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Balerina Fashion faces the problem of waste in production process activities, which is caused by errors in pattern cutting, repetitive activities between production stages, and double work in the Quality Control (QC) division. This study aims to improve the efficiency of the production process by reducing waste using the Lean Manufacturing approach through the Value Stream Mapping (VSM) and Process Activity Mapping (PAM) methods. The results showed a significant increase in Value Adding (VA) time, from 56.00% to 84.88%. In contrast, Non-Value Adding (NVA) time decreased dramatically from 35.74% to 3.33%, while Necessary Non-Value Adding (NNVA) time increased slightly from 8.25% to 11.79%. These changes reflect productivity improvements and an increased focus on activities that provide direct value to customers. As a recommendation, the development of a new Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) is suggested to ensure each process runs according to standard. This SOP includes a detailed step-by-step guide for operators and QC, which was previously unavailable.

PT Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan suatu perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pemintalan benang yang terletak di Desa Ngadirojo, Kecamatan Ampel, Kabupaten Boyolali, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Pada data produksi benang cotton pada bulan Februari 2024 cacat yang paling sering terjadi yaitu cacat kotor sebanyak 21 unit, cacat stitching sebanyak 15 unit dan cacat non standar sebanyak 8 unit. Studi ini menggunakan metodologi Six Sigma yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat cacat dengan mendorong pemahaman, pengukuran dan perbaikan proses. Lima fase Six Sigma adalah Define, Measure, Analize, Improve dan Control. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk menurunkan ambang batas kecacatan pada PT Primayudha Mandirijaya, memberikan pemahaman mengenai penggunaan mesin dan perawatan mesin, melakukan pengecekan dan lebih meningkatkan kebersihan mesin, SOP di share ke operator dan di tempel di mesin, dan memberikan pemahaman bagaimana menciptakan kenyamanan lingkungan saat bekerja.

PT Primayudha Mandirijaya merupakan suatu perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang pemintalan benang yang terletak di Desa Ngadirojo, Kecamatan Ampel, Kabupaten Boyolali, Provinsi Jawa Tengah. Pada data produksi benang cotton pada bulan Februari 2024 cacat yang paling sering terjadi yaitu cacat kotor sebanyak 21 unit, cacat stitching sebanyak 15 unit dan cacat non standar sebanyak 8 unit. Studi ini menggunakan metodologi Six Sigma yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi tingkat cacat dengan mendorong pemahaman, pengukuran dan perbaikan proses. Lima fase Six Sigma adalah Define, Measure, Analize, Improve dan Control. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk menurunkan ambang batas kecacatan pada PT Primayudha Mandirijaya, memberikan pemahaman mengenai penggunaan mesin dan perawatan mesin, melakukan pengecekan dan lebih meningkatkan kebersihan mesin, SOP di share ke operator dan di tempel di mesin, dan memberikan pemahaman bagaimana menciptakan kenyamanan lingkungan saat bekerja.

The e-guestbook application is an application used to record and process guest data arriving at an institution. The quality of the e-guestbook application system needs to be measured to determine the level of quality and user satisfaction with the application. This study aims to analyze the quality measurement of the e-guestbook application using the Six Sigma method at the South Sumatra High Prosecutor's Office. The Six Sigma method was chosen because it can identify and measure Critical to Quality (CTQ), thereby improving the quality of the application. The research results show that the sigma value of the e-guestbook application is 4.16, which means the quality of the application is very good. However, there are several aspects that need improvement, namely the ease of use of the application, the accuracy of the information, and the availability of application features. The recommended improvements are enhancing the user interface, validating input data, and adding a report printing feature. The application of the Six Sigma method has proven effective in measuring and improving the quality of the e-guestbook application at the High Prosecutor's Office of South Sumatra

This research employs the Six Sigma method using the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) to enhance the quality of Shopee’s services. Among the variables examined, significant results were found in the areas of delivery accuracy and application reliability. Based on the survey conducted, customer dissatisfaction reached 20% in delivery and 25% in application reliability. Through analysis, the root causes were identified and addressed by optimizing logistics and application stability. This research demonstrates that Six Sigma is effective in improving customer satisfaction and the quality of Shopee’s services.  

PT Yogya Presisi Tehnikatama Industri adalah perusahaan bidang manufaktur, pembuat cetakan injeksi plastik. Permasalahan yang dihadapi perusahaan yaitu terdapat produk cacat dalam proses produksinya sehingga diperlukan upaya perbaikan kualitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi tingkat kerusakan yang signifikan dan faktor-faktor penyebabnya. Metode yang digunakan metode Six Sigma dengan tahapan DMAIC ( Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve , dan Control ) dan Failure Mode and Effect Analysis . Hasil pembahasan tahap mendefinisikan diketahui produk yang dipilih Container GS serta pendefinisian spesifikasi produk CTQ, alur penggunaan diagram SIPOC. tahap pengukuran diketahui terdapat 6 jenis CTQ, persentase cacat tertinggi yaitu jenis cacat dimensi variabel, dari perhitungan nilai DPMO didapat sebesar 21.157 dan 3.55 sebagai nilai sigma . Dari peta kendali menghasilkan proses produksi yang belum mencapai kestabilan, tahap analisa pada diagram pareto dimensi variabel cacat sebesar 24% dan cacat awal sebesar 19%. Berdasarkan diagram fishbone penyebab cacat oleh faktor man, machine, method, material . Tahap perbaikan dari analisis hasil FMEA mendapatkan nilai RPN tertinggi dengan nilai 720 faktor manusia karena kurang disiplin dalam menjaga kebersihan area penyimpanan material dan peralatan kerja. Tahap kontrol melakukan perbaikan dari hasil FMEA yaitu melakukan pembersihan area penyimpanan secara berkala.

Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) is a type of large pelagic fish that is spread in tropical and subtropical oceans throughout the world and is a leading export commodity of Indonesia. This field work practice aims to increase insightknowledge, skills, and experience in the tuna canning process. PT. XYZ is a company engaged in the export of fishery products in the form of tuna in cans. The processing process carried out begins with receiving raw materials, washing and thawing, cutting, then cooking, showering. Furthermore, pre-cleaning and cleaning, metal detecting, filling meat, filling medium, closing cans, sterilization, incubation, labeling and packing, and the stuffing process are carried out. The quality control method used is sig sixma, where the resulting DPMO value is 6.41 and sigma 440.382. Meanwhile, the control chart calculations obtained central line (CL) results, namely points 3,4, and 5. Meanwhile, points 6, 7, and 10 were above the central line (CL) and points 1, 2, 8, and 9 were below the center line (CL). Then the Paretto diagram shows that 31%, 45% of can lid scratch damage, and 60% of can body scratch damage.

The purpose of the research was to boost tax revenues and enhance the accuracy of accounting information by implementing the SIX SIGMA technique. In order to gather primary data from the study sample, which consisted of (148) personnel in the quality and internal audit departments or the representatives of them in the Iraqi General Tax Authority, a questionnaire with (148) items was created. The study came to several conclusions, chief among them being that Six Sigma standards—which include senior leadership commitment and support, feedback and measurement, continuous improvement, processes and systems, and human resources—have a major influence on enhancing the degree of accounting information quality and collecting tax revenue (internal audit activities management, risk management evaluation, planning and carrying out the audit procedure, and sharing the findings) at a significant level (0.05). The report advised focusing on the Six Sigma idea and showcasing its potential for reducing mistakes, enhancing the caliber of accounting data, and boosting tax revenues.

The aim of this research is to determine the effect of implementating Quality Coontrol on production effectiveness to achieve production targets at the company Cv.Weenee Anugerah Textile. The method ised this research is descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The research technique used for data collection was field research,while data analysis used a cause and effect diagram (fishbone chart).in this research,the results obtained show that the company has implemented quality control. If a company wants to impelement zero defects,it can use six sigma. Now the compny is currently still at level 4 sigma with a value 2993 DPMO,because to achieve six sigma need to reach a value of 3.4 DPMO.

Pan Brothers Tbk is one of the garment companies that adopted garment production in the form of 3D VR (Virtual Reality) as a garment prototype in Indonesia. In the process of making 3D VR products, many defective products must be revised. The study aims to implement the Six Sigma method and suggest improvements to reduce defects in 3D VR garment products using the Six Sigma method with the stages of defining, measuring, analyzing, improving, and controlling. In the define stage, the identification of the production process using the SIPOC diagram and identifying the type of defect. In the measure stage, the DPMO and sigma value calculations are carried out. The most defects are fitting not balanced and properly with a DPMO value of 269619.2 and a sigma value of 2.11. In the analysis stage with a fishbone diagram shows the factors that cause defects, namely man, machine, material, method, and environment. In the improvement stage, suggestions for improvements are given to reduce defects in 3D VR garment products. In the control stage, quality control is carried out by conducting internal training, upskilling, creating inspection report forms, adding teams to the QC division, and adding SOPs for the 3D VR producing process.

Quality Management has been known since four thousand years ago, when the ancient Egyptians measured the dimensions of the stones used to build the pyramids. In modern times, quality management activities have developed through several activities, namely inspection, quality control, quality assurance, quality management and integrated quality management. The problem currently occurring at Bir Pletok Bang Udin UMKM in quality management is that they do not know the right composition to increase quality and do not know the standard level of factors used, so the author has carried out quality improvements in product manufacture. This research uses the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) with the Taguchi method for quality improvement. The aim of this research is to combine the DMAIC cycle with the Taguchi method to improve the taste quality of beer pletok drinks. The results of this research are that there is a significant change in the DPMO value and sigma value, before the DPMO improvement was 614.092 and the sigma value was 1.21, this value was relatively low, after the improvement the DPMO value became 32, this proves that the number of defects has decreased and the sigma value has increased to 5.50 This proves that there has been a large increase in process capability, so that the improve phase has proven to be very effective in improving quality and process capability.

Azhari Bakar Bread Factory is an MSME domiciled in Rejowinangun, Kotagede, Yogyakarta. In the production process, this factory can produce 7807 pieces of bread in a month, of the total production that month 57 pieces of bread are defective. To reduce defects, quality control is needed. Quality control aims to produce products in the form of goods or services that comply with the desired and planned standards, as well as improve the quality of products that do not comply with predetermined standards and possibly maintain appropriate quality. This research uses the Six Sigma and Kaizen methods by showing factual data and comparing it with existing theories to find things that need to be added, improved, or maintained. This research found that the sigma process capability calculated for 1 month was 2.97 with a possible damage of 3661.21 for one million production. From these results, it can be said that the company has not implemented quality control completely properly and correctly because it is still far from the target level of 6 sigma, therefore the company needs to carry out quality control on defective products. The factor that causes production defects is the human factor. machines, methods, materials, and environment.

Azhari Bakar Bread Factory is an MSME domiciled in Rejowinangun, Kotagede, Yogyakarta. In the production process, this factory can produce 7807 pieces of bread in a month, of the total production that month 57 pieces of bread are defective. To reduce defects, quality control is needed. Quality control aims to produce products in the form of goods or services that comply with the desired and planned standards, as well as improve the quality of products that do not comply with predetermined standards and possibly maintain appropriate quality. This research uses the Six Sigma and Kaizen methods by showing factual data and comparing it with existing theories to find things that need to be added, improved, or maintained. This research found that the sigma process capability calculated for 1 month was 2.97 with a possible damage of 3661.21 for one million production. From these results, it can be said that the company has not implemented quality control completely properly and correctly because it is still far from the target level of 6 sigma, therefore the company needs to carry out quality control on defective products. The factor that causes production defects is the human factor. machines, methods, materials, and environment.

XYZ is a company operating in the textile industry and producing rayon fabric. In the production process, defects were still found in the period October 2023 – March 2024. Rayon fabric production was 286973m, consisting of defects in final weft 11643m, wavy 8391m, unwoven 7569m, double weft 6173m, stretch weft 8126m. Based on the problem, it can be solved using the six sigma method and FMEA with the DMAIC stage used to control quality from the initial process until a proposal for improvement is found. Obtained from the calculation results, the average sigma is 3.39 with an average DPMO of 29046.87 in production approval. The Pareto diagram of the most dominant defect percentages is final weft defects 27.8%, wavy 20.0%, loose weft 19.4%, non-woven 18.1%, double weft 14.7%. The highest RPN value was 280 for final feed defects and waves caused by workers' lack of accuracy regarding machine settings. Intensive training, process standardization, performance monitoring, use of checklists, increased communication, routine maintenance, use of technology..

XYZ is a company operating in the textile industry and producing rayon fabric. In the production process, defects were still found in the period October 2023 – March 2024. Rayon fabric production was 286973m, consisting of defects in final weft 11643m, wavy 8391m, unwoven 7569m, double weft 6173m, stretch weft 8126m. Based on the problem, it can be solved using the six sigma method and FMEA with the DMAIC stage used to control quality from the initial process until a proposal for improvement is found. Obtained from the calculation results, the average sigma is 3.39 with an average DPMO of 29046.87 in production approval. The Pareto diagram of the most dominant defect percentages is final weft defects 27.8%, wavy 20.0%, loose weft 19.4%, non-woven 18.1%, double weft 14.7%. The highest RPN value was 280 for final feed defects and waves caused by workers' lack of accuracy regarding machine settings. Intensive training, process standardization, performance monitoring, use of checklists, increased communication, routine maintenance, use of technology..

This systematic literature review examines the evolving role of Quality Engineering (QE) in optimizing production processes within Industry 4.0 contexts. By analyzing 78 peer-reviewed studies (2010–2025), the research identifies critical shifts in QE methodologies, emphasizing integration with artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and real-time digital twin technologies. Key findings reveal enhanced robustness through adaptive optimization algorithms (e.g., Bayesian optimization, NSGA-II), improved defect prediction via AI-driven quality control systems, and streamlined process interoperability through Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) and Quality 4.0 frameworks. The study underscores digital integration as a catalyst for reducing variability, accelerating decision-making, and aligning quality management with Industry 4.0’s demands for agility and interconnected systems. Recommendations include adopting hybrid methodologies combining classical Six Sigma with ML-driven analytics and investing in workforce training for digital QMS adoption.

This study analyzes and optimizes production systems in the Industry 4.0 context, examining the fundamental shift from centralized, push-based production models to decentralized, adaptive, pull-based approaches. The research employs a mixed-method approach combining comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies across manufacturing sectors. Findings reveal that integration of Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics enables real-time communication between production components, product personalization, and faster decision-making. Despite significant benefits in efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness, implementation challenges persist, including high initial investment, employee resistance, technical expertise limitations, and integration complexity. Optimization approaches such as mixed-integer linear programming, digitally-integrated Lean Six Sigma, and digital twin simulations effectively enhance performance indicators including flexibility, reliability, and energy efficiency. The study concludes that successful production system transformation requires an integrated strategy encompassing process engineering, digital competency development, change management, and continuous evaluation to ensure sustainable optimization in the digital era

Tofu Prapto MSMEs are tofu producers who often experience quality problems in the tofu they produce. Based on the data obtained, it shows that the amount of tofu production is 8,400 pcs (100%) and product defects of 1,009 pcs (12%) that occur in Tofu Prapto MSMEs during September 2023.This research will be carried out an analysis of quality control of Tofu defective products in Tofu Prapto MSMEs using the Six Sigma method and Re-Layout Design. By implementing the six sigma method and Re-Layout Design, it is expected to identify defects and provide recommendations for improvement to MSMEs Tahu Prapto.The factor causing the highest defect in the type of dirty tofu defect is caused by there are stations that are too close together such as boiling stations too close to the filtering and printing station in the production process so that dust and dirt from burning wood fuel when The boiling process can stick to the filtering and printing process so that there needs to be a distance between work stations from each other. From the sigma calculation, the average DPMO value is 120119,048 with a sigma value of 2.68 from the sigma calculation results, it can be said that the sigma value is still far from the desired sigma value, which is 6.

CV Harico is a manufacturing company that produces briquetted charcoal final products. In this research, the company had problems with the quality of charcoal briquettes which did not meet standards, amounting to 12% of the production process, including slanted shapes, holes and cracks. In this research, problem solving is done by combining the Six Sigma and TRIZ methods to get suggestions for improvement. The Six Sigma method is an organized and systematic method, Six Sgma has 5 stages, which can be known as the DMAIC phase. Based on the calculation of the DPMO value and the calculation of the sigma value at the measurement stage, the average DPMO value for October 2023-November 2023 was 27219 with a sigma value of 3.43. Based on the identification results using the Fishbone Diagram method and the FMEA method, the largest defects were found in the slanted shape of the charcoal briquettes, these results were obtained from the factor with the highest RPN value that caused defects. Proposed improvements based on the TRIZ method analysis include providing training, carrying out periodic actions, making maintenance schedules, evaluating work processes, changing tools to reduce the occurrence of defects. The aim of this research is to analyze the problems that occur as well as efforts to control quality and reduce product defects in briquetted charcoal products.

PT. Diamondfit Garment Indonesia is a company operating in the apparel industry, especially intimates and swimware. One of the products is the Intimates fused bra. In the production process, many defects are still found. This research aims to propose quality improvements using the six sigma method starting from the define, measure, analyze, improve and control stages. At the define stage, the production process is identified using the SIPOC diagram and identification of the type of defect. At the Measure stage, the calculation stage is carried out: fusing delamination DPMO value 366405.6 with a sigma value 1.84, Wavy At Neckline & Armhole DPMO value 65274.15 with a sigma value 3.01, Molding Yellowish DPMO value 350739.8 with a sigma value 1, 88, Dirty Glue has a DPMO value of 26109.66 with a sigma value of 3.44, and Heat Seal Not Sticking has a DPMO value of 191470.8 with a sigma value of 2.37. As a result of the analysis, it was found that factors causing defects occurred using FMEA tools and fishbone diagrams, namely machine, manpower, material and method factors. In the improvement stage, improvements are made to the factors causing defects and in the control stage, supervision is carried out over the proposed improvements that have been made by creating SOPs.