adopted a phenomenological case study approach. Data was collected by distributing questioners to respondents and conducting in-depth interviews with selected students. The data was found by researchers were processed using thematic analysis techniques. This research involved senior high school students from 5 different schools in Medan, North Sumatra, totaling 38 students as respondents. From this study, researchers found five perceptions related to the application of the Merdeka Curriculum in English language subjects, namely a. Merdeka Curriculum provides freedom in learning; b. students are more active and creative, c. concise and simple material; d. energy consumption that is quickly drained or tiring; and e. Merdeka Curriculum is better than Curriculum 2013. In addition, five reasons were found from the students' perceptions, namely a. freedom to choose appropriate learning methods and strategies; b. students do a lot of activities in learning; c. the material in English books is more on points with minimal explanation; d. the assignments given are many and concurrent; and e. The Merdeka Curriculum is more student-centered than the 2013 Curriculum. Furthermore, a detailed explanation related to this will be described in detail in this study.    

Learning and teaching activities occur almost every day in the classroom between teachers and students. In this context, the process is usually thought of as the teacher delivering material to students while the students listen to the teacher's explanation. Learning in the classroom can occur if an interaction or synergy is created from various factors that support the teaching and learning process such as the presence of teachers, students, curriculum, teaching methods or techniques, teaching media and others. In this case, a learning activity is carried out to achieve learning objectives. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of using children's songs as a method of learning English in elementary schools. The research method used is qualitative research with a literature study approach. The research results show that the use of children's songs in English learning in elementary schools can increase students' motivation, strengthen their language skills, and facilitate enjoyable learning. Children's songs help students internalize English vocabulary, grammar and intonation more effectively. These findings provide important insights for the development of English language learning strategies that focus on students' active involvement. It is hoped that the results of this research can become a basis for developing a more innovative and student-oriented English language learning approach in elementary schools.    

This study aims to explore the concept of teacher professionalism in the 21st century, especially in the context of English language learning. This research uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological design, with data collection techniques through interviews, classroom observations, and document analysis. The results show that teacher professionalism covers various aspects, including subject matter mastery and professional attitude. Professional teachers are expected to be able to design and implement effective learning, motivate students, guide and provide counseling, assess students’ learning progress, and manage the classroom well. The research findings show that English teachers in Indonesia need to improve some aspects of their professionalism, such as English teaching skills in the classroom and the development of more innovative materials. Teachers also need further training to improve their ability to teach English in the digital era. Support from the school and collaboration with peers are also very important to improve the quality of English learning in schools. This study concludes that teacher professionalism is an important factor in achieving better education standards. Teachers must continue to learn and develop to improve their competencies and meet the needs of students in the 21st century.

This study is aimed to find out the translation techniques used in Translating Proverbs Related to “Nebu-Nebu” from Karonese Language into English Molina and Albir’s translation techniques are applied to translate the proverbs from the source language (SL) into the target language (TL). This study is conducted by Creswell’s descriptive qualitative method. The data is taken from a book entitled Peribahasa (Kuan-KuanenKaro) which is written by Pdt. Sada Kata Ginting Suka and Pdt. Dr. Elieser Perpulungen Ginting. The finding of this study shows that in translating the proverbs, there were literal translation, modulation, amplification, linguistic amplification, description, discursive creation, established equivalent, generalization, and adaptation translation techniques are used in translating the proverbs from Karonese language into English in this study.

The aim of this research is to enhance students' English speaking skills through interview simulation techniques with job application material, making them more active. This research uses experimental techniques that combined with quantitative research techniques through direct speaking tests. The research questions considered in this study are: What are interview simulation techniques effective in enhancing students' English speaking skills? How can interview simulation techniques enhance students' English speaking skills? The aim of this research is to determine the effectiveness of interview simulation techniques in improving students' English language skills. To assess student results regarding the use of interview simulation techniques in teaching speaking to enhance abilities. This research method consists of pre-test, treatment, post-test. The analytical methods used for data processing are included in Social Science Statistics 22.0 for Windows. The result was that before applying the interview simulation technique, only 50% of students were able to speak English. After applying the interview simulation technique, it increased students' ability to speak English by 80%. Analysis of student test results shows that the interview simulation technique is effective in enhancing students' English speaking skills. Applying simulation techniques in learning English, especially speaking, is the right strategy to enhance students' skills.    

This study examines the role of speech style in learning English among students. This research is research using a qualitative approach. The population in this study is an X-class student of AT-tawazun Kalijati Subang's MA. Interviews and random sampling techniques are used for sample-taking. The results of the study show that the influence of the student's speaking style in learning English affects the level of English skills of students. Some aspects that affect the student's speech style are the daily activities of the student, such as speaking English in theys spare time. Classes that encourage learning are also effective.

English as an international language and the most widely used universally in the world, this condition requires education in Indonesia to implement English language learning as a provision for its human resources, but the facts on the ground show that many students at SMA Negeri 3 Singaraja are still not used to it. in English due to limited vocabulary. The aim of this research is to increase students' English vocabulary through English song-based learning. This research activity was carried out at SMA Negeri 3 Singaraja in class 10 with a sample of 38 students. The type of research used is qualitative with data collection techniques through interviews and observation. The research results explain that song-based learning in English learning can increase students' vocabulary to improve English language skills.

English translation. The rapid advancement of technology encourages more diverse interactions in languages, one of which is followed by the emergence of various social media. The following research aims to discuss linguistic interactions regarding locutionary speech acts in Pragmatics. Unlike previous studies, this data was taken from utterances that discussed Indonesian language material uploaded by a Twitter user. Starting from discussing UTBK questions, PBM, language issues, to updates regarding the EYD (Edition V) which is implemented in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the intent and form of locutionary speech acts in Fauzan Al-Rasyid's Twitter account uploads regarding this linguistic material. This article applies a research method with a pragmatic and descriptive qualitative approach that uses techniques of reading, observing, and documenting the data to be collected. Documentation techniques are used to collect data, reduce data, display data, and verify the data taken so that all data is neatly arranged and properly recorded. The results of this study, the researcher found 15 speech data where all the data were in the form of locutionary speech acts. The 15 data have the intention of conveying information and giving confirmation from speakers to speech partners related to language. Then, in presenting the data, the writer uses formal and informal presentation. This research is expected to provide an understanding of locutionary speech acts and can be used as a basis and reference or reference by other researchers who wish to conduct similar research in order to improve their problem-solving skills or as an effort to improve their analytical skills .    

Question and answer is a classroom activity that allows learners to create or recreate meaning through language. Effective questioning is a means for students to respond during the learning process. Designing questions that capture student interest and attention comprises diagnosing and verifying specific facts or information, determining, and encouraging analytical, inductive, differentiation, extension, application, problem-solving, and synthesis skills. To be effective, we must design questions and answers to request information. Effective classroom questioning techniques require good preparation and do not require students to use thinking skills. This article illustrates that Q&A is a very common activity that can help students learn English and is an important way for students to exchange ideas with teachers and students. The article also covers some basic questions and examines questioning techniques in English teaching.