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Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan sektor penting dalam perekonomian Kabupaten Sidoarjo dengan jumlah mencapai 171.264 unit usaha pada tahun 2023. Sebagian besar pelaku UMKM masih menghadapi kendala berupa keterbatasan akses pembiayaan formal, rendahnya literasi keuangan, serta minimnya pendampingan usaha. Pemerintah Kabupaten Sidoarjo menginisiasi Program KURDA SAYANG melalui Peraturan Bupati Nomor 8 Tahun 2025 yang dilaksanakan bersama BPR Delta Artha. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis implementasi Program KURDA SAYANG menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan Charles O. Jones yang meliputi aspek organisasi, interpretasi, dan aplikasi. Metode kualitatif deskriptif digunakan dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek organisasi didukung struktur kelembagaan yang cukup jelas, meskipun koordinasi dan sinkronisasi data UMKM belum optimal. Dari aspek interpretasi, regulasi program berkembang dari Perbup No. 95/2020, No. 52/2023, hingga No. 8/2025, namun masih terdapat perbedaan pemahaman kriteria penerima dan sosialisasi yang belum merata. Pada aspek aplikasi, program memberikan dampak positif terhadap kapasitas usaha, perluasan pasar, dan pertumbuhan omzet UMKM, dengan kendala kredit macet, minimnya pendampingan pascapencairan, dan monitoring berbasis dampak yang belum optimal.

This study aims to analyze the strategies for handling bad debts at the Maju Terus Employee Cooperative at SMK Yohanes XXIII Maumere. The main problem faced by the cooperative is the increasing bad debts, most of which come from member arrears on daily transactions through the cash-on-account system, such as purchasing office stationery and photocopy services. This condition affects the cooperative's liquidity and reduces the effectiveness of services to members. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation during internship activities. The research results indicate that the main causes of bad debts include low member discipline, lack of supervision, and weak credit management systems. Strategies that can be applied to address these issues include rescheduling payments, establishing stricter credit rules, increasing supervision, as well as providing guidance and education to members on the importance of responsibility in payments. The implementation of these strategies is expected to improve the quality of credit management, maintain the financial stability of the cooperative, and increase the members' welfare sustainably.

Syndicated credit serves as a response for banks in extending loans as an alternative financing mechanism when constrained by the legal lending limit. Syndicated loans have a distinctive characteristic, namely the requirement for collective decision-making among creditors to reach a resolution. Consequently, collateral execution is often delayed or not carried out optimally to recover bank receivables, resulting in participating banks bearing losses for a relatively long period. This research employs a normative juridical approach with descriptive-analytical research specifications using qualitative methods based on relevant legal norms and theories. The results show that the legal relationship between the bank agent and the syndicated creditors constitutes an agency relationship, namely a special power of attorney as regulated under the Civil Code. The Bank Agent, consisting of the Facility Agent, Security Agent, and Escrow Agent, acts according to their respective duties for the benefit of the syndicate within the scope of authority agreed upon in the credit agreement. The resolution of non-performing loans in syndicated credit schemes should be carried out by referring to credit rescue and settlement mechanisms as regulated in the OJK Regulation concerning the Asset Quality Assessment of Commercial Banks through the prudential principle. The legal liability of the Bank Agent or Security Agent arises only when it can be proven that the agent has acted beyond the authority granted to it.

 Non perfoming Loans are one of the main risks faced by savings and loan cooperatives and can impacts the financial stability as well as the sustainability of the cooperativ, s operations. this study aims to analyze strategies for handing non-performing loans based on the concepts of credit risk manajement at KSP Kopdit Tuke Jung Deru Dede Branch. This reserch use a qualitative approach with data collection methods through observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analyzed include non-performing loan data for the period 2022-2024 as well as interview results with the cooperative management. The data analys technique is carried out qualitatively and descriptively by linking field finding to findings to the concept of credit risk manajement, which includes risk identification, measurement, and control. The research result indicate that the increase in non-performing loans is influenced by internal factors such as suboptimal credit supervision, as well as exernal factors such as a decline in income and weak manajerial capacity of member businesses. The strategies for handling non-perfoming loans implemented by KSP Kopdit Tuke Jung include rescheduling, reconditioning, and restructuring. The implemention of these strategies is considered quite effective in helping members fulfil their credit obligations and reducing the cooperative, s risk of losses. Although strengthening credit analysis and post-credit supervision is still needed. This study is expected to serve as an evaluation material and reference for credit unions in improving sustainable risk manajement.  

Savings and loan cooperatives play an important role in improving the economic welfare of their members. However, they frequently encounter the problem of non-performing loans (bad debt), which may threaten the institution’s financial stability. This study aims to examine the implementation of the joint liability system and and its contribution to shaping member’s behavior and achieving zero bad debt in the sudang sogor solot group at KSP Kopdit Sube Huter. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed using observation, interviews, and documentation collected during the internship period. The findings reveal that the joint liability system fosters discipline, responsibility, and solidarity among members through mutual supervision and shared accountability in loans and supports the achievement of zero bad debt. Therefore, the joint liability system serves not only as a financial risk management strategy but also as a social mechanism that strengthens member behavior and ensures the sustainability of the cooperative.

Employee cooperatives play a strategic role as an economic buffer for teachers and school staff, particularly in providing access to safe, transparent, and equitable financial services. This study aims to evaluate the salary and share deduction system in managing member loans at the “Maju Terus” Employee Cooperative of SMKS Yohanes XXIII Maumere. The evaluation focuses on salary deduction procedures for active members, share deduction mechanisms for inactive members, handling of arrears, system effectiveness, obstacles encountered, causes of obstacles, and improvement efforts that have been made. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The study results show that the salary and share deduction system has been implemented in a structured and effective manner, successfully maintaining the non-performing loan rate below 2% for the past three years, as well as supporting cash flow stability and increasing cooperative revenue. However, the implementation of this system still faces obstacles such as late payment of salary deductions by the school treasurer, insufficient shares of inactive members to cover arrears, a manual recording system, and minimal outreach to new members. Improvement efforts that have been made include monthly coordination meetings, intensive outreach, transparency through membership books, quarterly reporting, and the implementation of moral sanctions. These findings confirm that the salary and share deduction system is not only a loan security tool, but also a concrete manifestation of cooperative values: kinship, collective responsibility, and economic justice.

Savings and Loan Cooperatives (KSP) play a vital role in expanding community access to capital, especially within the informal sector. Nevertheless, non-performing loans remain a persistent challenge that can threaten liquidity and long-term institutional sustainability. KSP CU Mera Ndi Ate faces similar issues, which are assumed to stem not only from administrative weaknesses but also from members’ perceptions and behavioral factors. This research aims to examine the potential causes of non-performing loans through text-based sentiment analysis using an unsupervised learning approach. A quantitative method with a data mining framework was applied. Data were gathered through interviews, observations, documentation, and 200 customer opinion texts processed using the Orange Data Mining application. The analytical stages included preprocessing, corpus development, feature extraction, sentiment clustering, and visualization. Because the dataset lacked predefined labels, unsupervised learning was used to identify naturally emerging sentiment patterns. Findings reveal a predominance of critical sentiments related to credit assessment procedures and service quality. The highest sentiment score (75) concerned insufficient creditworthiness evaluation, followed by concerns about service efficiency (66.6667). These insights suggest that improving assessment accuracy and service quality may help reduce non-performing loans.

This study aims to examine the influence of non-performing loans (NPLs) on the financial performance of KSP Kopdit Hiro Heling, Maumere Branch, during the period 2020–2024. Non-performing loans are among the most critical issues faced by credit unions, as they can disrupt liquidity, reduce income, and negatively affect the distribution of the Remaining Operating Results (SHU). The research adopts a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. Data sources include both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected through direct interviews with the General Manager and Manager of KSP Kopdit Hiro Heling, Maumere Branch, while secondary data consist of loan disbursement records and NPL statistics covering the 2020–2024 period. The findings reveal that the level of non-performing loans fluctuated throughout the study period, directly impacting the cooperative’s financial performance. These fluctuations affected liquidity and SHU, which also varied annually. An increase in NPLs led to a decline in SHU due to reduced interest income and rising uncollectible receivables, whereas a decrease in NPLs contributed to improved SHU and enhanced financial stability. Interviews further indicated that NPLs were influenced by members’ limited repayment capacity, misuse of loans, weak monitoring, and external factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and members’ economic conditions. The study concludes that higher levels of NPLs increase the risk of declining financial performance and SHU. Therefore, KSP Kopdit Hiro Heling, Maumere Branch, must strengthen creditworthiness analysis, improve monitoring and member assistance, and enhance collection systems to mitigate NPLs and safeguard financial stability in the future.

This study looks at bad debt resolution strategies and their effect on the financial performance of Semerbak Citra Wangon Saving and Loan Cooperative (KSP) using the SPACE Matrix technique. The financial stability of cooperatives is severely threatened by bad debts, which can reduce liquidity and profitability. The four main dimensions of the SPACE Matrix approach - industry strength (IS), environmental stability (ES), competitive advantage (CA), and financial strength (FS) - were used to evaluate the cooperative's strategic position. The conclusion of the analysis, which places the cooperative in the aggressive quadrant (coordinates 5.00, 2.67), indicates that the cooperative has significant internal strengths and outward growth potential. Some recommended strategies include improved market segmentation, longer loan periods, liability restructuring, and lower interest rates. These strategies are expected to improve the cooperative's long-term financial stability and reduce the likelihood of bad debts.

In banking practice, cooperation agreements between banks and developers for providing Kredit Pemilikan Rumah (“KPR”) facilities often incorporate the buy back guarantee scheme as a form of security against the risk of debtor default. This scheme obligates the developer to repurchase the property as collateral in case of a loan default. The buy back guarantee scheme in KPR is essential for banks as a risk mitigation mechanism to ensure the recovery of disbursed funds, reduce the potential for non-performing loans, and provide legal certainty and protection against losses caused by debtor default. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the legal protection available to banks bound by cooperation agreements for the provision of KPR facilities under the buy back guarantee scheme, taking into account the legal position of the banks and developers, as well as examining legal certainty and dispute resolution mechanisms applicable in cases of loan default.

Lembang Sa’dan Andulan has great potential for local economic development through the weaving industry but faces challenges in raw material supply and bad credit that hinder business sustainability. This research aims to provide assistance in identifying the root causes of bad credit, formulating effective credit management strategies, and enhancing the capacity of the management of Badan Usaha Lembang Sa’dan Andulan. The methods used include financial management training, developing a credit assessment system, improving communication, and business mentoring. The results show that the management now understands the impact of bad credit and can analyze its causes. They are beginning to implement the 5C and 7P methods in assessments and business development, and show active roles in financial management. It is hoped that this activity will encourage economic growth in the Lembang Sa’dan Andulan community and create significant social change.

This study aims to analyze bad debts on the financial performance of the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative. The research method used is descriptive quantitative, with data analysis techniques using bad debt analysis and financial performance analysis by measuring financial ratios such as liquidity, solvency and profitability ratios. The data used in this study is secondary data in the form of financial statements of the Swasti Sari Saving and Loan Cooperative, Kupang City Branch for a period of 5 years from 2019-2023. The results showed that bad debts at the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative were caused by the inability of cooperative members to pay off their obligations so that the cooperative's receivables became difficult to collect and had an impact on the cooperative's financial performance as measured by the liquidity ratio from 2019 to 2023 which decreased because the cooperative's cash decreased and its receivables increased, the Solvency Ratio indicates an increase in risk due to increased debt without balanced asset growth. The Profitability Ratio shows a decrease in net income which affects the operational sustainability of the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Savings and Loan Cooperative. The results of this study provide recommendations for the Kupang City Branch of the Swasti Sari Saving and Loan Cooperative in overcoming the risk of bad credit, namely taking a rescheduling, reconditioning, and restructuring approach, applying prudential principles, conducting regular monitoring and monitoring of financial performance and credit risk so that cooperatives can make quick and appropriate decisions to maintain financial stability and operational sustainability.

This research aims to implement the C4.5 algorithm in predicting bad credit in digital loan systems in the FinTech industry. The C4.5 algorithm was chosen because of its ability to handle numeric and categorical attributes, as well as produce a decision tree that can be interpreted easily. This research uses a dataset containing customer transaction and profile information, such as employment status, income and payment history. Test results show that the C4.5 algorithm is able to achieve an accuracy of 89.6% in predicting the possibility of bad credit, so it can help FinTech companies manage credit risk more effectively.

This article discusses the socialization of provisions on bad credit from the perspective of creditor risk on collateral that does not belong to the debtor in Mojokerto City. This research was conducted through strategic steps including identifying community needs, developing informative socialization materials, and implementing educational activities. The results of the survey and interviews showed low public understanding of creditor risk and the importance of valid collateral. The socialization program designed with simple language and educational materials such as brochures and short videos succeeded in increasing public awareness. Evaluation through focus group discussions (FGD) revealed the need to increase interaction and consistency in socialization. In addition, supporting studies showed the importance of supervision, coaching, and prevention efforts to overcome bad credit. With suggestions to increase the frequency of socialization programs, utilize social media, and involve banking practitioners and legal experts, it is hoped that it can increase public understanding and reduce the number of bad credit, as well as support financial stability in Mojokerto City.

. Regulation of Law no. 4 of 2023 concerning Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector is used as a regulatory for banks in general in carrying out write-offs and write-offs, especially for MSE debtors. Seeing that post-Covid-19 conditions have made the business of MSE debtors even worse, banks have attempted to restructure credit affected by Covid-19 to reduce the bank's NPL ratio as a reference for the bank's health. However, when the reconstruction is not successful, the bank can carry out a conditional write-off and absolute write-off program as a solution to bad credit. In carrying out write-offs, the Bank writes off the total value of productive assets that cannot be collected from the balance sheet and recorded in the administrative account/off balance sheet. The act of write-off does not eliminate the bank's right to collect from its debtors, but the bank will continue to try to collect from its debtors until the credit the bank has provided can be paid in full. The aim of this research is to complete the settlement of bad debts through conditional write-offs and absolute write-off for the PPSK Law. This type of research uses normative juridical research. The types of data used in this research are primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials. Data collection techniques using literature studies and field studies. The results of this research are that there are no provisions that regulate in detail the procedures for writing off and writing off bad debts for banks. This is addressed through each bank's internal policy which regulates procedures for write-offs and write-offs for MSE debtors.

The purpose of this study is to find out how the responsibility of a Debt Collector who is confiscating a bad credit vehicle is due to default from the debtor. The Debt Collector who carries out his duties cannot just arbitrarily withdraw the existing vehicle because it must comply with the applicable laws and regulations. Both creditors and debtors have fair legal protection. The debtor who makes a credit must also have the competence so that the credit is paid smoothly. If an act of default occurs, it can be prosecuted through civil law or if there is embezzlement of the motor vehicle used by the debtor, it can be prosecuted through criminal means. This article uses a normative research method whose approach is based on an approach to the legislation in force in Indonesia. Where in this normative research provides a view of how the Debt Collector should work according to the current law. Between the creditor and the debtor, there must be synchronization in carrying out their obligations so that there are no problems that lead to the withdrawal of the vehicle being used by the debtor. The fiduciary law that becomes the guarantor must be better understood by debtors who will make vehicle loans to better avoid the occurrence of the default act itself. Looking at the existing conditions, it is possible that many people who enter into credit agreements do not understand the importance of a law or law that applies in Indonesia. It is possible that if many people understand the law, the Leasing party no longer needs to use the services of a Debt Collector.

settlement of bad debts made by debtors, is a violation of the program credit distribution program against sulut-go bank which has generated a lot of speculation about the rules of civil law. The problem is the enforcement of the law against the debtor allegedly with the issue of the article on the crime of corruption article 2 paragraph 1. The purpose of this research is to find out thoroughly about the enforcement of bad credit in the review of civil law. bad credit in the review of civil law and judge's decision, the problem of bad credit, and default. and default. Bank Sulut-Go which is in limboto branch against debtors who have bad credit.  and discussion of the research that there is an imprudence that is done by the bank regarding the credit process by pledging something that does not belong to the debtor, but is processed.belonging to the debtor, but processed. Furthermore, that this contract occurs contract with a repayment duration that is not yet due but has already entered the court. The conclusion drawn by the researcher is that when a case that still has a contract it includes default and is a problem of bonding between people because it arises due to the cideranya promise, whose resolution path must be the civil realm. Default in bad credit can be recognized when there is an error, negligence, and willfulness.

Penelitian ini menggambarkan tentang pelaksanaan eksekusi jaminan fidusia di PT. Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Cabang Ungaran, dimana permasalahan dalam penulisan ini, yaitu bagaimana pelaksanaan eksekusi terhadap jaminan fidusia pada kredit macet di lembaga pembiayaan PT. Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Cabang Ungaran, faktor apa saja penghambat eksekusi jaminan fidusia pada kredit macet di lembaga pembiayaan PT. Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk,Cabang Ungaran, dan bagaimana upaya yang sudah dilakukan PT. Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Cabang Ungaran dalam melakukan eksekusi jaminan fidusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis empiris dengan analisa data kualitatif yaitu menguji data dengan konsep teori, peraturan perundangan, dan studi di lapangan. Pelaksanaan eksekusi obyek jaminan fidusia di PT. Adira Dinamika Multifinance Tbk, Cabang Ungaran, dilakukan secara langsung oleh petugas, baik di rumah debitur, atau di tempat lain dimana obyek jaminan tersebut berada, sehingga hal ini tidak sesuai dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 18/PUU-XVII/2019 karena akan timbul biaya-biaya tambahan dan membutuhkan waktu lama dalam melakukan upaya penyelamatan asset. Dalam pelaksanaan eksekusi jaminan fidusia ini ditemui beberapa hambatan yaitu adanya niat buruk debitur, keberadaan obyek jaminan tidak diketahui, unit digadai, adanya campur tangan ORMAS, kondisi unit yang tidak utuh. Upaya yang telah dilakukan adalah melakukan proses pra kredit secara selektif, memberikan program keringanan Rehab / Restructure, melakukan kunjungan ke rumah debitur secara rutin, mengawasi tempat tinggal debitur.

Pemberian kredit selalu memiliki risiko seperti kredit macet, sehingga pihak kreditur (bank) dituntut untuk lebih objektif dan akurat dalam mengevaluasi setiap permohonan kredit. Penelitian ini dilakukan guna menemukan algoritma mana yang paling akurat dalam memberikan suatu keputusan kredit, dengan melakukan perbandingan terhadap algoritma XGBoost dan algoritma Random Forest. Pada kedua algoritma digunakan data berukuran 10.000 dan 100.000 dengan 19 variabel yang relevan dalam pengambilan keputusan kartu kredit. Proses penelitian ini melibatkan pre-processing data, splitting data, training data, parameter tuning dengan Random Search, testing data, serta evaluasi model dengan confusion matrix. Hasil eksperimen menunjukkan bahwa kedua algoritma menghasilkan kinerja model yang cukup kompetitif, dimana XGBoost mampu mencapai 1.0 untuk semua metrik evaluasi baik pada data berukuran 10.000 maupun data berukuran 100.000. Random Forest sendiri berakurasi 0.998 untuk data berukuran 10.000 dan 0.999 untuk data berukuran 100.000. Akan tetapi, Random Forest hanya mampu mencapai F1-score sebesar 0.700 untuk data berukuran 10.000. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa kedua algoritma memiliki performa yang sangat baik dan akurat dalam mengklasifikasikan keputusan pada data kartu kredit. Namun, Random Forest kurang akurat bila digunakan pada data berukuran kecil yang tidak seimbang.

 Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk mengetahui upaya penyelesaian kredit macet terhadap perbankan yang disebabkan oleh faktor internal dan eksternal, Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian hukum ini ialah menggunakan metode berupa analisis yuridis normatif dengan cara meneliti berdasarkan peraturan perundang - undangan di Indonesia terkait dengan masalah yang sedang dikaji, menggunakan bahan pustaka, literatur hukum. Teknik analisis data adalah kualitatif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan langkah untuk menyelesaiakan kredit macet dapat dikatakan merupakan langkah terakhir yang dapat dilakukan setelah langkah-langkah penyelamatan sebagaimana diatur dalam Surat Edaran BI yang berupa restrukturisasi tidak efektif lagi. Penyelesaian kredit bermasalah dapat pula melalui lembaga-lembaga yang berkompeten dalam membantu menyelesaikan kredit bermasalah seperti Panitia Urusan Piutang Negara (PUPN) dan Direktorat Jenderal Piutang dan Lelang Negara (DJPLN), Badan Peradilan dan melalui Arbitrase atau Badan Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa.