Publication Search

Dental caries is an oral health problem associated with the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids with antibacterial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The research method used was an in vitro experimental study with a post test only group design. A total of 24 samples were divided into four treatment groups with extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that water hyacinth extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The largest inhibition zone was observed at 50% concentration, while the smallest was found at 6.25% concentration. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed significant differences among groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

Antimicrobial resistance is a persistent threat to hospital care, particularly when empirical therapy relies on broad-spectrum antibiotics without continuous evaluation of local use and susceptibility patterns. This literature review aimed to synthesize evidence from four Indonesian hospital-based studies regarding antibiotic utilization, rationality assessment, and bacterial resistance profiles. A structured narrative review was conducted using four selected articles provided by the author. Data were extracted for study design, setting, population, antibiotic evaluation method, dominant antibiotic classes, rationality indicators, resistance profile, and stewardship implications. The four studies were descriptive and hospital-based, using retrospective records, concurrent observation, ATC/DDD with DU 90%, qualitative rationality criteria, and antibiogram data. The synthesis showed a consistent concentration of antibiotic use in broad-spectrum groups, especially third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins, quinolones, and macrolides. In a Bandung public hospital, total antibiotic consumption reached 95,719.01 DDD, with penicillins, cephalosporins, quinolones, macrolides, and sulfonamides included in the DU 90% segment. In intensive care, ceftriaxone was the most frequently used antibiotic and most rationality indicators were appropriate, although clinically significant drug interactions were still identified. In pediatric acute respiratory infection inpatients, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone dominated empirical therapy. Resistance mapping in Denpasar highlighted relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and recommended antibiotics according to susceptibility levels. Overall, the reviewed evidence supports an integrated antimicrobial stewardship model combining ATC/DDD-DU 90% surveillance, qualitative rationality evaluation, antibiogram-based empirical guidance, and periodic feedback to prescribers.

Introduction: Ramadan fasting is a religious practice observed by Muslims by abstaining from food and drink from dawn until sunset. These changes may increase the need for oral and dental healthcare. However, some Muslims still perceive that undergoing dental treatment while fasting may invalidate the fast, leading many patients to delay or avoid dental visits during Ramadan. Objective: This study aims to review and analyse various scientific literature regarding the safety and permissibility of dental procedures for patients who are observing fasting during Ramadan. Methods: This study used a narrative review method by searching scientific articles through PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases using keywords relevant to the research topic. Articles were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The review findings indicate that most dental procedures, such as local anaesthesia administration, scaling, restorative treatment, and tooth extraction, generally do not invalidate fasting as long as no material or fluid is intentionally swallowed. The use of suction devices, isolation of the treatment area, and proper scheduling of dental procedures are important factors in minimizing the risk of swallowing fluids during treatment. Conclusion: Most dental procedures can be safely performed on fasting patients while still considering both medical aspects and Islamic principles. Patient education regarding the safety of dental procedures during fasting should be improved to prevent delays in treatment and complications in oral health.

  Red dragon fruit contains bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, flavonoids, and polyphenols that have antioxidant potential and possess natural pigments that can be used as cosmetic colorants. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a blush-on powder preparation from dragon fruit pulp extract as an alternative natural colorant. The evaluation includes organoleptic testing, homogeneity, pH, irritation, spreadability, fineness, moisture content, and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the formulation met most of the requirements, exhibiting a pink color, a smooth texture, no odor, homogeneity, a pH of 6 suitable for the skin, no irritation, even spreadability within 4 applications, a fineness degree of 97.6%, and a moisture content of 6.91%. Antioxidant activity showed an IC₅₀ value of 0.3036 ppm (very strong), although the relative inhibition percentage was low (18.35%). Thus, dragon fruit extract has the potential as a natural ingredient in blush-on powder that provides both color and antioxidant benefits.

The optimal therapeutic impact of local vaginal drug delivery systems is strongly influenced by the physical characteristics balance of Solid Vaginal Suppositories. A comprehensive review regarding the comparison of mechanical profiles, specifically melting time and crushing strength parameters, from various base classifications constitutes the primary objective of this literature research. The implementation of a Literature Review study design was executed through the extraction of empirical data from twelve experimental journals published within the last ten years. Excessively rapid phase transformation characteristics at physiological basal temperatures and low compression resistance were consistently demonstrated by lipophilic bases such as Oleum Cacao. The risk of structural deformation during the distribution process is highly susceptible to unmodified lipid preparations. High surface elasticity accompanied by a delay in molecular hydration duration reaching 120 minutes was recorded in the utilization of Glycerinated Gelatin Base. Structural rigidity exceeding 4 kgF and disintegration time efficiency under 60 minutes were optimally demonstrated by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Base. An enhancement in mechanical resistance against external shocks during the storage period is offered by the thorough modification of the synthetic polymer ratios. Therefore, the determination of the PEG base as the most optimal material is recommended to maintain the quality stability of pharmaceutical products. Compendial regulation standards regarding the physical strength testing of pharmaceutical preparations must be obeyed by every institution to ensure long-term treatment effectiveness. Thus, the alignment between active substance release duration and physical preparation endurance can be realized for absolute patient comfort.

Background: Nallaswamy Class III alveolar ridge refers to an edentulous alveolar bone that has undergone resorption, resulting in a moderate ridge height with a knife-edge ridge form. This condition is relatively common and has been reported to reach a prevalence of approximately 89% in edentulous mandibles. Objective: To describe the prosthodontic treatment implications in patients with Nallaswamy Class III alveolar ridge using an acrylic resin removable partial denture (RPD). Case Report: A 22-year-old female patient presented to RSGM Soelastri with complaints of discomfort while chewing due to the loss of several posterior teeth in the mandible. The teeth had been extracted three years earlier due to caries and retained roots. Intraoral examination revealed healthy dentition in the maxillary arch and edentulous areas at teeth 35, 36, 45, and 46 in the mandibular arch. The alveolar ridge in the edentulous area showed a knife-edge form with moderate height, consistent with Nallaswamy Class III. Discussion: The condition was classified as Applegate-Kennedy Class III modification 1P with bilateral bounded saddle areas, which may affect mastication, aesthetics, and speech. Conclusion: Partial edentulism with a knife-edge alveolar ridge can be effectively managed using an acrylic resin removable partial denture.

Sweet orange peel (Citrus x aurantium L.) is an agricultural by-product rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and vitamin C with antioxidant and moisturizing potential. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a body lotion using 15% ethanol extract of sweet orange peel obtained by maceration with 96% ethanol. Evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, irritation, cycling test, cream type, and DPPH antioxidant activity assessments. The preparation was semisolid, yellow, with a characteristic herbal aroma, homogeneous, pH 8, adhesion time of 4.10 seconds, spreadability of 9.9–11.1 cm, and acceptable viscosity. The preparation caused no skin irritation, remained stable through six cycling test cycles, and formed an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. Antioxidant activity showed an IC₅₀ of 284.6 ppm (weak category) compared to vitamin C as positive control (IC₅₀ 4.2 ppm). It was concluded that ethanol extract of sweet orange peel can be formulated into a stable and safe body lotion, though further optimization is needed to enhance its antioxidant activity.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease that cannot be completely cured or cannot even be completely cured. The vile shard plant is empirically used by the community to treat diabetes (DM). This study aims to conduct phytochemical screening and test the activity of 96% ethanol extract of kejibeling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bl.) as a herbal antidiabetic in male white mice (Mus musculus) with alloxan induction. Method: This research is an experimental laboratory research with a true experimental posttest control design using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments and 5 replications. Treatment P1 (without treatment) as normal control (N), P2 as positive control (+), P3 as negative control (-), P4 kejibeling leaf extract 250 mg/kg BW, P5 kejibeling leaf extract 500 mg/kg BW. Result:The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. SPSS results show that the data is normally distributed (p>0.05) and homogeneous (p>0.05). The results of the ANOVA on the treatment of giving keji beling leaf extract 250 mg/Kg BW showed a sig. 0.393 (p>0.05) and treatment of 500 mg/Kg BW obtained a sig value. 0.517 (p>0.05). Conclusion:The conclusion from the research results shows that administering doses of 250 mg/kg BW and 500 mg/kg BW of keji beling leaf extract can reduce blood sugar levels in mice. It is hoped that the results of this research will be useful for the community as an antidiabetic therapy using kejibeling leaves (Strobilanthes crispus (L.) Bl.).

Wounds can be defined as the loss and damage of anatomical cells or skin function. Wound healing consists of coagulation, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling stages. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the leaf fraction of the thick (Glochidion superbum) on wound healing in male white mice (Mus musculus). This study is experimental. This study used 24 male mice that were given a 10 mm long cut wound. Fractionation was carried out using the liquid-liquid extraction method. Fractionation used 3 different types of solvents, namely methanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction had a faster wound healing effectiveness than the other groups. The ethyl acetate fraction contains a phenolic compound, namely methyl gallate. Methyl gallate has an important role in wound healing. Methyl gallate has the potential to be an antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory. The results of the Bonferroni post-hoc statistical analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the ethyl acetate fraction in faster wound healing. The thick leaf fraction was effective in healing incisions in male white mice. The ethyl acetate fraction was more effective in accelerating incision healing.

Tooth extraction is a procedure to remove a tooth from its alveolar bone socket. The causes for tooth extraction include caries, periodontitis, fractures, impacted teeth, the need for orthodontic treatment, and persistent primary teeth. Post-extraction bleeding is the most common complication that occurs. Hemostasis is a mechanism to stop bleeding from blood vessels to prevent excessive blood loss when an injury occurs, ensuring that blood continues to flow smoothly. In stopping bleeding, there are three processes involved: vasoconstriction (the narrowing of blood vessels), platelet activity, and the activity of blood clotting factors. Bleeding time is the time interval from when blood exits the blood vessel until the bleeding stops. The normal range for bleeding time is 1 to 3 minutes. Balakacida leaves contain active compounds including alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, and phenolics. To determine the effect of Balakacida leaf extract (Chromolaena odorata) as a hemostatic agent following tooth extraction in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus). This study uses an experimental method with a Post-Test Only Control Group Design. The samples used in this research are male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2–3 months, weighing between 200–250 grams. The research data were processed and analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA test. The results showed that treatments at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% were able to significantly accelerate bleeding time compared to the control group. The administration of Balakacida leaf extract is effective as a hemostatic agent following tooth extraction in Wistar rats.  

Used cooking oil is a household waste that is often disposed of carelessly, potentially polluting the environment and endangering health. In Battu Winagun Village, the availability of used cooking oil from household activities and the abundant potential of lemongrass plants have not been optimally utilized. This community service activity aims to increase the community's knowledge and skills in processing used cooking oil and lemongrass plants into environmentally friendly products with economic value, namely natural aromatherapy candles. The implementation method includes socialization of the negative impacts of used cooking oil on the environment, training in the process of filtering and processing used cooking oil, extracting lemongrass aroma, and assistance in making and packaging aromatherapy candles. The results of the activity showed that the Battu Winagun Village community was able to understand the importance of managing used cooking oil waste and utilizing lemongrass plants as a natural additive. This activity has an impact on reducing environmental pollution and opening up creative business opportunities based on the village's local potential. Thus, the use of used cooking oil and lemongrass plants can be a sustainable solution in waste management while improving the economy of the Battu Winagun Village community.

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and polyphenols, which have antibacterial potential. This study aimed to formulate soursop leaf extract into a gel dosage form and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This research was conducted as an experimental laboratory study. Soursop leaf extract was obtained using the maceration method with 96% ethanol as the solvent and then formulated into gel preparations with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%. Physical evaluation of the gel preparations included organoleptic test, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and viscosity. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well diffusion method on Nutrient Agar medium. The results showed that all gel formulations met the physical requirements for topical preparations. The antibacterial activity test demonstrated that the soursop leaf extract gel inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with the 15% concentration producing the largest inhibition zone of 10 mm compared to other concentrations. In conclusion, soursop leaf extract gel has potential to be developed as a topical antibacterial agent against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The Soxhlet extraction method uses repeated heating and solvent circulation to separate substances from mixtures, producing more extract faster than maceration with less solvent. However, this method requires pure solvents and is not suitable for thermolabile compounds as they can be degraded by heat. Soxhlet extraction is more effective for limited quantities of dry and fine herbal materials. This method is widely used to extract phytochemical compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and curcumin, and has potential in cosmetic raw materials, herbal medicines, and antioxidant products. Although it uses more energy, this technique is efficient and continuous. Modern innovations such as combining it with Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction (UAE) or environmentally friendly microextraction are expected to increase extraction efficiency while reducing the use of organic solvents. Modifications to Soxhlet, including automation and assistive technologies such as high pressure, ultrasound, and microwaves, open up opportunities for commercialization and further research with more optimal results and more practical operations. The modified Soxhlet is considered a “panacea” in extraction due to the significant performance improvements achieved.

Health issues related to free radicals remain a serious concern in Indonesia as they can trigger oxidative stress and degenerative diseases. Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata) is a rhizome plant with potential as a source of natural antioxidants due to its secondary metabolite content; however, its effectiveness is highly influenced by extraction techniques. Although numerous experimental studies have been conducted, a systematic research mapping on this topic is still lacking. This study aims to perform a bibliometric analysis of scientific publications regarding the antioxidant potential of red ginger, focusing on extraction techniques and free radical scavenging activity. The research method employs a quantitative analysis using data sourced from the Scopus database for the 2015–2025 period. Through specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 38 relevant articles were obtained and analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.20 software. The results indicate that publication trends have fluctuated, reaching a peak in 2024. Research distribution is dominated by Asian countries, with India, Thailand, and Indonesia as the primary contributors. Network visualization reveals three main clusters focusing on bioactivity, phytochemistry, chemical analysis, antimicrobial activity, and extraction techniques. A research gap was identified for the Alpinia purpurata species compared to Alpinia galanga, as well as opportunities for developing advanced instruments such as LC-MS and other complex analytical techniques. The implications of this study highlight the need for further exploration into 'nanoemulsion' and 'green extraction' to enhance the bioavailability of red ginger's antioxidant compounds in the development of future innovative pharmaceutical products

Decoction is a traditional extraction method rooted in ethnobotany; however, meeting quality standards in modern pharmaceutical research remains a major challenge. This study aims to map global research trends regarding phenolic and flavonoid compounds in decoctions over the 2015–2025 period through bibliometric analysis. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database and analyzed using VOSviewer 1.6.20 software, employing the fractional counting method to ensure a more proportional weighting of keyword relationships. The results indicate a fluctuating trend that significantly increased toward the end of the period, peaking at 78 documents in 2025, with India and China emerging as the primary contributors. Network visualization and research density analysis reveal that the global research focus remains centered on antioxidant capacity (DPPH, TPC, and TFC), while decoction itself occupies a supporting position within the research map. This study concludes that decoction has not yet become a central focus in modern pharmaceutical research but serves primarily as a vehicle for presenting active compounds. There remains a significant gap between traditional decoction use and the application of advanced analytical technologies such as HPLC and antibacterial testing, representing a substantial opportunity for future research to validate the safety and efficacy of decoctions more scientifically and through standardized approaches.

Permanent tooth loss is a common oral health problem experienced by patients. This condition can be caused by pathological conditions such as tooth decay, leading to tooth extraction. Rehabilitation treatment for partial posterior tooth loss aims to restore masticatory function, maintain occlusal relationships and periodontal health, and improve aesthetics. A 34-year-old man came with a complaint that his lower right posterior tooth had been extracted and wanted a permanent dentures to replace his missing tooth. The intraoral and periapical radiograph examination revealed that 46 was missing, and 47 had enamel caries. The diagnosis for 46 was determined to be partial edentulous. The treatment plan was a PFM fixed-fixed bridge with a sanitary pontic for 46, a rigid connector, and a full crown retainer for 45 and 47. In this case, the choice of PFM bridge is based on several considerations, i.e., high chewing loads, relatively low cost, and high long-term success. The PFM bridge has been the primary choice for posterior tooth rehabilitation, due to its durability and cost-effectiveness.

Inflammation is a biological response that occurs as a defense mechanism of the body against tissue damage, infection, or exposure to harmful stimuli. Excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to various chronic diseases and negatively affect overall health. Natural compounds derived from medicinal plants have gained attention as alternative anti-inflammatory agents due to their relatively lower side effects compared to synthetic drugs. Jatropha curcas is a plant traditionally used in herbal medicine and is known to contain various bioactive compounds. This study aims to examine the effect of Jatropha curcas leaf extract on inflammatory responses. The research method used was an experimental laboratory approach with extract preparation through maceration techniques. The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated based on changes in inflammatory indicators observed during the treatment process. The results showed that Jatropha curcas leaf extract demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory activity, which was indicated by a reduction in inflammatory signs. The presence of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, and saponins is suspected to contribute to this effect. These findings suggest that Jatropha curcas leaf extract has promising potential as a natural anti-inflammatory agent. Further research is recommended to explore dosage optimization and toxicity levels for safe therapeutic use.  

This study aims to examine the activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) on metabolism and digestion through a laboratory experimental approach. Metabolism and the digestive system play a crucial role in maintaining physiological balance, and disturbances in these systems can affect nutrient utilization and overall health. Ginger has long been used as a traditional herbal remedy and is known to contain bioactive compounds such as gingerol, shogaol, and zingerone, which are believed to support digestive and metabolic functions. The research was conducted using ginger extract prepared through an extraction process under controlled laboratory conditions. Observations focused on changes in metabolic responses and digestive activity following the administration of ginger extract. The study employed a descriptive experimental design to provide an objective overview of ginger’s biological activity. The results indicated a gradual improvement in digestive activity and metabolic responses after treatment with ginger extract. These changes suggest that ginger extract has the potential to enhance digestive efficiency and support metabolic processes. The findings provide scientific support for the traditional use of ginger as a natural ingredient in maintaining metabolic and digestive health and may serve as a preliminary reference for further research using quantitative and clinical approaches.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin problems, affecting 80–85% of adolescents aged 15–18 years, with some cases persisting into adulthood. One of the associated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal skin flora that can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of bay leaves into ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method, and evaluate their physical quality (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability). Results showed that the ethanol extract of bay leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ointments met topical quality standards with pH 5.8–6.9, adhesion time 36–41 seconds, and spreadability 6.9–8.1 cm. Antibacterial activity increased with higher concentrations: 7.8 mm (10%), 12 mm (20%), and 15 mm (30%), although still lower than the positive control (clindamycin, 34 mm). In conclusion, ethanol extract of bay leaves has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne ointments, but further studies with higher concentrations, in vivo testing, and optimized formulations are needed to achieve efficacy comparable to synthetic antibiotics.  

Excessive alcohol consumption, including traditional alcoholic beverages such as Cap Tikus  (alcohol content ±45%) from North Sulawesi, can induce liver damage characterized by steatosis, inflammation, and necrosis. Leilem leaf (Clerodendrum minahassae) extract, rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds, has potential hepatoprotective effects due to its antioxidant properties. To evaluate the effect of leilem leaf extract on the histopathological features of the liver in Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by Cap Tikus alcoholic beverage. This experimental study used a post-test only control group design with 24 male Wistar rats divided into four groups: normal control, negative control (Cap Tikus 2.16 mL/day), treatment I (leilem extract 150 mg/kgBW + Cap Tikus), and treatment II (leilem extract 300 mg/kgBW + Cap Tikus). Treatments were administered orally for 14 days. Liver tissue was processed for histopathological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining and observed under a light microscope. The negative control group showed significant steatosis and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment groups exhibited reduced steatosis and inflammation, along with increased hepatocyte regeneration. The higher dose (300 mg/kgBW) demonstrated greater hepatoprotective effects and more prominent regeneration compared to the lower dose (150 mg/kgBW). No necrosis or fibrosis was observed in any group. Leilem leaf extract exerts a hepatoprotective effect by suppressing inflammatory responses and enhancing hepatocyte regeneration in Wistar rats induced with Cap Tikus. The highest protective efficacy was observed with leilem leaf extract at 300 mg/kgBW.