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This study examines the phenomena of code-switching and code-mixing in the digital interactions of Indonesian Generation Z on Instagram. Using a sociolinguistic approach with virtual ethnography, data were collected from 1,200 posts and comments published between January and June 2024, complemented by in-depth interviews to explore the factors influencing language choice. The findings reveal that code-switching occurred in 68.4% of the data, with intrasentential switching as the dominant pattern (47.3%), followed by intersentential switching (38.6%) and external switching (14.1%), indicating Generation Z’s high multilingual competence. Code-mixing appeared in 82.1% of the data, primarily through the insertion of English vocabulary into Indonesian (63.2%), followed by regional languages such as Javanese, Sundanese, and Betawi (27.1%), particularly in nostalgic, culinary, and emotionally expressive content. The main factors influencing these practices include social identity, community affiliation, communicative efficiency, emotional expression, and audience context. The study concludes that code-switching and code-mixing function as deliberate communicative strategies that reflect Generation Z’s hybrid identity in digital spaces, offering important implications for digital sociolinguistics, language education, language policy, and digital content development.

This study examines the use of dysphemistic language in selected songs from Sabrina Carpenter’s Man’s Best Friend album. The research aims to identify the dysphemistic expressions found in the lyrics and to analyze how these expressions are linguistically constructed to convey emotional intensity and communicative meaning. The study applies a qualitative descriptive approach. The data consist of dysphemistic expressions collected from the selected song lyrics and classified according to the dysphemism categories proposed by Keith Allan and Kate Burridge. The analysis focuses on identifying the types of dysphemism and examining their function as a language strategy within the lyrical context. The findings indicate that dysphemistic expressions appear consistently in the lyrics and contribute to the expression of emotional tension and interpersonal conflict. These expressions also function as a stylistic device that shapes the tone and communicative impact of the songs. The study highlights the role of dysphemistic language as part of the expressive and stylistic resources used in contemporary pop music lyrics.

This study examines the phenomenon of cyberbullying against people with disabilities in the comment column of the TikTok platform through a forensic linguistic perspective. The focus of the research is directed at the form of speech used by the perpetrator in carrying out verbal attacks. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach based on John Searle's speech action theory. Data was collected from comments that contained indications of cyberbullying and analyzed based on speech categories. The results showed that cyberbullying was dominated by assertive (22 findings) and expressive (14 data) speech, with the category of insults as the main instrument of verbal attack. The dominance of assertive speech and expressive insults proves that the perpetrator consciously uses statements to demean people with disabilities, either through derogatory jokes or with explicit intent to insult. These findings confirm that language in the digital space not only serves as a means of communication, but can also be an instrument of symbolic violence that impacts the dignity of the individual. This research is expected to contribute to the development of forensic linguistic studies and become the basis for efforts to prevent and handle cyberbullying against vulnerable groups on social media.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of high academic pressure among students who possess excessively high self-standards or perfectionistic personality traits. The primary issue examined is how these students manage their emotions amidst a constant fear of failure. This study aims to gain a profound understanding of the emotion regulation strategies employed by perfectionistic students. The research method used is qualitative with a phenomenological approach to explore the participants 3 subjective experiences. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with active students selected via purposive sampling. The results indicate that participants tend to use maladaptive strategies, such as expressive suppression and procrastination, when they feel unable to achieve maximum targets. Social support and emotional maturity were identified as key factors helping them transition toward adaptive strategies. The study concludes with an emphasis on the necessity of specialized psychological support for perfectionistic students to develop self-compassion.

This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of slang usage on the TikTok social media platform as a form of linguistic adaptation in digital communication. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, this research examines how users modify language structures to create more effective, expressive, and socially meaningful interactions. Data were collected through participatory observation of content appearing on the For Your Page (FYP) feature and analyzed using textual and contextual methods. The findings reveal that slang formation on TikTok occurs within three main domains: phonological transformation through sound reduction to produce linguistic aesthetics, morphological modification through the creation of efficient acronyms, and cognitive-semantic shifts that redefine the meanings of existing vocabulary. These findings demonstrate that slang is not merely a temporary communication trend, but also functions as an important sociolinguistic instrument for constructing group identity, strengthening emotional connections, and reflecting the cognitive and cultural dynamics of contemporary digital society amid the rapid development of information technology.

The research conducted this time aims to analyze both directive and expressive speech acts in the drama script 'Ayahku Pulang' by Usmar Ismail. The background factor of this research is to investigate the relationship between the dialogues of the characters in the drama script and the concepts of directive speech acts and expressive speech acts in the process of social interaction. The purpose of this research is to significantly contribute to the field of pragmatics and speech acts, to find out the frequency of the existence of directive and expressive speech acts in the drama script, and to provide references and new data analysis in pragmatics. The research was conducted by referring to a qualitative descriptive approach and a theoretical approach using a pragmatic approach. The data collection process was conducted using the listening and note-taking methods, and subsequent data analysis employed the distribution method. Based on the analysis carried out, data were obtained for 28 directive speech acts and 31 expressive speech acts, which will then be classified in more detail according to their types. It is hoped that this research will be beneficial both from a scientific and societal perspective, enriching the literature on pragmatic studies, helping to improve public understanding of speech acts, and raising awareness of the importance of analyzing drama scripts as a representation of everyday social interactions in society.

Speech acts are actions or processes performed by speakers to convey messages and information to their interlocutors using language as a medium. This study examines one type of speech act, namely expressive speech acts. This study aims to classify and identify the types of expressive speech acts in episodes 1 to 5 of the Academy of Champions, a program from the Ruangguru educational competition, which was uploaded to YouTube. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a pragmatic approach. Data were collected using the free listening and note-taking techniques, as the researcher was not directly involved in the event. Data analysis was conducted using the pragmatic matching technique, in which the speaker and interlocutor served as the primary tools for interpretation. The data are presented formally in tables and informally in narratives. The results of the study on expressive speech acts in the educational competency program in the Academy of Champions by Ruangguru video found 198 expressive speech acts consisting of 10 types, namely saying thank you (28 utterances), congratulating (7 utterances), blaming (6 utterances), praising (71 utterances), belittling (11 utterances), feeling guilty (9 utterances), complaining (28 utterances), apologizing (13 utterances), greeting (16 utterances), and feeling proud (9 utterances). Praise speech acts are the most dominant type found in this study. The results of this study are expected to provide an understanding of and knowledge in the field of pragmatics, serving as a valuable source of information for students to analyze expressive speech acts further.

This study examines visual distortion, the use of emotional color, and expressive composition in Affandi's painting Self-Portrait Smoking a Pipe (1977), focusing on a systematic and contextual visual hermeneutic reading. The research background stems from the need to update the study of Indonesian expressionism through the integration of contemporary theories on visual perception, color psychology, and gestural analysis. This study aims to reveal how anatomical distortion, color dynamics, and non-linear compositional structures function as expressive strategies that reflect the artist's psychological condition and existential reflections in the final period of his life. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach and visual hermeneutic analysis through observation of digital documentation and a review of recent literature (2020–2025). The findings indicate that the distortion of shapes in the facial area and the finger-swiping gesture represent emotional tension, while the dominance of red, yellow, and green colors forms an affective spectrum that strengthens the psychological atmosphere in the work. The asymmetrical composition with diagonal lines creates a dynamic visual rhythm and directs the viewer's focus to the center of expression. The implications of the research emphasize that Affandi's works need to be read through a multidimensional approach that combines psychological, aesthetic, and hermeneutic aspects in order to obtain a more comprehensive understanding of his expressionist character.

The development of digital media has encouraged various forms of identity representation on video-sharing platforms such as YouTube. In this context, mukbang content functions not only as entertainment but also as a medium for constructing creators’ personal branding. This study aims to analyze how personal branding is constructed in food vlogging and mukbang content produced by Tanboy Kun on YouTube. This research employs a qualitative approach using qualitative content analysis to identify communication patterns, visual representations, and thematic consistency within the videos. The analysis is based on six indicators of personal branding by Montoya and Vandehey (2002): specialization, personality, distinctiveness, visibility, persistence, and goodwill, reinforced by Roland Barthes’ semiotic approach at the levels of denotation, connotation, and myth. The findings indicate that personal branding is constructed through the consistent concept of extreme and spicy food as specialization, expressive communication style as personality, content differentiation as distinctiveness, upload intensity as visibility, format continuity as persistence, and positive image formation through attitudes and interaction as goodwill. These results demonstrate that personal branding in mukbang content is strategically formed through consistent and structured representation. This study contributes to digital communication research, particularly in understanding personal identity construction in video-based media.

Code-switching has become increasingly prevalent in digital communication among Indonesian youth, reflecting complex sociolinguistic dynamics in multilingual contexts. This study investigates code-switching patterns in Indonesian digital native youth's computer-mediated communication (CMC), examining the linguistic structures, social functions, and motivations behind this phenomenon. A mixed-methods approach was employed, analyzing 2,500 social media posts from 150 Indonesian youth aged 18–25 across Instagram, Twitter, and WhatsApp. Quantitative content analysis identified code-switching frequency and patterns, while qualitative thematic analysis explored motivations and functions. Myers-Scotton's Matrix Language Frame model guided the structural analysis. Results revealed that 78.4% of participants engaged in code-switching, with Indonesian-English being the most common pattern (62.3%), followed by Indonesian-Regional Language (23.5%) and trilingual switching (14.2%). Intrasentential switching occurred in 54.7% of cases, while intersentential switching appeared in 31.8%. Five primary functions emerged: identity construction (32.1%), emphasis/intensification (26.4%), topic shifting (18.9%), humor/creativity (14.3%), and lexical gap-filling (8.3%). Code-switching in Indonesian digital communication represents a sophisticated linguistic practice driven by identity negotiation, expressive needs, and technological affordances rather than linguistic deficiency. These findings contribute to understanding multilingual CMC in Southeast Asian contexts and have implications for digital literacy education and language policy.

This study systematically analyzes the effectiveness of school-based resilience programs designed for Palestinian children in the West Bank through a systematic review of 47 programs implemented over the period 2010–2023. The meta-analysis encompasses 12,847 participants aged 6–18 years from 89 schools and demonstrates a significant increase in resilience scores with a large effect size (d = 0.76, p < .001), accompanied by a substantial reduction in psychological trauma symptoms (r = -0.64, p < .001) and marked improvements in academic functioning (β = 0.58, p < .01). Programs integrating mindfulness approaches and psychosocial support exhibited the strongest effects (η² = 0.42), followed by expressive arts interventions (η² = 0.38) and play therapy (η² = 0.35), collectively underscoring the critical importance of non-conventional approaches in contexts of protracted conflict. Multilevel regression analysis revealed that a minimum program duration of 12 weeks and the level of family engagement contributed significantly to enhanced intervention effectiveness (R² = 0.67, p < .001). These findings extend the results of Qouta (2020) and Jabr et al. (2013) on child resilience in conflict zones, while offering an original contribution through the identification of specific program components most responsive to the Palestinian context. In particular, the integration of local cultural elements and the strengthening of collective identity were shown to increase program effectiveness by up to 43% compared with universal approaches, a pattern that has not been systematically documented in the previous literature.

This study aims to determine the relationship between low self-acceptance and the level of self-efficacy in prisoners, as well as its implications on social life after prisoners are released from punishment. The systematic review method  is used with the SPIDER approach to formulate research questions and select relevant articles. The search was conducted through the Publish or Perish, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases with keywords related to self-acceptance, self-efficacy, and inmates. Of the 100 articles identified, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of the review showed that low self-acceptance was consistently negatively associated with self-efficacy in prisoners, which had an impact on low self-confidence to face social challenges, reintegration, and overcome societal stigma. Psychological factors such as guilt, anxiety, depression, and insecurity can exacerbate low self-acceptance, especially in female inmates. In addition, social support from family, the environment, and psychological interventions have been shown to play an important role in improving self-acceptance and self-efficacy. Interventions such as expressive art therapy, psychoeducation, counseling, skills training, and religious activities have shown effectiveness in improving psychological well-being. These findings underscore the importance of systematic efforts to improve self-acceptance and self-efficacy to support the successful social reintegration of prisoners.

This study aims to provide learning for hair dressing beginners in performing smoothing treatments on sensitive hair. The technique of using Hair Mask plays an important role in creating the illusion of firm eye folds, thus giving the impression of larger and more expressive eyes. This study uses an experimental method with a quantitative approach involving 4 models with sensitive and damaged hair to be assessed by 16 AKS Ibu Kartini Makeup students. The results of the study showed that the use of Hair Masks on sensitive hair is very necessary to coat the hair pigment before being exposed to smoothing cosmetics. These results can be proven that the success of student practice using Hair Masks is worth (X2) 31% compared to before using Hair Masks (X1) with an average value of 55%. It turns out that this technique is more effective and efficient in increasing success in smoothing because it reduces the risk of hair breakage. (p-value = 0.014). From this study it can be concluded that the use of Hair Masks on smoothing sensitive/damaged hair. This lesson makes a fairly good contribution to AKS Ibu Kartini students to be able to improve skills in smoothing sensitive hair.

This study was motivated by the role of liturgical music as the primary medium of spiritual expression in Pentecostal worship, which is characterised by expressiveness and participation. The purpose of this study was to analyse the presentation of liturgical music and examine how it shapes and represents the spiritual expression of the congregation in the worship services of the Indonesian Bethel Church (GBI) Light Corner in Gorontalo City. The research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-interpretative design. Data were obtained through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with worship leaders and congregants, and audio-visual documentation. Data analysis was conducted thematically with reference to musicology, liturgical theology, and cultural studies perspectives. The results of the study show that liturgical music at GBI Light Corner is presented in a structured yet flexible manner, combining contemporary music with conscious liturgical planning. Music serves as a medium for creating a sacred atmosphere, binding the structure of worship, and as the main means of expressing the spirituality of the congregation both personally and communally. These findings indicate that liturgical music not only reflects the spirituality of the congregation but also actively shapes the experience of faith in the context of the local Pentecostal Church. This research has implications for the development of contextual, theological, and reflective liturgical music practices in church life.

This research is part of the study of pragmatics, namely illocutionary speech acts. This research focuses on explaining illocutionary speech acts contained in the novel by Nawal El Saadawi entitled Perempuan di Titik Nol. The analysis of speech acts prioritizes language through its actual speakers. Illocutionary speech acts are defined as speech acts that contain intent and function or speech power. In an illocutionary speech act, the utterance gives rise to an action. Illocutionary speech acts are divided into five types, namely assertive, directive, expressive, declarative, and commissive illocutionary speech acts. The data obtained for this research are conversational utterances containing elements of illocutionary speech acts in the novel Perempuan di Titik Nol by Nawal El Saadawi. The research approach uses two methods, namely a pragmatic theoretical approach and a qualitative descriptive methodological approach. In collecting data, the researcher applied the listening method with advanced techniques of free listening and note-taking techniques. Meanwhile, for data analysis, the pragmatic equivalent method was used with formal and informal methods as a form of presentation of the data presented. The research results found 147 utterances containing illocutionary speech acts in this novel.

This study aims to describe the forms, meanings, and functions of emotive language within the “angry” community on social media platform X. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using observation and note-taking as data collection techniques. The research data consists of 52 posts containing emotive language. Data analysis was conducted through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions using a linguistic approach that encompasses lexical, morphological, syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic aspects. The results of the study indicate that the forms of emotive language are dominated by emotional, evaluative, and abusive vocabulary. It is also characterized by the use of non-standard language variations and letter elongation as markers of emotional intensity. In terms of meaning, emotive language possesses both denotative and connotative meanings, with connotative meanings dominating to describe the speaker’s feelings, such as anger, disappointment, and frustration. Emotive language serves expressive, social interaction, and digital interaction purposes. Thus, emotive language within the “angry” community functions not only as a means of emotional expression but also as a medium for social criticism and interaction in the digital space.  

Enforced disappearance during the New Order era represents a historical reality that has left profound wounds and prolonged uncertainty for both the victims and the families left behind. This reality is powerfully represented in Laut Bercerita, a novel by Leila S. Chudori, through the use of symbolic and evocative literary language. This study aims to reveal the representation of enforced disappearance through the use of figures of speech and metaphors in the novel. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a stylistic approach. The data consist of narrative excerpts containing figures of speech and metaphors related to experiences of loss, suffering, memory, and resistance. Data collection was conducted through intensive reading and systematic note-taking, while data analysis involved classifying types of figures of speech and interpreting their contextual meanings. The findings indicate that metaphors of the sea, silence, darkness, and alienation play a crucial role in constructing the representation of enforced disappearance as a traumatic experience that is not only physical but also psychological and collective in nature. The use of figurative language strengthens the narrative’s expressive power in conveying criticism of state violence while simultaneously preserving the memory of humanitarian tragedies that are often marginalized. This study implies that literary works can function as reflective media and as cultural documentation of histories of violence.

This study aims to describe the lexical variations that emerge based on gender factor within the sociolinguistic context of SMP Bintang Persada Denpasar. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach using the observational method and note-taking technique by presenting a list of glosses to 20 eight-grade students, consisting of 10 male and 10 female participants. The lexical data were analyzed using the intralingual and extralingual comparison methods. The findings reveal significant lexical differences between the two speaker groups. Female student tend to use more varied, complete, and expressive lexical forms, including full words and phrasal expressions. In contrast, male students show a tendency to use shorter, more efficient lexical forms dominated by abbreviations and rough expressions. These findings highlight that gender functions as a linguistic marker shaping distinct communicative patterns among adolescents, with female students prioritizing social expression and affection, while male students emphasize practicality and efficiency in language use.

Semantic interoperability remains a major challenge in large scale distributed information systems due to heterogeneous data schemas, diverse contextual interpretations, and the dynamic nature of distributed environments. Traditional metadata-based interoperability approaches are often insufficient to address these challenges, as they lack semantic expressiveness and adaptability. This study proposes a context aware knowledge graph framework to enhance semantic interoperability across heterogeneous distributed systems. The research adopts a design-oriented methodology involving requirement analysis, knowledge graph construction, ontology modeling and alignment, context aware semantic representation, and semantic reasoning. A prototype implementation is developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed framework through interoperability scenarios and cross-system semantic queries. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach significantly improves semantic alignment accuracy, query precision, and recall compared to conventional metadata-based solutions. The explicit integration of contextual information and ontology-based reasoning enables adaptive semantic interpretation and reduces ambiguity across systems. Overall, the findings confirm that combining knowledge graphs with ontology modeling and context aware mechanisms provides a robust and scalable solution for improving semantic interoperability in complex distributed information systems.

The advancement of information technology has increased young children’s exposure to digital devices, which potentially affects language development. This study aims to analyze the relationship between daily screen time duration and language development of children aged 5–6 years in Desa Mendalo Indah, Kecamatan Jambi Luar Kota, Kabupaten Muaro Jambi. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study design. The subjects were six children aged 5–6 years who had more than two hours of daily screen time. Data were collected through observations of children’s language abilities, interviews with parents, and documentation of daily activities, and analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s (2014) interactive model, including data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The results showed variations in children’s language abilities despite having relatively similar screen time durations. Children who received active parental guidance and accessed educational content demonstrated better receptive and expressive language skills, including following sequential instructions, forming simple sentences, and expressing ideas verbally. Conversely, children who used screen time passively without supervision tended to have limitations in vocabulary acquisition, concentration, and verbal interaction. These findings indicate that screen time duration alone is not the sole determinant of children’s language development; it is also influenced by the quality of parental guidance, the type of content accessed, and social interaction experiences. This study is expected to provide guidance for parents, teachers, and early childhood education practitioners in managing digital media use wisely to optimally support children’s language development.