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This study analyzes the minimum age of marriage in Islamic jurisprudence and compares it with the positive law regulations in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using a normative legal method with comparative and conceptual approaches, the study draws on primary sources, including the Qur'an, hadith, Law Number 16 of 2019 on Marriage in Indonesia, and the Islamic Family Law (Federal Territories) Act 1984 in Malaysia. The analysis focuses on how Islamic legal principles concerning marriage eligibility are interpreted and incorporated into contemporary legal frameworks in both countries. The findings reveal that Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) associates marital readiness with the concept of baligh (puberty) without prescribing a specific numerical age, whereas state law establishes fixed minimum age requirements to safeguard the rights and welfare of women and children. Indonesia sets the minimum marriage age at 19 years for both males and females, while Malaysia prescribes 18 years for males and 16 years for females, with judicial dispensation available in both jurisdictions under certain circumstances. These legal arrangements demonstrate each country's effort to harmonize classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary social protection objectives through institutional ijtihad, reflecting a balance between religious principles, legal certainty, and public welfare in regulating marriage.

Anak merupakan amanah dan generasi penerus bangsa yang harus memperoleh perlindungan secara optimal dari segala bentuk eksploitasi, termasuk eksploitasi ekonomi melalui pekerjaan yang dapat mengganggu tumbuh kembangnya. Meskipun hukum Indonesia telah mengatur perlindungan anak melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2014 tentang Perubahan atas Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak dan Undang-Undang Nomor 13 Tahun 2003 tentang Ketenagakerjaan, masih ditemukan rendahnya pemahaman anak dan masyarakat mengenai hak-hak anak dalam dunia kerja. Kegiatan penyuluhan hukum ini bertujuan meningkatkan pengetahuan dan kesadaran hukum anak-anak di Panti Sosial Anak Tawangmangu mengenai hak anak, batasan pekerjaan yang diperbolehkan bagi anak, serta perlindungan hukum terhadap praktik eksploitasi anak. Metode yang digunakan berupa ceramah, diskusi interaktif, studi kasus, dan evaluasi melalui pre-test dan post-test. Hasil penyuluhan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman peserta mengenai hak-hak anak, ketentuan pekerja anak, dan mekanisme perlindungan hukum apabila terjadi pelanggaran hak anak. Penyuluhan hukum ini diharapkan mampu membangun kesadaran hukum sejak dini sehingga anak-anak dapat memahami hak dan kewajibannya serta terhindar dari berbagai bentuk eksploitasi ekonomi dan pelanggaran hak anak.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaturan PTSL dalam sistem hukum agraria Indonesia serta menganalisis keterkaitannya dengan asas fungsi sosial tanah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normative dengan pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengaturan PTSL masih berorientasi pada kepastian hukum formal melalui percepatan pendaftaran dan sertifikasi tanah, sementara asas fungsi sosial tanah belum terintegrasi secara operasional dalam norma pelaksanaannya. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan harmonisasi PTSL agar tidak hanya berfungsi sebagai instrumen legalisasi aset, tetapi juga menjamin pemanfaatan tanah sesuai dengan fungsi sosial dalam rangka mewujudkan keadilan agraria.

Pengaturan mengenai hak sewa atas tanah telah diakui dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria (UUPA), serta Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2021 dan Peraturan Menteri ATR/BPN Nomor 16 Tahun 2021. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis implementasi pendaftaran perjanjian sewa atas tanah di Kantor Pertanahan Kabupaten Badung. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum empiris dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pendaftaran perjanjian sewa tanah belum terlaksana di Kantor Badan Pertanahan Kabupaten Badung, meskipun telah diatur secara normatif. Hal ini disebabkan oleh belum adanya standar operasional prosedur (SOP), keterbatasan fitur dalam sistem pelayanan pertanahan, serta sifat pengaturan yang masih fakultatif. Secara yuridis, perjanjian sewa tetap sah sepanjang memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata, namun tidak memiliki kekuatan publikasi sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan risiko hukum bagi pihak ketiga. Diperlukan penguatan regulasi, penyusunan SOP, serta peningkatan kesadaran hukum masyarakat.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan memahami keabsahan akta yang ditandatangani tidak bersamaan oleh para penghadap dan akibat hukumnya terhadap akta autentik yang dibuat oleh Notaris. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif, dimana bersumber dari peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku, keputusan-keputusan pengadilan, teori-teori maupun konsep hukum dan pandangan para sarjana hukum. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Ketika pihak tertentu mendatangi notaris agar dituangkan kehendak mereka dalam sebuah akta dokumen resmi, lalu Notaris menyusun akta berdasarkan permintaan para pihak tersebut maka telah terbentuk sebuah akta yang berlaku sebagai hukum bagi para pihak yang terlibat. (2) Notaris wajib memastikan waktu dalam pembuatan dan penandatanganan akta tersebut dan bertanggung jawab jika di kemudian hari muncul masalah terkait keabsahan akta tersebut yang mana waktu penandatangannya tidak sesuai. (3) Notaris wajib memberikan kepastian waktu kedatangan dan penandatanganan akta yang disebutkan di bagian awal akta untuk membuktikan bahwa para pihak benar-benar hadir dan menandatangani dokumen pada waktu yang telah disebutkan dengan prosedur pembuatan akta berdasarkan UUJN, sehingga kekuatan pembuktiannya bersifat sempurna. Kelalaian dan kesalahan yang dilakukan oleh Notaris akan mengakibatkan akta terdegradasi menjadi dibawah tangan dan kemudian Notaris tersebut akan dikenai sanksi dan dikenakan tanggung jawab secara perdata di mana pihak yang menderita kerugian dapat menuntut penggantian biaya, kompensasi, dan bunga dari Notaris yang bersangkutan.

Perkembangan teknologi digital telah merevolusi mekanisme transaksi ekonomi dengan mendorong penggunaan kontrak elektronik sebagai instrumen utama dalam aktivitas e-commerce. Kajian ini menyoroti dominasi klausula baku yang disusun sepihak oleh pelaku usaha, yang mengakibatkan ketimpangan posisi tawar serta berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian sistemik bagi konsumen. Secara empiris, rendahnya literasi hukum masyarakat, kompleksitas bahasa kontrak, serta mekanisme persetujuan instan memperkuat kondisi kerentanan konsumen dalam memahami hak dan kewajibannya. Meskipun kerangka regulasi nasional seperti UUPK dan UU ITE telah memberikan dasar perlindungan, implementasinya masih menghadapi hambatan serius, termasuk lemahnya pengawasan, kesenjangan antara norma dan praktik, serta tantangan yurisdiksi lintas negara dalam transaksi digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif-empiris untuk menganalisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum serta mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab ketidakseimbangan dalam kontrak elektronik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan perlunya rekonstruksi model perlindungan konsumen berbasis keadilan kontraktual yang menekankan transparansi, keseimbangan, dan akuntabilitas dalam penyusunan klausula. Selain itu, integrasi aspek teknologi, desain sistem digital, dan peningkatan literasi konsumen menjadi elemen krusial dalam menciptakan ekosistem transaksi yang adil. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam pengembangan teori hukum digital sekaligus memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi pembentukan regulasi adaptif guna memperkuat kepercayaan publik terhadap ekonomi digital.

Notaris sebagai pejabat umum pemegang kewenangan atributif negara dalam pembuatan akta otentik menghadapi kerentanan hukum serius akibat penggunaan dokumen palsu oleh penghadap beriktikad buruk. Asas kepercayaan (vertrouwen) menempatkan notaris pada posisi paradoks: wajib melayani masyarakat, namun berisiko dikriminalisasi atas kejahatan pihak yang dilayaninya. Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga permasalahan: pengaturan hukum tanggung jawab notaris atas akta berbasis dokumen palsu, ketidakmemadaian regulasi dalam melindungi notaris, serta model perlindungan hukum ideal bagi notaris menghadapi pemalsuan dokumen penghadap. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, berbasis data sekunder yang dianalisis melalui content analysis dan divalidasi melalui triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, UUJN dan KUHPerdata membatasi tanggung jawab notaris pada kebenaran formal dan prosedural pembuatan akta, sedangkan kebenaran materiil dokumen merupakan tanggung jawab mutlak penghadap. Kedua, regulasi berlaku belum memadai karena UUJN tidak memuat klausul good faith immunity, mekanisme shifting of liability belum diatur secara rigid, kewenangan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris terbatas pada fungsi administratif tanpa daya ikat terhadap proses penyidikan, serta ketiadaan sistem verifikasi identitas digital terintegrasi. Ketiga, model perlindungan ideal adalah model tiga lapis: lapis preventif melalui verifikasi identitas digital real-time terintegrasi dengan Dukcapil dan BPN; lapis normatif melalui amandemen UUJN yang memuat klausul imunitas iktikad baik dan pengalihan tanggung jawab material kepada penghadap manipulatif; serta lapis represif melalui penetapan izin MKN sebagai syarat mutlak penetapan tersangka dan jaminan rehabilitasi bagi notaris yang dikriminalisasi secara tidak sah.

Perceraian dalam masyarakat adat Batak Toba merupakan suatu fenomena hukum yang tidak dapat dilepaskan dari sistem kekerabatan dan nilai-nilai budaya yang hidup dalam masyarakat. Meskipun perceraian pada dasarnya dihindari, dalam praktiknya perceraian tetap dimungkinkan melalui mekanisme adat yang menitikberatkan pada musyawarah dan kesepakatan keluarga besar. Permasalahan muncul ketika perceraian yang dilakukan secara adat tersebut dihadapkan pada ketentuan hukum positif di Indonesia, khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan yang mensyaratkan perceraian harus dilakukan melalui putusan pengadilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme perceraian menurut adat Batak Toba serta mengkaji keabsahannya ditinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, serta menggunakan data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primer, sekunder, dan tersier yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme perceraian adat Batak Toba dilakukan melalui tahapan musyawarah keluarga dengan melibatkan unsur dalihan na tolu, dan memiliki kekuatan mengikat secara sosial dalam masyarakat adat. Namun, secara yuridis formal, perceraian tersebut tidak memiliki keabsahan hukum apabila tidak dilakukan melalui putusan pengadilan sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974. Oleh karena itu, perceraian adat hanya sah secara sosiologis, tetapi belum sah secara hukum negara. Diperlukan harmonisasi antara hukum adat dan hukum nasional agar tercipta kepastian hukum tanpa mengabaikan nilai-nilai kearifan lokal.

Kepastian hukum dalam pembuatan akta autentik merupakan aspek penting dalam sistem hukum perdata di Indonesia, terutama dalam menjamin perlindungan hukum bagi para pihak. Namun, dalam praktiknya, notaris seringkali dihadapkan pada permasalahan hukum yang berkaitan dengan batas pertanggungjawaban administratif dan pidana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bentuk pelanggaran notaris dalam pembuatan akta autentik serta implikasi yuridisnya berdasarkan putusan pengadilan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, melalui analisis bahan hukum sekunder dan putusan pengadilan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelanggaran notaris pada dasarnya bersifat administratif, kecuali terdapat unsur kesengajaan atau keterlibatan aktif dalam tindak pidana. Selain itu, terdapat perbedaan penafsiran dalam putusan pengadilan yang menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya kejelasan batas pertanggungjawaban notaris guna menjamin kepastian hukum dan perlindungan profesi notaris

The development of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology has created various digital innovations, but it has also generated new forms of crime through the misuse of deepfake technology. This study aims to analyze the legal liability of social media platforms for the dissemination of AI-based deepfake content and the forms of legal protection for victims of digital fraud, particularly elderly groups, in the case of the “magical money ritual” scam using the identity of Ujang Busthomi. This research employs normative legal research methods using statutory and case approaches. The results show that perpetrators of deepfake fraud can be held criminally liable under Article 28 paragraph (1) in conjunction with Article 45A paragraph (1) of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law and Article 378 of the Indonesian Criminal Code concerning fraud. In addition, social media platforms as Electronic System Providers also bear preventive and repressive responsibilities under the ITE Law, Government Regulation on Electronic Systems and Transactions, and the Personal Data Protection Law to prevent the spread of illegal content. Legal protection for victims is carried out through criminal law enforcement, personal data protection, restitution mechanisms, and the enhancement of digital literacy in society.

Kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat mengenai hukum waris sering kali menjadi pemicu konflik dalam keluarga, terutama terkait pembagian harta peninggalan yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan hukum yang berlaku. Pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pemahaman dan kesadaran hukum masyarakat mengenai hak dan kewajiban para ahli waris guna mencegah terjadinya sengketa keluarga. Kegiatan dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Peterongan, Kecamatan Semarang Selatan, dengan menggunakan metode penyuluhan hukum melalui ceramah, diskusi interaktif, dan sesi tanya jawab. Pendekatan partisipatif diterapkan untuk mendorong keterlibatan aktif peserta dalam memahami permasalahan hukum waris yang sering muncul di lingkungan masyarakat. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan peserta mengenai prinsip-prinsip dasar hukum waris, prosedur pembagian warisan, serta pentingnya penyelesaian masalah waris secara musyawarah dan sesuai ketentuan hukum. Penyuluhan ini berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan kesadaran hukum masyarakat sebagai langkah preventif untuk mengurangi potensi konflik keluarga terkait warisan.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a fundamental paradigm reconstruction to the Indonesian criminal justice system through the explicit recognition of the "living law" (hukum yang hidup di masyarakat). This study aims to analyze the legal standing of living law within the Indonesian legal system and examine the juridical and sociological implications of integrating these unwritten norms from the perspective of Article 2 of Law Number 1 of 2023. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statutory approach. The results indicate that the positioning of living law holds a strategic standing rooted in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia and is further reinforced by the Constitutional Court Decision Number 35/PUU-X/2012. Following the promulgation of Law Number 1 of 2023, Article 2 paragraph (1) formally deconstructs the rigidity of the colonial-inherited formal legality principle (Wetboek van Strafrecht) and transforms it toward a material legality principle. Consequently, living law is now recognized as a valid basis for criminal liability and acts as a complement to national law, manifested through additional criminal penalties in the form of fulfilling local customary obligations to support restorative justice. Nonetheless, the state imposes limitations through a codification mechanism into Regional Regulations guided by Government Regulations, which must be aligned with Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution, Human Rights, and general principles of law recognized by civilized nations to prevent legal uncertainty and subjective interpretations of the law.

This study aims to analyse the legal status of physical possession evidenced by a Letter C under land law, as well as the issue of legal certainty in the resolution of land disputes by the state. Many members of the public still rely on a Letter C as proof of possession of the land they own, even though this document serves only as administrative evidence and not as a strong instrument of proof of ownership. This study employs a juridical-normative legal research method using a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials were gathered through a literature review and analysed qualitatively, with the findings presented in a descriptive format. The results indicate that Letter C possesses relatively weak evidential weight as it is merely an administrative record that does not follow the procedures within the land registration system as stipulated by the UUPA. Currently, Letter C serves only as a guide and therefore no longer possesses legal force equivalent to a certificate. The land system in Indonesia adopts a negative publication system with a positive tendency, meaning that a certificate constitutes strong evidence of rights, but may still be revoked if another party is able to prove their rights.

Land rights disputes arising from overlapping land certificates remain a complex agrarian law issue frequently encountered in Indonesia. This phenomenon reflects weaknesses in the land administration system, particularly in data collection, land measurement, and certificate issuance. Such disputes create conflicts, legal uncertainty, and reduced public trust in the land registration system. In practice, these disputes are generally resolved through civil litigation procedures in the District Court. This study aims to comprehensively analyze civil procedural law in resolving land rights disputes involving overlapping certificates and to examine the evidentiary strength of land certificates in judicial proceedings. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches, supported by primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that dispute resolution begins with the filing of a lawsuit, followed by mediation, court examination, and the evidentiary process as the most crucial stage in determining lawful ownership. Land certificates serve as strong evidence; however, they are not absolute, as they may be challenged if administrative or substantive legal defects are identified. Judges play a central role in assessing certificate validity by considering land history, physical possession, good faith, and compliance with legal procedures. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of dispute resolution still requires improvement through better land administration, enhanced data accuracy, and stronger institutional integration.

This study examines the foundational framework and evolving dynamics of Indonesian civil procedural law (Hukum Acara Perdata) amid its transformation from colonial legal heritage toward a modern, digitalized justice system. Using normative-doctrinal legal research methodology combined with empirical court statistics from 2022–2024, the study analyzes four dimensions: (1) core procedural principles rooted in the HIR and RBg; (2) the mandatory mediation framework under PERMA No. 1 of 2016; (3) the evolution of evidence law toward electronic evidence under the amended UU ITE (Law No. 1 of 2024); and (4) mechanisms of judicial decisions and legal remedies. Findings show that e-court implementation has dramatically increased efficiency minutasi productivity rose from 64.35% (2022) to 96.50% (2024)—while 594,816 users registered through e-court by 2023. The study concludes that Indonesia’s civil procedural law is actively adapting to technological disruption, though structural challenges such as digital inequality, electronic evidence authentication gaps, and regulatory harmonization remain unresolved.

The development of information and communication technology has increased the use of electronic documents in legal and business activities, thereby affecting the evidentiary system in Indonesian civil procedural law. This study aims to analyze the legal regulation of electronic evidence and its evidentiary strength in resolving civil cases under Indonesian civil procedural law. The research method used is normative juridical research with statutory and library research approaches. The data were obtained from primary and secondary legal materials and analyzed qualitatively. The results show that electronic evidence has been legally recognized through Law Number 11 of 2008 in conjunction with Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions. Its evidentiary strength has the same legal position as other forms of evidence as long as it fulfills the requirements of authenticity, integrity, and validity of electronic data. Therefore, more detailed regulations regarding authentication standards and examination procedures for electronic evidence are still needed to ensure legal certainty in civil court practices.

The development of social media, especially TWITTER, has become one of the main means for people to express opinions and criticism on various issues, including the performance of law in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze public sentiment towards the performance of law based on TWITTER user comments using the Naïve Bayes algorithm. The research data consists of 1004 comments collected from several videos related to legal topics. The analysis process includes the stages of data crawling, pre- processing (text cleaning, normalization, and tokenization), labeling sentiment into positive, negative, and neutral, and testing the Naïve Bayes model. The results show that the Naïve Bayes algorithm is able to classify sentiment with an accuracy level of 93.73%. The distribution of sentiment from 1004 comments shows that the majority of public opinion is (negative/positive/neutral), which indicates that public perception of the performance of law is still (critical/positive). These findings are expected to be input for related parties to understand public opinion and improve the quality of legal performance in

This study aims to analyze the process of internalizing legal values in the formation of a culture of law-abidingness by emphasizing the perspective of civic responsibility and the Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory approach. The main problem studied is how legal values are not only understood normatively, but also internalized in the individual and collective consciousness of society, thus giving rise to sustainable law-abiding behavior. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with strengthening conceptual and sociological analysis of legal dynamics in society. The results show that the internalization of legal values is a multidimensional process involving cognitive, affective, and spiritual aspects, which are influenced by education, the social environment, role models, and the consistency of law enforcement. In the context of civic responsibility, a culture of law-abidingness is not only formal compliance with regulations, but also reflects moral awareness and active participation of citizens in maintaining social order. Meanwhile, Islamic Sociological Jurisprudence Theory offers an integrative paradigm that combines the normative dimensions of sharia with social reality, through a comparative approach of schools of thought, maqāṣid al-syarī‘ah, and an orientation toward the welfare of the people. This research emphasizes that the formation of an effective culture of law-abidingness requires a holistic and contextual approach, in which law is understood as a living and adaptive social instrument. Thus, the internalization of legal values based on civic responsibility and an Islamic sociological jurisprudence approach can encourage the realization of substantive justice, high legal awareness, and a civilized and sustainable social order.    

This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the legal reasoning used by judges in the Administrative Court (PTUN) in annulling State Administrative Decisions (KTUN), as well as to examine the legal implications for the parties involved and the overall system of government administration. This research employs a normative juridical method with three approaches: statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The analysis was conducted qualitatively by studying reference books and reviewing court decisions. The study shows that the annulment of KTUN by PTUN judges is based on three important factors, namely lack of authority (ultra vires), procedural defects, and substantive defects in the decision. In addition, violations of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB), such as the principles of legal certainty, prudence, and proportionality, also constitute important considerations for judges. In the judicial process, judges not only consider the formal aspects of the law, but also take into account substantive justice in order to protect citizens’ rights from improper governmental actions. The implications of the annulment of KTUN include the restoration of the plaintiff’s rights through the process of restitutio in integrum, the obligation of administrative officials to revoke or correct the issued decision, as well as the potential impact on third parties involved in the decision. In general, the annulment of KTUN serves as a legal control mechanism over government administration while also encouraging the realization of good and transparent governance within a state governed by the rule of law.

This study aims to analyze the position of customary law in the new Criminal Code and the integration of restorative justice in resolving criminal cases in Indonesia. The method used is a qualitative approach with normative juridical research through legislative and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that the new Criminal Code recognizes living law, including customary law, as part of the national legal system. However, its status remains complementary and subordinate to state law. The integration of restorative justice into the criminal justice system is a progressive step that emphasizes restoring relationships between perpetrators, victims, and the community. This approach aligns with customary law values ​​that prioritize deliberation, balance, and social harmony. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, such as unclear regulations, limited official capacity, and potential conflicts with human rights principles. Therefore, regulatory strengthening, procedural standardization, and institutional capacity building are needed to ensure the integration of customary law and restorative justice can be implemented effectively, fairly, and sustainably within the Indonesian criminal justice system.