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Overburden removal at Pit B did not meet the production targets for June and July 2025, which were set at 570,698.8 BCM and 400,986.56 BCM, respectively, while the actual production achieved was 507,071.66 BCM and 312,128.23 BCM. This study aims to determine the theoretical productivity of loading and hauling equipment and to identify the factors that hinder the achievement of production targets. The primary data used in this study include the cycle time of loading equipment, the cycle time of hauling equipment, bucket fill factor, and delay time. The secondary data required consist of swell factor, number of passes, bucket capacity, and available working time. The productivity of the loading equipment was 332.58 BCM/hour, while the hauling equipment achieved a productivity of 53.16 BCM/hour, with a match factor of 0.74. This indicates that the loading equipment experienced waiting time during loading operations due to the hauling equipment not operating optimally or at full capacity. The factors inhibiting the achievement of production targets include a narrow, waterlogged, and uneven working face; hard overburden material; a road grade of 16%, which exceeds the standard maximum of 12%; a curve road width of 15 m, which is less than the ideal minimum width of 19.95 m; undulating haul roads; narrow haul road width; and dusty road conditions.

Long-acting contraceptive methods (LACMs/MKJP) are effective family planning options for controlling fertility and improving maternal health. However, the utilization of LACMs among women of reproductive age remains relatively low, which may be influenced by their level of knowledge. This study aimed to examine the relationship between women’s knowledge levels and the utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods in the working area of UPT Puskesmas Basarang. A quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted involving 58 women of reproductive age selected using purposive sampling. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire to assess knowledge levels and contraceptive use, and analyzed using the Kendall’s tau-b correlation test. The results showed that more than half of respondents had good knowledge of LACMs, yet only 39.7% reported using these methods. Bivariate analysis revealed a statistically significant relationship between knowledge level and LACM utilization (p = 0.012). The study concludes that knowledge is significantly associated with the use of long-acting contraceptive methods, although other factors may also influence decision-making. Strengthening education and counseling interventions is essential to improve informed contraceptive choices and increase the utilization of long-acting contraceptive methods.

Background: Dietary adherence is a crucial component in the management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing hemodialysis. Non-adherence may lead to metabolic imbalance, increased morbidity, and reduced quality of life.Objective: To identify factors associated with dietary non-adherence among patients with CKD undergoing hemodialysis at Imelda Hospital, Medan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients undergoing routine hemodialysis. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing knowledge, attitudes, and family support related to dietary adherence. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square tests and logistic regression with a significance level of p < 0.05. Results: Knowledge, attitudes, and family support were significantly associated with dietary non-adherence (p < 0.05). Family support was identified as the most influential factor. Conclusion: Dietary non-adherence among hemodialysis patients is influenced by knowledge, attitudes, and family support. Strengthening patient education and family-centered nursing interventions is essential to improve dietary adherence.

This article aims to provide a comprehensive literature review on how professional ethics can serve as an effective strategy to prevent fund misuse within organizational financial management. Professional ethics is viewed as a set of moral values, behavioral norms, and professional standards that guide financial managers to perform their duties with honesty, responsibility, and without conflicts of interest. In the context of financial management, these duties include recording, budgeting, monitoring, and reporting financial activities, all of which require accuracy and transparency. The study highlights five main principles of professional ethics: integrity, objectivity, professional competence, confidentiality, and professional behavior. These principles clarify rules, strengthen accountability, and ensure that financial processes comply with established standards. The literature review shows that applying professional ethics not only encourages individuals to act correctly but also enhances responsibility, improves performance, and strengthens financial oversight. Integrity and objectivity play a crucial role in preventing report manipulation, budget inflation, and fund misuse, as these principles demand moral courage and fair decision-making. Professional competence ensures that every financial process is carried out accurately and in accordance with regulations, while confidentiality protects sensitive information from misuse. Professional behavior emphasizes adherence to laws, organizational policies, and professional standards. The article also identifies several supporting factors that enable the effective implementation of professional ethics, such as strong internal policies, leadership commitment to integrity, an ethical workplace culture, layered supervision systems, and continuous ethics training. Conversely, common challenges include weak internal controls, limited understanding of ethics, organizational pressure, conflicts of interest, and inconsistent application of ethical standards. Therefore, this article underscores that integrating professional ethics into organizational financial policies, procedures, and management systems is a key step in preventing fund misuse and strengthening stakeholder trust in the organization’s transparency and accountability.

In the era of globalization and digital transformation, organizations strive to maintain competitiveness through optimizing internal factors such as work culture, business process engineering (BPR), and decision support systems (DSS). This qualitative research based on a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) analyzes the relationship between these three using the Denison Organizational Culture Model, Hammer & Champy BPR, and the Resource-Based View (RBV). It finds that work culture mediates the implementation of BPR and DSS to increase efficiency by 30-50%, employee productivity, and sustainable competitive advantage. Case studies such as the Toyota Production System (TPS) confirm this synergy, resulting in reduced costs, cycle times, and improved service quality. This research also emphasizes the importance of a strong work culture in supporting the implementation of new technologies and methodologies, which in turn strengthens the company's market position. Thus, organizations that are able to integrate these three elements will be better prepared to face the challenges of globalization and dynamic changes in their industry, creating a sustainable advantage and being able to survive in a highly competitive market.

In the era of globalization and technological advancement, education must transform to develop students who are adaptive, critical, and have strong character. One innovation introduced by the government is the Merdeka Belajar (Independent Learning) Curriculum, which emphasizes competency, character, and project-based learning. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing the Merdeka Curriculum on the learning outcomes of Pancasila Education for Grade XI students at SMAN 1 Petir in the 2024/2025 academic year. A quantitative method with a survey approach was used, involving 80 student respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires and learning outcome tests, and analyzed using correlation and regression statistical techniques. The results show that the Merdeka Curriculum has a significant and positive effect on students’ PPkN learning outcomes, with a correlation coefficient of 0.766. This means better implementation of the curriculum leads to better student achievement. The curriculum contributes 58.7% to the learning outcomes, while the remaining 41.3% is influenced by other factors. The study concludes that the Merdeka Curriculum effectively enhances learning outcomes, particularly in character and 21st-century skills development.

This study investigates the influence of financial literacy, entrepreneurship training, and financial inclusion on the performance of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) through business sustainability. Using a systematic literature review (SLR) examines the impact of financial literacy, entrepreneurship training, and financial inclusion on MSME performance through business sustainability mediation by synthesizing empirical data from 12 research (2020–2025) across Scopus and Web of Science. Positive direct effects on sustainability (financial literacy via budgeting/risk management; training via adaptive resilience; inclusiveness via digital access) and performance metrics like profitability/growth are confirmed by results using the PRISMA 2020 flow.  Amid obstacles like financial access restrictions and COVID-19 disruptions, business sustainability appears as a crucial mediator, linking these factors to improved MSME results in developing contexts (Africa, Indonesia). Practical implications compel policymakers to give integrated literacy programs, contextual training, and inclusive finance top priority. Theoretical contributions combine financial literacy, entrepreneurial learning, and sustainability ideas into a holistic mediation model. The results highlight the importance of integrating financial education, entrepreneurial skill development, and inclusive financial systems to strengthen MSME resilience and competitiveness. This study provides practical implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and support organisations in designing effective interventions that foster sustainable business growth. The research also contributes theoretically by confirming the mediating role of business sustainability in the relationship between financial literacy, entrepreneurship training, financial inclusion, and MSME performance. Future studies may expand these insights by examining additional contextual factors such as digital technology adoption and business networking that further support sustainable MSME development.

The increasing integration of digital technology into the daily lives of Generation Alpha has contributed to reduced physical activity, highlighting the need to understand the factors shaping children’s movement behaviors. This study employed a quantitative correlational approach to examine the relationship between parental educational background and the physical activity levels of students aged 13–15 at SMP 1 Waru Sidoarjo. Data were collected through a parental education questionnaire and the PAQ-C instrument, which assesses children’s physical activity over the past seven days. A total of 45 respondents participated, and the data were analyzed using Pearson or Spearman correlation tests, depending on distribution. The findings revealed a positive and statistically significant—though weak—association between parental education and children’s physical activity levels. Parents with higher education tend to promote more active lifestyles by regulating screen time, providing access to sports facilities, and modeling healthy behaviors. These results underscore the essential role of families in developing healthy routines among Generation Alpha and the need for educational initiatives to enhance parental awareness of physical activity in an increasingly digital environment.

The professional competence of Islamic Education (PAI) teachers plays a decisive role in determining the quality of learning at the elementary school level. In practice, many teachers still encounter challenges in mastering subject content, developing systematic teaching materials, applying innovative learning strategies, and integrating educational technology into classroom activities. These conditions indicate the need for structured professional development efforts through collaborative forums. This study aims to analyze the role of the Islamic Education Teachers Working Group (KKG PAI) in maximizing the professional competence of PAI teachers in public elementary schools in Panti District, Pasaman Regency, and to identify the supporting and inhibiting factors influencing its implementation. This research employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation involving the KKG supervisor, the head of KKG PAI, and member teachers. Data analysis was conducted using an interactive model consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that KKG PAI functions as a strategic platform for collaborative lesson planning, subject-matter enrichment, peer reflection, and technology-based instructional training. Supporting factors include strong teacher commitment and collaborative culture, while limitations in facilities and technological disparities remain challenges. Strengthening the sustainability and management of KKG programs is essential to enhance teachers’ professional competence and improve the overall quality of Islamic education learning.

The normal flora of chickens refers to the microbial communities that naturally inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and body surfaces of chickens, playing a crucial role in health, digestion, and immunity. This community consists of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Bacillus, which assist in feed fermentation, vitamin synthesis, and inhibition of pathogenic growth. Additionally, the normal flora may include potential pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Campylobacter, which can cause diseases if microbial balance is disrupted. The diversity and balance of the microbiota are influenced by various abiotic factors, including feed quality, access to clean water, ambient temperature, humidity, and environmental hygiene. Biotic factors, such as microbial interactions, rearing systems, and contact with other animals, also play a significant role in determining microbial composition. Several studies have shown that the use of feed additives, such as probiotics and phytogenics, can enhance populations of beneficial bacteria while suppressing pathogenic bacteria. Extensive rearing systems, which provide chickens with more space and exposure to natural environments, tend to increase microbiota diversity compared to semi-intensive systems with more restricted conditions. Understanding these factors is essential for developing effective health management strategies and optimizing safe and sustainable poultry production.

Income inequality and poverty continue to be major challenges in Indonesia's industrial areas, especially in DKI Jakarta, West Java, and Banten, although minimum wage policies continue to be developed as a form of protection for low-income workers. These policies theoretically serve as an instrument for income redistribution and improvement of labor welfare, but their effectiveness in reducing inequality and reducing poverty rates is still questionable, especially in areas with highly industrialized economic structures. This study aims to analyze the influence of income inequality, poverty rate, economic growth, and unemployment rate on the dynamics of the provincial minimum wage in the 2016–2023 period. The study used secondary data obtained from the Central Statistics Agency and analyzed using panel data regression to obtain a comprehensive empirical picture of the factors determining the minimum wage. The test results show that the Fixed Effect Model is the most suitable model for capturing variations between provinces and between times. Key findings reveal that poverty levels and economic growth have a significant influence on changes in the minimum wage, while income inequality and unemployment rates have no significant influence. The conclusion of the study emphasizes that the minimum wage policy is not effective enough in reducing income inequality and reducing poverty without the expansion of the formal sector, improving the quality of the workforce, and distributing economic growth more evenly between industrial areas.

Flower disease detection is a common challenge in modern agriculture. Various factors, such as changes in leaf color, shape, petal structure, and environmental conditions, make it difficult to achieve high accuracy with conventional models. Transfer learning is an effective solution to improve model performance in image detection, especially when available data is limited. This study used several pre-trained models, namely VGG16, ResNet50, and EfficientNet-B0, to detect three types of flower diseases: black spot on roses, white powdery mildew, and leaf rust. The process included data processing, increasing the data volume, model training, and result verification. The results showed that the EfficientNet-B0 model provided the highest accuracy of 97.2%, significantly better than the CNN model created from scratch with an accuracy of 85.1%. This study proves that the transfer learning method is very effective in improving the accuracy of flower disease detection. These results confirm that transfer learning is effective for detecting plant diseases with higher accuracy, especially when the dataset is limited.  

This research explores the development of a participatory governance model for community based waste management systems, aiming to enhance both legal compliance and public social welfare outcomes. Community based waste management (CBWM) plays a critical role in addressing environmental and health challenges, yet its success is often hindered by weak governance structures, limited community involvement, and insufficient regulatory frameworks. The study introduces a governance model that integrates local community participation into decision making processes, encouraging ownership and responsibility among residents. The primary goal is to improve compliance with environmental regulations while promoting social welfare by fostering better public health and community cohesion. A review of literature highlights key theories of participatory governance, focusing on its ability to enhance legal adherence and increase social equity. Previous studies on CBWM demonstrate the potential of community involvement in overcoming barriers to legal compliance, such as weak enforcement and fragmented governance. However, challenges like inadequate infrastructure, socio economic factors, and cultural habits still impede full participation and compliance. The study utilizes a mixed methods approach, including stakeholder analysis, participatory workshops, and regulatory compliance assessments, to evaluate the effectiveness of the model. The results show that communities involved in participatory governance exhibit higher compliance with waste management laws, improved sanitation, and healthier living conditions. Furthermore, the model fosters social capital and community empowerment, contributing to long term sustainability. In comparison to centralized waste management systems, the participatory approach is found to be more adaptable, accountable, and socially accepted. While the model presents several benefits, challenges such as infrastructure limitations and cultural barriers remain. Future research should further investigate how to address these challenges, particularly through technological integration and cross sector collaborations, to ensure the scalability and sustainability of the participatory governance model.

The Presbyterian-Synodal system of church government is based on the ideal theological foundation of Christocracy, the confession that Christ is the sole Head of the Church who rules directly through His Word and Spirit. Theoretically, this model rejects hierarchy, affirms the parity of all ecclesiastical officers (ministers, elders, deacons) as servants, and views the local church council as a complete church (ecclesia completa). However, in historical and contemporary practice, a fundamental tension exists whereby this system consistently deviates into hierarchical and clerical practices. This deviation manifests as a hierarchy of office (clericalism) and a hierarchy of assemblies (Synod-centrism), where authority shifts from Christ to official figures and Synodal structures that are viewed as the "highest court." This article aims to analyze the fundamental causes of this authority shift. Using a qualitative library research method, the author conducts a systematic-theological, historical-critical, and comparative analysis of the works of Reformers (especially Calvin), historical church order documents, and contemporary case studies (such as in Malawi and GMIM). This study concludes that this authority shift stems from two primary factors: First, a "theological deficiency" in many church order documents, which fail to affirm Christ's rule "through His Word and Spirit," stating instead only His rule "through the ministry of officials," thus effectively equating official authority with Christ's authority. Second, the historical legacy of Scottish "national covenant" ecclesiology, which was historically intentionally designed with a centralized authority structure for "godly officials" to "rule over" a mixed populace. The author recommends that churches in this tradition revise their church orders to explicitly re-assert the supremacy of Christ's rule through His Word and Spirit over any human official or synodical authority.

This study aims to analyze the factors determining the growth of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia through a literature review approach. MSMEs make a significant contribution to the national economy, but their growth still faces various structural barriers. Based on the results of the literature review, it was found that access to capital, human resource quality, managerial capacity, innovation, digitalization, marketing strategies, and government policies are the main factors influencing MSME growth. Limited capital and low financial literacy are dominant obstacles that hinder business expansion. Furthermore, weak managerial capacity and digital competency prevent many MSMEs from optimally exploiting market opportunities. Innovation and the use of digital technology have been proven to increase efficiency and marketing reach, but the adoption rate remains low. External factors such as government regulations, simplified licensing, and support from empowerment programs also play a significant role in creating a conducive business climate. This study emphasizes that MSME development requires a comprehensive approach that integrates internal aspects of business actors and structural government support. The research results are expected to serve as a reference for academics, policymakers, and MSME actors in formulating more effective development strategies.

This study aims to examine the influence of tax awareness, tax knowledge, and tax morale on the level of individual taxpayer compliance. Income tax plays a strategic role as the primary source of financing for government expenditures in supporting national development. However, the level of taxpayer compliance in submitting Annual Tax Returns (SPT) continues to show a downward trend over time. This condition indicates a problem with compliance behavior influenced by various internal factors within taxpayers. Therefore, government efforts are needed to increase tax awareness, expand tax knowledge, and strengthen tax morale among the public. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with a random sampling technique. The research sample consisted of 30 individual taxpayers registered at the Kediri Pratama Tax Service Office (KPP Pratama). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing with the help of SPSS software. The results show that tax awareness, tax knowledge, and tax morale have a positive and significant effect on taxpayer compliance, both partially and simultaneously.

This research aims to analyze collaboration strategies in educational services and identify the challenges and implications of implementing collaborative governance at the District Education and Culture Regional Coordinator Office (Korwilcambidik) in Bener District, Purworejo Regency. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection techniques including interviews, observation, and document study. The research findings indicate that cross-sector collaboration between government, educational institutions, and the community serves as an adaptive strategy for improving the effectiveness of public services in the field of education. Although the collaboration has been successful, there are still obstacles such as the lack of a formal legal basis, low levels of trust between agencies, and differences in interests and limited resources. Factors such as collaborative leadership, open communication, and community participation play an important role in maintaining the sustainability of cross-sectoral cooperation. This research concludes that the implementation of collaborative governance in the education sector has the potential to become an effective, transparent, and sustainable model of government governance if supported by institutional commitment and a trust-based work culture.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia’s economy, especially in Bantul Regency, where they significantly contribute to the Gross Regional Product(GRDP) and job creation. Despite a rise in MSMEs numbers from 2021 to 2024, their long-term viability is hindered by issues like insufficient funding, inadequate accounting skills, and underutilization of e-commerce platforms. This research investigates how businesses, accounting knowledge, and e-commerce adoption impact MSME sustainability in Bantul Regency. Employing a quantitative method, it collected primary data via questionnaires from 100 MSME operators selected through purposive sampling. Analysis involved multiple linear regression. Findings indicated that business capital had no significant influence on sustainability, while accounting knowledge and e-commerce use positively and significantly boosted it. The R2 value of 29% show that these factors collectively explain 29% of MSME sustainability variance, with the remaining 71% attributed to external variables. The study highlights the need to enchane accounting education and digital tools to boost MSME competitiveness and resilience.

The practice of fishing using bombs (blast fishing) presents a serious threat to marine ecosystems and the sustainability of coastal communities' livelihoods. Law enforcement against these violations faces complex challenges, especially in large areas of water with limited fleet and patrol personnel. Perpetrators who move quickly and change locations, coupled with the lack of reports from the public due to fear or social ties, further complicate enforcement efforts. In addition, access to hidden locations and coordination between law enforcement agencies that are not optimal are also the main obstacles. Global studies confirm that the lack of effective law enforcement and adequate governance is a significant driver of these destructive practices, even beyond socio-economic factors. Therefore, a comprehensive strategy is needed that includes strengthening integrated marine patrols on a regular basis, imposing strict sanctions, increasing socialization of the dangers of fish bombs, and the active involvement of coastal communities as supervisors. A synergistic approach between law enforcement officials and local communities, combining prevention and joint management measures, is key to achieving effective marine conservation and sustainable management of fishery resources.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into educational settings, particularly in formative assessments, offers significant benefits in terms of personalized learning, real time feedback, and increased efficiency. However, the successful implementation of AI driven formative assessments depends not only on technological capabilities but also on socio cultural and organizational factors that shape its adoption. This study explores the socio technical factors influencing the use of AI in formative assessments, emphasizing the importance of considering cultural diversity, institutional culture, and educators' beliefs. AI technologies, while powerful in automating grading and providing personalized assessments, often face limitations in addressing complex student responses that require human judgment. Furthermore, cultural factors, such as students' prior exposure to technology and different cultural attitudes towards AI, play a critical role in the acceptance and effectiveness of these tools. Organizational factors, including leadership support, digital literacy, and the readiness of institutions to adopt AI, are also key determinants in the successful implementation of AI systems in education. Teachers’ beliefs about assessment influence their acceptance and use of AI tools, highlighting the need for professional development and training to ensure that AI enhances pedagogical goals rather than replacing human expertise. The study concludes that the alignment of technology, culture, and assessment beliefs is essential for the effective use of AI driven formative assessments in educational settings. Recommendations for educational institutions include adopting a socio technical approach to AI integration, with a focus on providing resources, training, and fostering a culture of innovation. Future research directions should focus on expanding studies to diverse educational contexts, conducting longitudinal research on AI’s impact on learning outcomes, and exploring additional socio technical frameworks to guide AI adoption in education.