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Climate-induced migration is becoming an increasingly significant global issue, driven by environmental changes such as rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and resource scarcity. Despite its growing importance, current legal frameworks inadequately address the protection of climate migrants, leaving them vulnerable and without clear legal rights. This research aims to propose an integrated social-environmental justice framework to address the legal accountability for climate-induced migration, focusing on the recognition of migrant rights, state responsibilities, and environmental protection. The study uses a comparative legal analysis to examine legal systems across various countries and incorporates field data from climate-vulnerable coastal communities through interviews, surveys, and legal case reviews. The research finds that the proposed framework enhances migrant recognition and clarifies state responsibilities in 70% of reviewed legal cases, offering a more comprehensive solution compared to traditional environmental and human rights approaches. The framework's integration of legal, social, and environmental elements provides a holistic response to climate migration, emphasizing equity and sustainability. However, challenges such as political resistance, fragmented governance, and limited funding hinder full implementation. The study concludes by recommending that governments and international bodies adopt this framework and strengthen their commitment to legal protections and climate adaptation strategies for displaced populations. Further research should focus on refining legal frameworks, addressing implementation barriers, and expanding the scope of social-environmental justice to better support climate migrants.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital technologies have revolutionized language education, providing new opportunities to enhance sociolinguistic awareness and Arabic language skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This study explores how AI-driven applications and digital platforms support learners in understanding and using various Arabic dialects alongside Modern Standard Arabic. The study uses a qualitative approach to analyse how these technologies bridge the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical communication. The study focuses on tools such as interactive chatbots, speech recognition systems, assistive technologies, virtual assistants, and language learning platforms. These tools align with the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) for Languages 2020 and Sustainable Development Goals 4 (SDG 4), highlighting their potential to promote inclusive and equitable language education. The study analyses how AI and digital tools contribute to Arabic learning and enhance communicative competence rather than involving testing or experiments. The findings suggest that these technologies offer significant potential for improving language proficiency and addressing diverse learners' needs.

System dynamic models have been recognized as an effective approach in projecting and designing sustainable urban waste management systems. This study aims to explore the potential of system dynamic modeling in urban waste management. This study uses a literature study method with a qualitative descriptive approach that refers to various relevant previous studies. The results of the literature study show that the system dynamic model is able to map the complex relationships between variables in the waste management system, such as population growth, waste production, waste processing capacity, environmental impacts, and others. In addition, the system dynamic model can project future waste management conditions and prepare the most effective policy scenarios. Through simulations of various policy scenarios, the system dynamic model can provide insight into the impact of each scenario, both in terms of technical efficiency, operational costs, and reduction of waste generation in landfills. In implementing policy scenarios, collaboration between the government, community, and stakeholders is also needed in optimizing waste management programs.

Ijtihad Bahtsul Masail Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) in the field of economics, which seeks to answer contemporary challenges while remaining rooted in the tradition of Islamic knowledge. NU's approach prioritizes the continuity of the transmission of Islamic knowledge through a legitimate and trusted chain, using classical fiqh books, especially the Shafi'i school of thought. The purpose of this study is to understand the relevance and effectiveness of collective ijtihad carried out by NU in answering modern economic issues such as Islamic banking, investment, e-commerce, and digital payment systems. The method used in this study is a literature study by reviewing literature related to classical fiqh books, journals, and relevant scientific articles. The results of the study show that Bahtsul Masail NU has made a significant contribution to developing Islamic economic law that is relevant to the development of the times. LBM NU not only answers contemporary issues, such as online investment and e-commerce, but also plays a role in forming sharia-based economic policies implemented by the community. However, this study also notes challenges, such as maintaining the consistency of the ijtihad method and answering complex issues without sacrificing the basic principles of sharia.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of AI-powered tutoring systems in enhancing personalized English language learning among students in Colleges of Education in Lagos State, Nigeria. The primary objectives include assessing the impact of these systems on students' English proficiency and evaluating their perceptions of usability and effectiveness. Guided by four research questions, the study aims to provide insights into the integration of AI in educational contexts. Employing a survey research design, the study targeted a population of approximately 50,000 final-year students across several Colleges of Education. A sample of 400 students was selected using a combination of convenience and stratified random sampling techniques, ensuring representation from two institutions: the Federal College of Education (Technical) Akoka (FCET) and the Adeniran Ogunsanya College of Education (AOCOED). A structured questionnaire with 30 items was developed and validated, achieving a reliability coefficient of 0.81. Data collection methods included both in-person and online approaches, yielding a response rate of 74.5% (298 completed questionnaires). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and t-test for hypothesis testing. The findings revealed a significant difference in English language proficiency between students using AI tutoring systems and those using traditional methods, with the AI group reporting better outcomes. Additionally, students expressed mixed perceptions regarding the usability of AI systems. Major recommendations include enhancing AI system functionalities, providing comprehensive training for users, and addressing technological barriers to ensure effective implementation. This study underscores the potential of AI in education while highlighting the need for ongoing improvements and support mechanisms.

This study examines the effectiveness of e-government implementation in improving public service quality in Makassar City Government. The rapid development of information technology has prompted local governments to adopt e-government systems, yet their effectiveness in enhancing public service delivery requires comprehensive evaluation. This research employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative data collection through interviews with government officials, surveys of 200 citizens, and direct observation of e-government services. The findings reveal that Makassar's e-government initiatives have significantly improved service delivery efficiency, with 75% of users reporting increased satisfaction in public services. However, challenges persist, including digital literacy gaps among citizens and occasional technical infrastructure issues. The study identifies key success factors such as strong leadership commitment, adequate IT infrastructure, and regular system updates. These findings contribute to the growing knowledge on e-government implementation in developing regions and provide practical recommendations for local governments seeking to enhance their digital service delivery systems.

This systematic review examines the effectiveness of antenatal classes in improving pregnant women's attitudes towards stunting prevention. The review analyzed 28 studies published between 2018 and 2023, focusing on developing countries, particularly in Southeast Asia. The methodology followed PRISMA guidelines, utilizing multiple academic databases. The analysis revealed that structured antenatal classes significantly improved maternal knowledge about stunting (68% increase in knowledge scores) and led to positive behavioral changes in nutritional practices. Regular attendance at comprehensive antenatal classes was associated with better pregnancy outcomes, with participants showing 75% higher rates of implementing recommended nutritional guidelines. Key success factors included regular class frequency, interactive teaching methods, cultural sensitivity, and strong community support. However, significant challenges were identified, including resource limitations, access barriers, and cultural resistance. The review highlighted successful adaptations such as hybrid learning models and community-based approaches. Recommendations include strengthening program design through evidence-based approaches, enhancing community engagement, developing sustainable funding mechanisms, and implementing robust monitoring systems. This review underscores the vital role of antenatal classes in stunting prevention while emphasizing the need for continued research to address existing challenges and enhance program effectiveness across diverse settings.

Divorce is a global phenomenon with significant implications for children's rights. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the fulfillment of children's rights after divorce in five countries with different legal systems: Qatar, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Jordan. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal research approach through literature review and legal document analysis. The findings reveal that each country has a unique mechanism for ensuring children's rights after divorce. Diverse legal systems—ranging from common law, civil law, to Islamic law—lead to variations in approaches to ensuring custody, care, and protection for children. The study identifies four critical dimensions in fulfilling children's rights: the right to survival and development, the right to protection, the right to education, and the right to participation. The comparative analysis highlights that cultural factors, legal systems, and political commitment play a fundamental role in determining the effectiveness of child rights protection after divorce. Key recommendations of this study include the need for regulatory harmonization, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and developing sustainable monitoring systems. This research provides theoretical and practical contributions to understanding the complexity of fulfilling children's rights across global legal systems.

The 21st century has witnessed a rapid digital transformation in global education, reshaping traditional learning paradigms and creating new opportunities and challenges. This study explores the impact of digitalization on educational accessibility, teaching methodologies, and student engagement. The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing current trends, technological advancements, and policy implementations in various educational systems. The findings highlight the benefits of digital transformation, such as increased accessibility, personalized learning experiences, and the integration of artificial intelligence in education. However, challenges such as the digital divide, cybersecurity concerns, and the need for teacher training persist. The study underscores the importance of strategic policies and investment in digital infrastructure to ensure equitable and effective educational transformation worldwide.

This research  aims to analyze the application of the McKinsey 7S framework in achieving sustainable performance management at Fresh Bright Pool, Tanjungpinang, amid the increasingly competitive local entertainment industry. The study explores the seven core elements of McKinsey 7S—strategy, structure, systems, shared values, skills, leadership style, and staff—to understand the dynamics of performance management and innovation in the service sector. A qualitative approach was employed, collecting data through in-depth interviews with two staff members and several visitors, supported by document analysis to ensure data validity. The results show that the elements of strategy and shared values are the primary strengths of Fresh Bright Pool in creating superior customer experiences, such as through the improvement of billiard facilities, optimization of bar services, and implementation of a more structured reservation system. The shared value of "comfort and togetherness" has successfully built a friendly and inclusive work culture. Collaborative leadership styles enhance staff engagement in operational processes, while the skills and staff elements still face challenges, including limited technical training and capacity development in customer service. This study provides valuable insights for Fresh Bright Pool to continue strengthening these elements to improve efficiency, maintain competitive advantage, and achieve operational sustainability in the local entertainment industry.

This research aims to examine the effect of synergy between the application of digital technology and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of coffee shop MSMEs in Bojonegoro. The results of the analysis show that the combination of these two variables significantly improves business performance, exceeding the individual impact of each variable. These findings underline the importance of a holistic approach in developing MSMEs in the digital era, which combines technological innovation with. entrepreneurial spirit. The use of technology such as online ordering applications, inventory systems and data analysis allows MSME coffee shops to operate more efficiently, saving time and costs, as well as reducing errors. This research provides important implications for the government and relevant stakeholders to design policies that support the adoption of digital technology by MSMEs such as technology service providers, business consultants and the entrepreneurial community can accelerate the digital transformation process. as well as a more targeted entrepreneurial capacity development program.This research aims to examine the effect of synergy between the application of digital technology and entrepreneurial orientation on the performance of coffee shop MSMEs in Bojonegoro. The results of the analysis show that the combination of these two variables significantly improves business performance, exceeding the individual impact of each variable. These findings underline the importance of a holistic approach in developing MSMEs in the digital era, which combines technological innovation with. entrepreneurial spirit. The use of technology such as online ordering applications, inventory systems and data analysis allows MSME coffee shops to operate more efficiently, saving time and costs, as well as reducing errors. This research provides important implications for the government and relevant stakeholders to design policies that support the adoption of digital technology by MSMEs such as technology service providers, business consultants and the entrepreneurial community can accelerate the digital transformation process. as well as a more targeted entrepreneurial capacity development program.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed higher education in recent years by enhancing teaching methods and influencing student learning outcomes. This study investigates the effects of AI on student motivation and cognitive skills, addressing both the benefits and challenges of AI integration. The research adopts a mixed-methods approach, combining a comprehensive literature review with a questionnaire-based survey of 60 university students from diverse academic disciplines. The results indicate that AI tools, such as intelligent tutoring systems and learning analytics, increase student engagement, motivation, and problem-solving abilities. However, concerns regarding over-reliance on AI reduced creativity, and ethical issues such as privacy and fairness persist. This study highlights the potential of AI to foster personalized learning while emphasizing the need for responsible AI implementation to address its limitations.  

The lack of critical thinking skills among students is one of the major issues in modern education systems. This study aims to analyze the weaknesses of traditional education systems that fail to provide space for the development of students' critical thinking skills and explore the relevance of Ivan Illich's critical education approach. This research employs a qualitative method with a literature review approach to understand Illich's Deschooling Society concept and connect it to educational phenomena in Indonesia, such as the Merdeka Curriculum, homeschooling, and project-based schools. The findings show that Illich's critical education approach can be applied to modern education systems to create more inclusive, flexible, and empowering learning environments. Illich's learning webs concept is relevant for enhancing student engagement in learning and building their critical thinking abilities. This study recommends educational reform that focuses on individual empowerment, creativity development, and improving analytical skills to face global challenges.

This final report aims to design a website-based electronic archiving system using PHP and MyAdmin. The data collection method used by the author in this research is the field research method through interviews, observation, library research, and descriptive qualitative data analysis techniques using the waterfall method, namely the Development Life Cycle (SDLC) system, which is used to develop information systems in the website creation process. This method uses a systematic and gradual approach. This electronic filing system can help companies overcome various obstacles when recording and rediscovering documents. Automating processes in the system in systematic recording and storage can save time and help provide information quickly so that the administrative process is smooth. Reduces the use of paper (less paper) because documents are stored in digital format, so documents will not pile up and can reduce the use of archive storage space. In electronic archiving, there is no longer a need to manually record the agenda for incoming and outgoing letters, because when recording transactions, incoming or outgoing letters will be automatically recorded on the agenda for incoming or outgoing letters. For the system to continue running optimally, it is recommended that companies carry out employee training, routine system maintenance, continuous development, implementation of information security policies, and regular system performance monitoring.  Implementing these recommendations is expected to increase operational efficiency and accessibility of company information

The management of tourist attractions and public facilities has undergone a significant transformation in recent years in line with technological developments. Previously, management was carried out manually by involving a lot of labor and human resources to maintain and manage its operations. However, digitalization has changed the way management is more efficient and organized. Digital-based systems are now widely applied to facilitate visitor access while increasing the effectiveness of tourist attraction management.  Digitalization aims to create a mutually beneficial relationship between managers and visitors through an optimally designed system. This study aims to analyze the design and design of the digital management system applied to Dalegan Beach in Gresik Regency, East Java. This system is expected to be able to simplify the administrative process, improve the visitor experience, and optimize the management of existing resources. Through a systematic approach, this research explores the functional and technical needs to create effective technology-based solutions. The implementation of this system is expected to be an example of the application of digitalization in the management of other tourist attractions, so that it can support the development of the tourism sector and increase competitiveness in an increasingly competitive industry.

This research explores the transformative impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on personalized learning in educational settings. As traditional teaching methods struggle to cater to the diverse needs of students, AI offers innovative solutions that can tailor educational experiences to individual learning styles, preferences, and paces. This study investigates the various applications of AI technologies, including intelligent tutoring systems, adaptive learning platforms, and data-driven insights, to enhance personalized learning outcomes. By employing a mixed-methods approach that combines quantitative analysis of academic performance metrics with qualitative feedback from students and educators, the research aims to assess the effectiveness of AI-driven personalized learning initiatives. The findings reveal that AI not only improves student engagement and motivation but also facilitates differentiated instruction that addresses learning gaps and strengths. Additionally, the study identifies challenges such as data privacy concerns and the need for professional development for educators to effectively integrate AI solutions into their teaching practices. Ultimately, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the role of AI in education, offering actionable recommendations for educators and policymakers to optimize personalized learning experiences for all students.

This research aims to measure the accelerated level of understanding of Islamic Banking students at STAIN Mandailing Natal regarding Islamic banking systems and products through online media. The method used is a quantitative descriptive approach with primary data analysis. The research results show that students' understanding has increased significantly, as measured through pre-test and post-test. The average pre-test score was 56.47, while the post-test reached 62.82. The post-test t-value of 4.462 exceeds the t-table of 1.740 with a significance value of 0.000, which shows the results are significant at the 5% level. These findings indicate that learning through online media is effective in increasing students' understanding of sharia banking systems and products. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of learning methods in the field of sharia banking.

This study aims to analyze security vulnerabilities and mitigation on the crowdo.co.id website using the OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) tool, which is a web application security testing tool. High-level security attacks have increasingly risen alongside the advancement of information technology, making vulnerability testing crucial to ensure the integrity and security of information systems. This research involved scanning the crowdo.co.id website to identify various vulnerabilities, including those listed in the OWASP Top 10. The research process encompassed active and passive scanning, data analysis from the scans, and the formulation of mitigation strategies for each identified vulnerability. The findings revealed that the website had 14 detected vulnerabilities, consisting of 1 high-priority vulnerability, 3 medium-priority vulnerabilities, 7 low-priority vulnerabilities, and 3 additional informational alerts. The security dimensions tested included potential XSS attacks, SQL Injection, and other deficiencies that could jeopardize user data. Based on these results, recommended mitigations include code improvements, enhanced security configurations, and the implementation of additional preventive measures. This study concludes that while the website’s security is in the medium category, further improvements are necessary to reduce vulnerability risks. Through this approach, the study provides significant contributions to enhancing web application security.

Taxes is one of the main instruments in redistribution of wealth and the provision of public services. However, challenges such as tax avoidance, low compliance, and sometimes inefficient administrative systems are still problems faced. Recently, news about the phenomenon of tax avoidance has become a frequently discussed topic in various media. This research is intended for find and inspect the variables that impact Tax Avoidance. This research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach. The data used are figures obtained through previous research. The data collected from previous studies is secondary data which refers to processed data and investigated previously and has been created in document form. The sample determination method used in this research is purposive sampling. Based on research data, the results show that Liquidity and Capital Intensity have a significant positive effect on Tax Avoidance. These findings provide important insights for managers and policymakers about the importance of liquidity and capital capacity in tax avoidance strategies. These findings provide valuable insights for managers and policymakers regarding the importance of liquidity and capital capacity in developing tax reduction strategies.

This study evaluates the impact of Learning Technology Integration and Education Effectiveness on the Transformation of Educational Paradigms in the Digital Era. Learning Technology Integration refers to the application of digital tools such as e-learning platforms, online learning applications, and interactive media to support educational processes, while Education Effectiveness encompasses the ability of the education system to achieve optimal learning outcomes through efficient and relevant approaches. This research employs a quantitative method using a questionnaire survey distributed to 50 students at Universitas Negeri Jakarta, selected randomly. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to examine the relationship between the two independent variables (Learning Technology Integration and Education Effectiveness) and the dependent variable (Transformation of Educational Paradigms in the Digital Era). The results indicate that both variables have a positive and significant influence, both partially and simultaneously. This study recommends enhancing learning technology integration and the effectiveness of education systems as key strategies to accelerate the transformation of adaptive and innovative educational paradigms in the digital era.