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This study examines the regulation of copyright royalties as joint property in Indonesia, the United States, and Europe, aiming to provide recommendations for better legal implementation. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal approach, utilizing library research and qualitative analysis of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings indicate that Indonesia, the United States, and Europe share common ground in recognizing royalties derived from copyright as joint property when such economic benefits are obtained during marriage. However, significant differences exist in their approaches. European countries, particularly Spain and the Republic of Moldova, clearly distinguish between exclusive rights and economic rights, where copyright remains the creator's personal property while royalties are classified as joint property. The United States demonstrates considerable flexibility through state-level regulations, adopting either community property systems or equitable distribution systems. Indonesia, through Decision No. 1622/PDT.G/2023/PA.JB, has begun recognizing royalties as joint property. Nevertheless, Indonesia still requires clearer and more comprehensive regulations to ensure legal certainty regarding the status of royalties as joint property and their distribution following divorce. This study contributes to developing legal frameworks that balance protecting creators' personal rights with the principle of fairness in family law.

Immigrant children often face challenges in adjusting and adapting to new environments. This study analyses the adaptation process of the main character, Unhei, as an Asian American immigrant child in Yangsook Choi’s picture book The Name Jar. This study examines the challenges Unhei faces in The Name Jar as she attempts to adapt and maintain her identity in a new environment in America, including language barriers, cultural differences, and social interactions with peers. This study employs a qualitative method using text and illustration analysis based on the adaptation theory proposed by Lamme et al. (2004), which consists of three stages: making transitions, making connections, and becoming American. The findings show that Unhei experiences various challenges in adapting to her new environment, including language barriers, cultural differences, and difficulties in social interaction. Unhei undergoes three stages of adaptation; making transitions, making connections, and becoming American. In the making transitions stage, Unhei experiences confusion, insecurity, and difficulty adjusting to a new cultural and social environment. In the making connections stage, she maintains connections with her Korean identity through her family, language, traditional objects, and Korean food while gradually building relationships in her new environment. In the becoming American stage, Unhei begins to adapt to American society and develops confidence in accepting her Korean identity without abandoning her cultural background. Furthermore, Unhei’s experience reflects that adaptation does not always occur smoothly, but involves a process of self-negotiation in dealing with cultural differences. The adaptation process is dynamic and influenced by both internal and external factors, and positive social interactions can help accelerate successful adaptation in a new environment.

This study examines the politeness strategies used in interactions among sisters in Louisa May Alcott’s novel Little Women. Using Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory as an analytical framework, this study identifies and classifies the forms of politeness strategies that emerge in the conversations of the four main characters: Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy March. The research data consists of dialogic utterances purposively selected from the novel’s text. The results indicate that all four politeness strategies on record, positive politeness, negative politeness, and off record are present in the interactions among the sisters, with positive politeness being the most dominant. The dominance of this strategy reflects the closeness of their relationship, solidarity, and mutual respect among the characters. Additionally, the choice of politeness strategies is also influenced by factors such as social distance, age differences, and situational context. This study contributes to the understanding of language use in a literary context, particularly in depicting the dynamics of family relationships through character interactions.

Population administration services are essential public services that fulfill the civil rights of the community. However, the process of changing Family Card (KK) data at the village level often faces problems, such as complicated procedures and limited access to services. With the development of information technology, village governments are required to implement digital-based service innovations through a digital governance approach. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of digital governance implementation in population administration services through the LAPAK SARAH application for Family Card data changes in Dayu Village, Nglegok District, Blitar Regency. The approach used in this study is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. Research informants included village officials and community members as service users. The results showed that the use of the LAPAK SARAH application could improve the performance of population administration services, as indicated by faster service times, easier access, and increased service transparency and accountability. From a digital governance perspective, the role of village officials, cooperation with the Population and Civil Registration Office, and community participation improved service quality. However, this study also found obstacles such as limited digital literacy among the community, differences in village device capacity, and technical infrastructure constraints. The success of digital population administration services at the village level is not only determined by the use of technology, but also by the quality of governance and the readiness of the parties involved.

This research examines how families and communities play a role in instilling the value of tolerance through multicultural education. As a country rich in ethnic, religious, cultural and linguistic diversity, Indonesia needs an attitude of mutual respect so that social life continues to run in peace and harmony. Therefore, it is important to introduce the value of tolerance from an early age through the child's closest environment, such as family, community and school. In everyday life, the family is the first place where children receive education about tolerance through providing understanding, habituating positive behavior, example from parents, and monitoring children's attitudes. On the other hand, society also has a contribution as a learning environment that introduces children to diversity through social interaction and various joint activities. Schools also play a role in forming a tolerant character by implementing multicultural education in a planned and sustainable manner. This research uses a literature study method by examining various scientific sources related to multicultural education and instilling the value of tolerance. Based on the results of the study, it is known that cooperation between family, school and community has a very important role in shaping children's character so that they are able to appreciate differences, live side by side in harmony, and maintain unity in the life of a diverse society.

Primary education is crucial for child development, especially at the elementary school level. Children begin to acquire various basic knowledge that will shape their cognitive, social, and emotional abilities. However, reality shows that schools can also become sites of aggressive behavior in the form of bullying. According to the Ministry of Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection (2023), cases of bullying in elementary schools have shown an increasing trend over the past five years. The purpose of this activity is to broaden students' understanding of bullying and its impacts, foster empathy and mutual respect, and strengthen the roles of teachers and parents in creating a safe and inclusive school environment. Findings indicate the presence of students who still lack understanding regarding types of bullying, with a high category showing that some individuals remain frequent targets of bullying. This may be caused by factors such as physical differences, social status, family background, or weak social support from peers. This condition indicates that schools still need to implement preventive and intervention approaches to protect students who are vulnerable to bullying.

This Community Service (PKM) activity aims to improve the memorization skills of students through a program to familiarize them with memorizing daily prayers at the Syubbanul Qur'an Islamic Boarding School (TPQ) in Jambangan, Surabaya. The background to this activity is based on the low ability to memorize daily prayers of students and the lack of habituation in daily life due to limited mentoring in the family environment. The method used in this activity is the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) approach which emphasizes the utilization of potential and assets owned by the community. The stages of the activity include discovery, dream, design, and destiny which are carried out systematically and participatory. Data collection techniques are carried out through observation and interviews to determine the development of students' memorization skills and the effectiveness of the program. The results of the activity show an increase in the ability to memorize daily prayers, marked by an increase in the number of memorizations, fluency in pronunciation, and increased self-confidence of students. In addition, this program also has an impact on the formation of religious character, discipline, and positive habits in daily life. The program's success was supported by the active involvement of the ustadz/ustadzah (Islamic teacher) and parents, as well as a conducive learning environment. Despite several obstacles, such as differences in student abilities and time constraints, the program remained effective. Thus, the habit of memorizing daily prayers has proven to be an effective strategy for improving memorization skills and sustainably shaping the students' religious character.

Injectable contraception remains one of the most widely used family planning methods among couples of reproductive age. However, the success of this method is strongly influenced by the level of knowledge and attitudes of acceptors, which in practice are often still inadequate. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of injectable contraceptive educational videos in improving the knowledge and attitudes of injectable contraceptive acceptors at TPMB Siti Juhariyah. The study employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. A total of 30 injectable contraceptive acceptors were selected as samples using purposive sampling techniques. The intervention consisted of providing an educational video on injectable contraception, followed by the assessment of participants’ knowledge and attitudes before and after the intervention using structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using statistical tests to determine differences between pretest and posttest scores. The results showed a significant increase in acceptors’ knowledge, which shifted from moderate and low categories to a good category after the educational video intervention. In addition, the acceptors’ attitudes toward the use of injectable contraception also demonstrated a significant positive change. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that injectable contraceptive educational videos are effective in improving the knowledge and attitudes of acceptors. Therefore, educational videos can be utilized as a supportive counseling medium in family planning services to enhance the quality of contraceptive care in independent midwifery practices.

This study aims to explore parental involvement in the assessment process for children with autism and to understand their experiences, roles, and challenges. The study used a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design involving three parents of children with autism who had undergone assessment by professionals. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed using thematic analysis. The results revealed five main themes: parents' initial awareness of their child's developmental differences, their role in providing developmental information, emotional experiences during the assessment process, the benefits of the assessment in improving understanding of the child's needs, and challenges faced during the process. The findings indicate that parental involvement significantly contributes to enriching assessment information and improving understanding of the child's condition, despite facing various barriers such as limited knowledge, time, cost, and emotional aspects. This study concludes that a family-centered approach is crucial in the assessment process. Therefore, stronger collaboration between professionals and parents is needed to support the optimal development of children with autism.

The principle of justice constitutes the core of debates regarding the permissibility of polygamy in Islamic law; however, the standards used to assess justice in judicial practice still vary between countries. This study comparatively examines how the Malaysian Syariah Court and the Indonesian Religious Court implement the concept of justice as the primary requirement for granting polygamy permits in judicial practice. The research employs a comparative legal approach and normative-juridical analysis of court decisions and statutory regulations applicable in both countries. The findings reveal that although both judicial systems refer to Qur’an Surah An-Nisa verse 3 as the normative foundation, significant differences exist in the mechanisms for proving justice, the consideration of the interests of existing wives, and the role of judges in assessing the feasibility of polygamy applications. Malaysia tends to apply a more structured standard of justice through strict technical regulations, while Indonesia provides broader judicial discretion by considering sociological aspects. Both countries also face similar challenges in translating immaterial justice into objective, consistent, and measurable legal decisions.

 Sexual violence against women and children is still a serious problem in Indonesia. Girls are among the most vulnerable groups because of their young age, emotional dependence, and the imbalance of power with perpetrators who are generally older or close to the victim. Cases of violence often occur in various environments, such as within the family, early marriage, or social relationships such as dating or friendships with older men. This situation often places girls in a weak position, making it difficult for them to resist or report the violence they experience. This research aims to examine forms of sexual violence against girls in relationships with large age differences and examine legal protection based on Law Number 12 of 2022 concerning Crimes of Sexual Violence. The research uses qualitative methods through literature study by reviewing books, scientific journals, regulations, and data from the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study show that unequal age relations often give rise to power inequalities that trigger domination, control and various forms of violence, such as sexual coercion, physical violence, psychological manipulation and domestic exploitation. The TPKS Law plays an important role as a basis for legal protection and fulfillment of rights for victims

The position of children in marriage plays an important role in family law because it is related to the legal status and fulfillment of children's civil rights. Differences in regulations regarding legitimate children and children born out of wedlock in Indonesian positive law create legal uncertainty, particularly regarding civil relations with biological fathers. This study aims to analyze the legal status of legitimate children and illegitimate children and the changes in the legal paradigm following Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VII/2010. This study uses normative legal methods with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that before the Constitutional Court decision, illegitimate children only had a civil relationship with their mother and their mother's family, whereas after the decision, illegitimate children can have a civil relationship with their biological father as long as the blood relationship can be legally proven. This decision confirms legal reform efforts to guarantee protection and legal certainty for children without discrimination based on birth status.

At the age range of 11–12 years, children enter the final phase of primary school which is marked by rapid development in various aspects, including cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral, all of which are interrelated in the educational process. The development of elementary school-age children is the main foundation for the formation of personality, intelligence, and social-moral skills in the future. This study aims to analyze and describe the developmental analysis of aspects (cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral) in children aged 11–12 years. This study uses a qualitative and descriptive approach, where data is collected through observation, interviews and documentation to understand behavior in depth. The results of the case study on the subject of Syifa Khairunnisa show that the development of these four aspects is well internalized in daily life. Syifa's cognitive development can be seen from her ability to understand material through repetition, awareness to adjust the way of learning when difficult, and the ability to explain lessons to friends in simple language. Psychomotor development is seen in good coordination of movements (e.g. in sports), fine motor skills, and self-control. In the aspect of Social Development, Syifa shows the ability to interact positively, work together, and choose peaceful ways to resolve differences of opinion. Lastly, Syifa's moral development is reflected in the attitude of caring, honesty, responsibility, obedience to school regulations, and the practice of religious values. Overall, this case study confirms that the development of children at the end of primary school is a holistic process that requires integrated support from the school environment and family.

This study aims to examine the implementation of Qur’anic learning in improving early childhood students’ ability to read the Qur’an, as many young children are still not fluent in Qur’anic reading. The research was conducted at RA Qur’an Mayada. The focus of the study includes: (1) the educational concepts applied by the institution to enhance Qur’anic reading skills, (2) the strategies or programs used in Qur’anic reading instruction, (3) the implementation of Qur’anic learning in improving Qur’anic reading ability, and (4) the inhibiting factors and solutions in strengthening Qur’anic reading proficiency. This study employed a descriptive qualitative method through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the institution develops an integrative curriculum using child-centered learning approaches, particularly through the methods of tilawah, talaqqi, tadarus, and educational games. The main challenges arise from differences in students’ abilities, limited learning time, and unequal family support. Solutions include increasing learning hours, maintaining intensive communication with parents, and providing regular teacher training.

Children at the elementary school level are in a phase of rapid growth, encompassing intellectual, physical, and social development. Within the age range of 6–12 years, children are expected to begin managing their own self-care, including maintaining daily personal hygiene. Personal hygiene refers to a set of self-care practices performed to maintain physical health and psychological well-being. Independence in personal hygiene can be defined as a child’s ability to carry out personal hygiene activities independently without reliance on others, related to both physical cleanliness and psychological comfort. This study aimed to describe the level of personal hygiene independence among school-age children at SD Negeri 1 Gianyar. The research employed a quantitative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population consisted of 376 students from grades I to III, with a sample of 194 students selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. The results showed that the majority of respondents demonstrated good independence in personal hygiene, with 186 children (95.9%) categorized as independent, while 8 children (4.1%) were categorized as moderately independent. Children’s independence tended to increase with age, and no significant differences were found between male and female students. These findings indicate that the role of families and schools, through consistent habituation and support, plays a crucial role in fostering children’s independence in maintaining personal hygiene.  

This study investigates how character education is embedded into the school culture of an Indonesian Islamic junior high school (madrasah), focusing on four core values: religiosity, honesty, tolerance, and discipline. Using a qualitative naturalistic approach, the research was conducted at MTsN 3 Halmahera Utara through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and document analysis involving school leaders, teachers, and students. The findings reveal that character education at the madrasah is not a standalone program but is institutionalized through consistent routines, religious practices, and role modeling. Religiosity is fostered through structured worship, integration of Islamic values into lessons, and spiritual habits. Honesty is promoted via trust-based learning environments, teacher exemplarity, and reinforcement of moral norms. Tolerance is cultivated through inclusive social interactions and respect for religious and cultural differences, while discipline is internalized through habitual rule-following, punctuality, and self-regulation. These findings align with existing theories and regional character education frameworks, confirming that character is best formed through embedded cultural processes and consistent adult exemplarity. The study contributes to the understanding of how Islamic schools can function as moral communities and highlights the importance of alignment between school culture, family support, and wider social contexts in achieving sustainable moral development.

This article discusses the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in shaping inclusive attitudes of students in the midst of diverse Indonesian society. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, this study examines how PAK can teach the values ​​of love, justice, and respect for differences, and their impact on students' character. The results of the study indicate that PAK not only functions as a transmitter of the doctrine of faith, but also as a means to promote tolerance and interfaith dialogue. Teachers play an important role as facilitators who create a safe and supportive learning environment, and integrate multicultural values ​​into the curriculum. Although PAK faces challenges in the learning approach, collaboration between the church, school, and family can strengthen the impact of religious education. Thus, PAK has great potential in shaping a tolerant generation committed to social justice in a pluralistic society.

Divorce is a social phenomenon that is increasingly common and has various social, economic, and psychological impacts, especially for women as the most vulnerable party. Divorce not only results in changes in the legal status of husband and wife, but also affects the emotional condition and social well-being of women after the end of the marriage bond. From an Islamic legal perspective, the 'iddah period functions as a protection mechanism for women after divorce, which aims to maintain honor, ensure clarity of pregnancy conditions, and provide certainty of legal status. However, in practice there are conditions that resemble the 'iddah period without fully fulfilling the formal provisions of Islamic law, known as Syibhul 'Iddah, due to the unclear status of divorce or differences in legal interpretation. This concept has an important role in protecting women's rights, especially regarding livelihood, residence, and legal certainty after divorce. This study uses a library research method with a normative legal approach. Data were collected through a review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including the Qur'an and Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence literature, laws and regulations such as the Compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant journals and scholarly works. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods to examine the concept of Syibhul 'Iddah and its implications for the protection of women's rights after divorce.  

This research examines inter-ethnic marriages between Acehnese and Bugis-Makassar communities in Makassar City from 1990 to 2004, which emerged as a consequence of social mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and compatibility of religious values. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that trigger inter-ethnic marriages, the underlying customary processes, and the socio-cultural dynamics that occur within family life. This research uses historical methods, including the heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, with data obtained thru in-depth interviews with four families and related documentary sources. The research findings indicate that holding a wedding requires cultural negotiation between the two groups, with some families adopting traditional Acehnese ceremonial customs, while others implement Bugis-Makassar traditions. In family life, couples face differences in values regarding communication, gender role division, and religious practices, which are then overcome thru a dialogue-based process of adaptation and compromise. This process results in the formation of hybrid cultural identities, the expansion of social networks, and the strengthening of inter-ethnic integration. Overall, intertribal marriages serve as a medium for cultural reconciliation and a means of building more inclusive social relationships in a multicultural society.

This research examines inter-ethnic marriages between Acehnese and Bugis-Makassar communities in Makassar City from 1990 to 2004, which emerged as a consequence of social mobility, cross-cultural interaction, and compatibility of religious values. The purpose of this study is to explain the factors that trigger inter-ethnic marriages, the underlying customary processes, and the socio-cultural dynamics that occur within family life. This research uses historical methods, including the heuristic stage, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography, with data obtained thru in-depth interviews with four families and related documentary sources. The research findings indicate that holding a wedding requires cultural negotiation between the two groups, with some families adopting traditional Acehnese ceremonial customs, while others implement Bugis-Makassar traditions. In family life, couples face differences in values regarding communication, gender role division, and religious practices, which are then overcome thru a dialogue-based process of adaptation and compromise. This process results in the formation of hybrid cultural identities, the expansion of social networks, and the strengthening of inter-ethnic integration. Overall, intertribal marriages serve as a medium for cultural reconciliation and a means of building more inclusive social relationships in a multicultural society.