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This study discusses the design and development of an automatic safety system for a wood cutting machine using Arduino Uno, a PIR (Passive Infrared) sensor, and a servo motor as the main components. The system is designed to automatically stop the movement of the wood cutting machine when human motion is detected around the cutting area, thereby minimizing the risk of work-related accidents. The research method includes hardware design, microcontroller programming, and system response testing using two types of test objects: the human body and a wooden block. The results show that the system operates according to the programmed logic. When the PIR sensor detects human motion, the servo motor stops and the red LED lights up as a danger indicator. In contrast, when no human motion is detected, the servo motor continues to move normally and the green LED remains on as a safe indicator. The system’s average response time is 0.6 seconds, indicating a fast and accurate performance. Therefore, the designed system is considered effective and can serve as a prototype of a simple safety tool to enhance operator safety in wood cutting machines.

Waste management remains a major challenge, particularly due to the lack of public awareness and habits in sorting waste from its source. Innovative technology-based solutions are needed to support more effective waste management systems. This study aims to design and develop an Internet of Things (IoT)-based smart trash bin capable of automatically sorting metal and non-metal waste. The system utilizes an ESP32 microcontroller as the main controller, an LJ12A3-4-Z/BY sensor to detect metal materials, an E18 sensor to detect non-metal materials, and an ultrasonic sensor to monitor bin capacity. The waste separation mechanism is operated by a servo motor controlled by the system, while the Blynk application is integrated for real-time monitoring and full-capacity notifications sent directly to the user’s smartphone. The research stages included hardware design, microcontroller programming, IoT platform integration, and functionality testing to ensure system performance and reliability. The results showed that the smart trash bin operated as expected, successfully identifying and separating metal and non-metal waste automatically, while also sending real-time notifications to the user when the bin approached full capacity. The implementation of this technology has the potential to modernize waste management processes, improve the efficiency of waste sorting, and reduce dependency on manual labor. Furthermore, this research opens opportunities for future development by integrating additional sensors and cloud-based data management systems to support smart city initiatives and sustainable waste management practices.

Modern industries require automation to enhance operational efficiency and productivity. This study designs and implements an automatic sorting system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using a mini conveyor, ESP32 microcontroller, TCS3200 color sensor, servo motor, and the Blynk application. The system is designed to accurately detect object colors, sort objects based on color, and enable remote monitoring and control via mobile devices. Testing results indicate that the system can detect and sort objects with a high level of accuracy, although some errors occur due to changes in lighting conditions. The conveyor speed is consistently recorded at 0.335 m/s, while the system's response time, including color detection, servo movement, and application updates, operates within an optimal range. The Blynk application enhances the flexibility of real-time system control. This study demonstrates that IoT-based sorting systems can serve as an efficient solution to support industrial automation. Further development is recommended to improve color detection accuracy and expand the system's application in more complex industrial scenarios.

The rise in motor vehicle theft cases in various regions indicates the weakness of the security systems implemented by most users. Systems such as manual locks and alarms often fail to prevent crime, either because they are easily hacked conventionally or due to user negligence in their operation. In today's technological era, a system is needed that is not only secure, but also intelligent and practical. One promising solution is the implementation of a facial recognition-based security system. This study aims to design and test a vehicle security simulation system using facial recognition technology integrated with Arduino Uno and MATLAB. This system utilizes a laptop camera to capture the user's facial image, then performs a detection and verification process using the FaceNet algorithm. If the face is recognized and verified with data stored in the database, the Arduino will activate the actuator components in the form of a DC motor to simulate starting the engine, and a servo motor to simulate opening the vehicle door. This study uses a quantitative experimental approach to analyze the effect of variations in distance (30, 40, and 50 cm) and lighting brightness levels (10–20, 21–30, and 31–40 lux) on the system's response time. A total of 27 combinations of conditions were tested, and the data obtained were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and ANOVA tests in Minitab software. The results of the analysis showed that the optimal response time was obtained at a distance of 40 cm with a medium level of illumination (21–30 lux). In addition, both distance, brightness, and the interaction between the two factors were shown to have a significant effect on the system's response time (P-Value < 0.05). These findings indicate that the system is quite sensitive to environmental changes, so further testing is highly recommended, especially to measure the actual delay, the detection error rate, and the development of a more robust face detection algorithm so that the system can be used reliably in various lighting conditions and face capture angles in the real world.

This research aims to be able to meet the water supply of lettuce plants automatically by using three sensors such as soil moisture, water level, and water discharge. The goal is to provide water needs to plants automatically and regularly. The developed tool uses YL-96 sensor for soil moisture, HC-SR04 for water level and YF-S201 for water discharge. Sensor data is sent to the arduino to be processed using the fuzzy mamdani method so that these three data values affect the movement of the tap servo motor that flows to the lettuce plant. Fuzzy logic here as a decision maker from the value of 3 sensor data and then processed automatically by arduino using fuzzy mamdani to determine how many degrees the servo motor moves. The result is that the Lettuce Plant Water Needs Analysis System Automation Tool is able to maintain the water supply of lettuce plants and soil moisture ideally at 76% with a servo motor movement system success rate of 100%.

Overhead cranes are an important device in the manufacturing and construction industry that functions to move heavy loads efficiently and safely. However, human error often occurs which can cause work accidents, equipment damage, and decreased productivity. Therefore, this research aims to design and build an Arduino-based automatic overhead crane system that can increase work efficiency and safety. This system is designed using an Arduino microcontroller as a control center, equipped with an ultrasonic sensor to detect the position and distance of the load, as well as a servo motor to regulate crane movement automatically. The system also features a wireless communication module to monitor and control the crane remotely. The research method used is Research and Development (R&D), which includes the stages of needs analysis, system design, hardware and software implementation, and performance testing. Test results show that this automatic overhead crane is capable of moving loads with high accuracy and a speed that can be adjusted according to needs. The system also succeeded in reducing manual intervention, thereby increasing work safety and reducing the risk of accidents by up to 30% compared to manual systems. The Arduino-based automatic overhead crane design succeeded in meeting the research objectives, increasing work efficiency and safety. Routine maintenance and periodic checks on mechanical and electronic components need to be carried out to ensure the system continues to function optimally and reduces the risk of damage.

Floods are natural disasters that often occur in Indonesia and cause damage to property, infrastructure, and casualties. One of the main factors causing flooding is the failure of water management systems such as reservoirs to manage the sudden increase in water volume. This research aims to design an automatic reservoir sluice controller by utilizing Internet of Things (IoT) technology to reduce flood risk. The system uses a NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller and an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor to monitor the water level in real-time, as well as a servo motor that controls the sluices. The system is connected to the Blynk app, allowing remote monitoring and control of the sluice gates via mobile devices. This tool automatically adjusts the position of the sluice gate based on sensor data to keep the water level safe and reduce the potential for flooding. The test results show that this IoT-based automated system is able to work effectively in controlling sluice gates and can be used for flood disaster prevention in the surrounding environment.

This paper presents an IoT-enabled dual-axis solar tracking system that integrates  a Kalman filter and a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller to enhance tracking accuracy, energy efficiency, and operational stability. Addressing the ongoing challenge of maxi- mizing photovoltaic (PV) panel output, the proposed system leverages an ESP32 microcontroller and the Blynk platform to provide real-time monitoring, remote parameter adjustments, and flexible connectivity. Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) sensors measure sunlight intensity from multiple directions, while MG90S servo motors dynamically adjust the panel’s azimuth and elevation. The Kalman filter refines noisy sensor data to yield precise sun position estimates, enabling the PID controller to respond quickly and accurately to deviations in panel orientation. Through extensive testing conducted over several days, including both clear and partially cloudy conditions, the system achieved an average Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) as low as 1.2° under clear skies and maintained RMSE below 2.0° even under partial shading. Compared to a fixed-panel baseline, daily energy harvesting improved by approximately 43%. These results confirm that advanced estimation and control algorithms, when combined with IoT functionali- ties, significantly outperform simpler tracking methods and static installations. Furthermore, the low-cost, compact design and user-friendly interface facilitate practical deployment in a range of scenarios, including small-scale and off-grid installations. By ensuring continuous alignment of the PV panel with the sun, the system not only increases overall energy capture but also reduces maintenance requirements through remote oversight. This research thus offers a robust, scalable approach to improving solar energy utilization in diverse and evolving environmental conditions.

Traditional doors usually consist of a housing or padlock and a flip key to open it. Usually found on office or mall doors, doors can be made more practical. The door will open automatically if there is physical energy (stimulus) that moves it. For example, when someone wants to enter the room, the door will automatically open. Doors like this are designed using automatic control using embedded system equipment. This automatic door system can be designed using automatic control combined with PIR sensors and servo motors. In terms of input equipment, a PIR (Passive Infrared Receiver) sensor is used which will detect humans approaching the door. This PIR sensor will send a signal to the Arduino process unit which contains a microcontroller chip. This microcontroller will send the processed data to the servo motor, so that it can open or close the door automatically.

In this study, the implementation and simulation of a servo SG90 drive system based on Arduino Uno with dynamic angle control were carried out. The SG90 servo motor is widely used in various applications such as robotics and automation due to its ease of control and small size. The objective of this research is to develop a control system capable of adjusting the servo angle dynamically using Arduino Uno. The simulation method involves hardware and software simulations combined with servo control code based on PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) signals. The results show that the system is capable of accurately controlling the servo angle through a potentiometer as a dynamic input, along with simulation visualization in a software environment.

The railway doorstop system functions to increase the safety of road users and avoid accidents at crossings. This journal discusses the design and implementation of a train doorstop system using Arduino Uno with supporting components such as servo motors, LED lights, resistors and the HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor. The simulation aims to automate the process of closing and opening gate latches based on the presence of trains, with results demonstrating the effectiveness of the system in improving safety at crossings.  

Closed house chicken coop is an innovation from the development of technology in the livestock sector. In closed house chicken coops, many arrangements and adjustments to environmental conditions in the chicken coop are carried out which are expected to increase broiler chicken production. In this study, researchers created a centralized control system on 2 closed house chicken coops to make it easier for broiler chicken entrepreneurs to monitor and control the closed house chicken coops owned by the entrepreneur through one place, without having to go directly to the closed house chicken coop to monitor and control the chicken coop which of course will be quite draining time and energy. This study uses Haiwell Cloud Scada as an interface device connected to the Arduino Nano microcontroller, DHT-22 sensor as a humidity and temperature detector sensor, MQ-135 sensor as an Ammonia gas detector, water level sensor as a reader of the remaining chicken drinking water level, IR sensor as a reader of the remaining chicken food level, DC fan which has 2 functions, namely inlet and exhaust in the chicken coop. Servo motor as a silo damper controller to fill chicken food from the silo to the chicken feeder located in the chicken coop.

This research successfully designed and built a CNC drawing machine based on Arduino. The system utilizes NEMA stepper motors to move the X and Y axes, as well as a servo motor to control the Z axis. The Arduino Uno, supported by GRBL firmware, acts as the central controller that processes commands from the Inkscape software. The results of the research demonstrate that the developed CNC machine is capable of producing images with satisfactory accuracy. The appropriate selection of components and optimal parameter settings have contributed to the machine's reliable performance.

This study aims to design and develop an automatic solar tracker system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance the efficiency of energy collection in solar panels. The system utilizes key components such as the ESP32 microcontroller, LDR sensors, servo motors, and the Blynk platform to monitor performance in real-time. The solar tracker is designed to follow the movement of the sun, ensuring that the solar panels are always positioned optimally to receive sunlight throughout the day. Testing indicates that this system improves solar energy absorption efficiency compared to static solar panel systems. Furthermore, the integration of IoT allows for more effective and efficient remote control and monitoring. Thus, this technology not only offers improvements in energy efficiency but also provides a practical solution for better and more sustainable solar energy management.

Radar is a tool that functions to determine the whereabouts of objects in the surroundings. A military defense system requires a system for monitoring and handling certain areas (land, sea, air) effectively and efficiently to prevent unwanted presence from entering private areas. This design is expected to increase the defense system's capabilities to make it easier to automatically track and destroy enemies. The laser gun is an actuator that is integrated to shoot enemies detected by radar. The servo motor drives the ultrasonic sensor and the diode laser which moves from 00 to 1800, the ultrasonic sensor is integrated into the servo motor which functions to detect objects by reflecting ultrasonic waves on the object and receiving them back when the waves hit the object, then the 5V diode laser is used as a weapon. will emit a laser beam when directed at an object detected by the servo motor. Processing3 software is used as a graphic programming tool that can display object detection read by the ultrasonic sensor. The results of this research are that the ultrasonic sensor is capable of detecting objects in the range 0-40cm and the servo motor is capable of reaching angles from 00 to 1800. And this system can work effectively during shooting so that it can meet defense needs in dealing with enemies and can work quickly and precisely.    

Technological advances in the industrial era 4.0 mean that various things must prioritize convenience and efficiency in carrying out daily work such as carrying out automatic maintenance and control in the home. This has made many people able to produce various forms of technology that can be controlled automatically and help with work. people who can't take up much time. OT is a technology built to provide ease of work that can be connected to each other using the internet. One use of IoT technology is in the household sector to feed ornamental fish according to need and monitor remaining feed. This tool is designed for NodeMCU as control and an internet connection that is integrated with the Blink application. This tool consists of an HC-SR04 sensor input and a DS3231 RTC timer. The output of this tool uses a servo motor to open and close the contents of the fish feed. Arduino IDE software is used in NodeMCU coding and the Blynk application is used to connect the smartphone and NodeMCU. Based on the results of testing carried out, the system success rate has an average of 95% success. Meanwhile, the average delay is 0.052367 milliseconds.    

The Unmanned ships have become a primary focus in maritime technology development to enhance efficiency and navigational safety in waters. In this research, a unmanned ship utilizing ESP32CAM as its core system is designed to detect navigation lights of other vessels and avoid potential collisions. The initial response of the ESP32CAM camera reads the colors of lights approaching the unmanned ship within a distance of less than 100cm. The ESP32CAM reads and identifies colors through image processing. When the ESP32CAM detects green and red lights, it commands the buzzer to sound. The color detection system works such that when the ESP32CAM detects a red light, it sends a signal to the servo motor to move left, and when it detects a green light, it sends a signal to the servo motor to move right. The servo motor functions as the ship's rudder. Testing of the navigation light system with ESP32CAM camera to prevent ship collisions is conducted with predetermined scenarios, including testing with red LEDs, green LEDs, and overall system testing. The results show that the navigation light system with ESP32CAM camera functions well. The ESP32CAM camera can optimally identify light colors at a distance of 100cm. Based on the conducted research, the ESP32CAM camera is capable of reading both the distance and colors of lights as specified at a distance of 100cm.

In the era of maritime technology, Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are becoming the main vehicles on the water surface, controlled from land and capable of transmitting live data. USVs have a wide range of survey and exploration applications, relying on hydrographic knowledge for accurate mapping. USV development has adopted a double hull design, improving stability and wave resistance. Survey data transmission requires advanced technology, with Long Range (LoRa) technology being the solution for long distance data transmission with low power consumption. LoRa utilisation is expected to increase the efficiency of USVs in hydrographic surveys. The research and development (R&D) research method is used as the main approach in this research with the aim of creating and developing USVs that can increase efficiency in hydrographic surveys. The USV is equipped with an RPM sensor and flowmeter used to monitor the movement control of the USV in the waters. In addition, a depth detector is used to monitor the topography of the seabed. In order for this USV to run using a remote control that is controlled from land. The USV drive consists of a BLDC motor connected to the propeller and a servo motor connected to the ship's rudder. Furthermore, the data taken from the sensor is sent via LoRa to be delivered to the ground station. From the USV test results, it was found that the data transmission range with LoRa Ra-02 under Line of sight (LOS) conditions was 340 metres while under Non Light of sight (NLOS) conditions it was around 200 metres. The average speed travelled by USV is 0.616 km/hour in operational survey conditions and can be faster in non-operational survey conditions. The error value of the RPM sensor is obtained at 1.604% with a reading accuracy of 98.936%.

Technology has the potential to be employed within the realm of electronics and informatics, particularly for the purpose of securing household doors using a smartphone through an internet connection. The Internet of Things (IoT) embodies a concept where internet-enabled devices can communicate with each other and their surrounding objects. This endeavor seeks to create a prototype using key components, including NodeMCU Esp8266, Servo Motor, and Fingerprint Module, with the ultimate goal of simplifying daily tasks and alleviating concerns about leaving the door unlocked upon leaving the house. The mechanism of this device entails utilizing a smartphone app to establish an internet connection, enabling users to seamlessly close and lock their house door. The underlying intention behind developing this tool is to provide assistance in managing both indoor and outdoor activities, addressing the issue of inadvertently leaving the door unlocked, and substituting traditional door locks with fingerprint recognition. By employing this innovation, individuals can conveniently regulate their house door via smartphone, saving time and effort and seamlessly integrating it into their daily routines.

Irrigation is a land irrigation system by damming water sources. Irrigation as the provision, regulation and disposal of water to support agricultural needs. Irrigation is generally used by farmers, especially farmers in rice fields to irrigate and provide water supply to agricultural land, monitoring water stock in rice fields must be done frequently because rice water needs must be balanced with a lack of water supply or excess water supply in rice fields is not good for rice growth . So far, farmers have monitored irrigation channels manually, the location of the rice fields from the farmer's house often causes rice plants to experience scarcity because the floodgates are not opened when the water supply is running low or experiencing water supply. excess because the floodgates are opened for too long, this will greatly disturb the growth of rice plants. Making a monitoring and control system for irrigation channels using a water level sensor installed on the ESP 8266 microcontroller (Wemos D1), the system uses a programming language c. This tool can be used to open the irrigation door if the water supply in the rice fields is below the minimum limit and will close the water gate when the water supply has reached the maximum limit, the servo motor is used to open and close the floodgates. . . The monitoring results obtained will be displayed to users in real time through the android application interface and will be stored in the form of a text file on the storage media.