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Ironing activities in the laundry service industry are performed repeatedly and for long periods, creating a high potential for non-ergonomic work postures. At Laundry Cio’ta, ironing is carried out every day from 08:00 to 21:00 by two workers, which increases the risk of fatigue and musculoskeletal disorders due to continuous and repetitive movements. This study aims to analyze workers’ ironing postures using the REBA method to determine the level of ergonomic risk. Data were collected through direct observation and measurement of body posture angles during the ironing process. The assessment results showed a Score A of 4 and a Score B of 2, producing an initial REBA score of 4. With the addition of an activity score of +1, considering the repetitive nature of the task, the final REBA score increased to 5. This score indicates a moderate level of risk, suggesting that corrective actions are necessary to prevent long-term strain or injury. Based on these findings, ergonomic improvements such as adjusting the ironing table height, modifying the work layout, and encouraging workers to adopt better posture are recommended. Implementing short rest breaks and task variation can also help reduce physical strain and improve worker comfort and productivity.

The production process of wooden batik at Sanggar Peni Krebet plays an important role in preserving local culture and supporting the economy, but workers face the risk of musculoskeletal disorders due to unergonomic working positions when performing activities such as sculpting, sanding, batik making, and boiling . Based on the NBM questionnaire on 15 workers, the highest complaints were found in the right upper arm (100%), right wrist (100%), and waist (88%). Research using the RULA and REBA methods revealed the batik activity to have a very high risk (RULA 7, REBA 11), requiring immediate improvement, while boiling had a medium to high risk (RULA 5, REBA 9), requiring investigation and change. The EFD emphasizes the importance of designing batik boiling stoves, chairs and tables that consider height according to the worker's body size, ergonomic working positions, and comfortable strainer handles. Tool development should focus on improving comfort, safety and efficiency, with design adjustments to support workers' postures and use lightweight yet strong materials. The application of these elements is expected to improve safety and productivity in the batik industry.

A safe and healthy environment is crucial to minimizing accidents and occupational diseases, and this is where Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) comes in. Workers in the informal sector, such as online drivers, are more likely to experience musculoskeletal problems, especially low back pain (LBP), because they frequently lack proper occupational protection and health services. LBP is a complaint of lower back pain that can be brought on by extended periods of static sitting, bad posture, and personal characteristics like body mass index, smoking, and length of service. The purpose of this program is to educate online drivers in Malang City, East Java, and help them avoid LBP. The risk of LBP can be decreased in part by promoting physical activity and education. One recommended intervention is the William Flexion Exercise (WFE), an exercise aimed at improving posture, increasing muscle strength and flexibility, and reducing lower back pain. Implementing WFE education and training for online car drivers is anticipated to strengthen OHS awareness and reduce the incidence of LBP among informal sector workers.

The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) methodology is a qualitative risk analysis technique commonly used to detect potential work hazards. CV. Suryadi Sentosa, also known as Bapak Suryadi's Home Tempe Industry, is a home-based business that produces tempeh. Almost all of the production procedures are still carried out manually, and occupational accident analysis measures have not been implemented. The factory conditions indicate inadequate lighting and ventilation, as well as relatively slippery floors. It is also observed that the industry workers do not pay much attention to their posture, and they do not use personal protective equipment (PPE). This research was conducted directly at the CV. Suryadi Sentosa Tempe Factory, using interviews and observations of seven workers involved in the production process. The steps taken in this study are compiling the sequence of the production process. By using a Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) worksheet, identify potential risks, conduct risk control analysis, monitor and evaluate, implement improvements, and draw conclusions. The analysis found 9 stages of tempeh production at Mr. Suryadi's facility. Several improvements are needed, including involving several workers to handle soybean processing, creating ventilation to provide good and healthy air circulation for workers, adding lighting as a light source so that workers can perform their tasks comfortably, and using ergonomic chairs and work tables to prevent fatigue and increase factory productivity.

Introduction: Back pain during pregnancy is a problem that is often experienced by pregnant women and is complex because it involves not only physical changes, but also psychological aspects. Changes in body biomechanics, weight gain, and shifting of the center of gravity due to uterine enlargement are the main factors that trigger pain complaints, especially in the lower back area. This condition can have a negative impact on the quality of life of pregnant women, interfere with daily activities, and even worsen emotional states due to the emergence of anxiety, fear, and stress if not managed properly. Treatment of back pain in pregnant women can be done through safe non-pharmacological methods, one of which is prenatal yoga. Yoga practice for pregnant women has been proven to provide benefits in the form of relaxation, posture improvement, and increased muscle elasticity. One of the effective movements is the Angry Cat Pose because it is able to stretch the back muscles, improve blood circulation, and reduce pressure on the lower spine. Objective: This study aims to analyze the effect  of Angry Cat Pose  exercise on the intensity of back pain in pregnant women in the third trimester. Methods: This study used a quasi-experimental design with a one group pretest-posttest design. The study sample consisted of 31 pregnant women in the third trimester with complaints of back pain who visited the Gunungpati Health Center. The research instrument was in the form of a questionnaire, while the data analysis was carried out using the Wilcoxon test with a significance level of <0.05. Results: The results showed a significant effect of the Angry Cat Pose  exercise on the reduction of back pain in pregnant women in the third trimester with p=0.000. After the intervention, the majority of respondents experienced a decrease in pain to the mild category on a scale of 1–3. Conclusion: The Angry Cat Pose  exercise has been shown to be effective in reducing back pain in third trimester pregnant women, so it can be recommended as a safe, simple, and routine nonpharmacological intervention under the supervision of health workers.

Introduction Shoulder pain is one of the most common complaints of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) experienced by workers due to non-ergonomic working postures, repetitive movements, and excessive workloads. This condition can reduce productivity and overall quality of life. Objective To increase restaurant workers’ knowledge about shoulder pain prevention through ergonomic education and simple stretching exercises that can be performed independently. Methods A descriptive observational study was conducted involving 20 kitchen workers at Potre Koneng Restaurant. The program consisted of permission procedures, workplace observation, questionnaire distribution, and health education using a leaflet. The educational material included the definition of shoulder pain, signs and symptoms, risk factors, preventive measures, and simple stretching techniques. Results The Form revealed that most workers experienced shoulder pain related to bending postures, lifting loads >5 kg, and limited rest breaks. Following the education session, participants demonstrated improved understanding of proper working posture and the importance of regular stretching, and expressed willingness to practice it during work breaks. Conclusion Ergonomic education and stretching exercises were effective in improving awareness of shoulder pain prevention among informal sector workers. Similar programs are recommended as promotive and preventive measures in high-risk workplaces.

Welding work on ships carries high risks of health disturbances due to exposure to heat, smoke, chemicals, and poor ergonomic work positions. This study aims to identify potential occupational health hazards among welders working on the MV KAREEM ship at PT. Samudra Marine Indonesia in 2025. The study uses a descriptive observational design with total sampling technique, involving 30 welders. Data were collected through direct observation using observation sheets and documentation in accordance with the welding SOP. The results of the study revealed five categories of health hazards. Physical hazards included excessive heat, noise, and poor lighting. Chemical hazards included welding fumes, metal dust, and toxic gases. Biological hazards arose from exposure to microorganisms in the work environment. Ergonomic hazards were related to awkward posture, prolonged static positions, and manual handling loads. Psychosocial hazards included long working hours, high workload, and conflicts among workers. The findings emphasize that welders are prone to health disturbances due to various risk factors. Preventive measures, including improving the work environment, implementing stricter safety standards, and providing occupational health education, are essential to reduce these risks.

This community service activity was conducted in Montor Village with the aim of introducing and applying appropriate technology in the form of a urea fertilizer spreader. This program was driven by the problems faced by farmers, such as inefficiency in time and labor, and health risks caused by the manual fertilization method that requires a bent posture. In this activity, KKM students not only provided socialization but also held a participatory workshop to build the fertilizer spreader with the villagers using locally available materials such as pipes. The results of this program showed that the farmers realized that the fertilization process could be done more efficiently, quickly, and ergonomically. The fertilizer spreader produced proved to reduce physical fatigue, speed up work time, and ensure more uniform fertilizer distribution. This activity successfully raised awareness among farmers about the importance of simple innovations in agriculture and strengthened collaboration between students and the community in solving local agricultural problems. The success of the fertilizer spreader demonstrates the significant potential of appropriate technology in improving farmers' efficiency and work quality, as well as promoting sustainability in the agricultural sector in rural areas.

Sewing workers at CV Cahaya Setia Mulia Abadi perform static and repetitive tasks, such as prolonged sitting in a bent posture and continuous sewing movements. These conditions lead to various physical complaints, including back pain (78%), lower neck pain (75%), upper neck discomfort (73%), as well as shoulder fatigue, wrist tingling, and lower back stiffness. This research is conducted to evaluate the potential risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) through the application of the Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA) method, determine the body parts most frequently affected using the Nordic Body Map (NBM) questionnaire, and develop posture correction strategies based on anthropometric measurements.The REBA results indicate that most sewing activities fall into the medium-risk category (score 5–7), with some in the high-risk category (score 8). The intervention involved adjusting chair dimensions based on anthropometry, and adding seat cushions and backrests. After the simulation of improvements, the REBA score decreased to 2, placing it in the low-risk category. These findings demonstrate that ergonomic chair design and proper working posture significantly reduce physical strain, increase comfort, and help maintain worker productivity. This study offers practical recommendations for creating a healthier and safer work environment in the manufacturing sector.

Low Back Pain (LBP) is one of the most common musculoskeletal problems experienced by people in various age groups and work backgrounds. This complaint can be acute, subacute, or chronic, with various causes ranging from mechanical, degenerative, to psychosocial factors. This study aims to examine the characteristics of LBP through a literature review of several previous studies that focus on prevalence, risk factors, and their impact on patients' daily lives. The method used is a narrative literature review, with data sources coming from national and international journals, research reports, and academic repositories. The results of the study show that the prevalence of LBP is very high, with a significant percentage of occurrence in the elderly, pregnant women, administrative workers, and individuals with a sedentary lifestyle and non-ergonomic work posture. In addition to age, female gender, non-ideal body mass index, and long work duration, it was also found that psychosocial characteristics such as low social support and high work pressure play a role in triggering or worsening LBP. A study at Ibnu Sina Hospital Makassar showed that most LBP patients were elderly women with acute pain and radiological results showed lumbar spondylosis as the most common diagnosis. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of prevention through ergonomic education, work stress management, and early intervention based on a healthy lifestyle. These findings are expected to be the basis for designing promotive and preventive strategies for high-risk groups.

Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) encompassing conditions affecting muscles, bones, joints, ligaments, nerves, and tendons , are a prevalent occupational health issue, particularly in roles involving physical tasks like lifting, pushing, pulling, or carrying loads. This study aims to synthesize current scientific findings on the prevalence, contributing risk factors, and effective prevention strategies for MSDs in manual handling contexts. A systematic literature search was conducted using Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed journal articles published between January 2020 and June 2025. The review identified a consistently high prevalence of MSDs, with the lower back, shoulders, neck, and upper extremities being the most commonly affected areas. Key risk factors are multifactorial, including physical/ergonomic aspects (e.g., awkward postures, heavy loads, repetitive motions, prolonged exposure, vibration) , individual factors (e.g., age, BMI, injury history) , psychosocial factors (e.g., high job demands, low job control, stress) , and organizational/manegerial factors (e.g., inadequate training, poor workstation design). The findings underscore the necessity of a holistic and integrated approach to manage MSDs.  

This study evaluates the implementation of Behavior Based Safety (BBS) in improving occupational safety compliance at PT Wichindo Pratama, a heavy equipment manufacturing company with high work risks. The topic was chosen due to frequent violations of safety procedures, such as the improper use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) and neglect of Standard Operating Procedures (SOP), which increase the risk of accidents. A qualitative method was used through direct observation, in-depth interviews with 12 shift workers, and field assessments of safety facilities. The findings show that although the company has an Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) management system, non-compliance still occurs. Issues include incomplete PPE usage, disorganized work tools, and unsafe rest habits. Observations revealed potential hazards such as physical (noise), chemical (oil exposure), ergonomic (awkward postures), mechanical (machine use without full PPE), biological, and psychological risks (stress from shift work). BBS is seen as a strategy to connect existing OHS policies with safe work behavior by focusing on mindset and daily habits. The implementation of BBS is expected to reduce accidents and support the creation of a safer, more sustainable workplace.

Neck pain is a common musculoskeletal complaint among workers due to non-ergonomic work postures and long working hours. PT. Pantjamitra Ichigodjaja has a work environment that poses a risk of neck muscle strain due to static work positions and working hours exceeding 8 hours per day. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of education through leaflet distribution in improving employees' knowledge about neck pain, including its causes, prevention, and management. This research used a descriptive quantitative design with an intervention method in the form of distributing educational leaflets to 50 employees selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data collection was conducted through pre-test and post-test using a validated and reliable questionnaire. The results showed an increase in employee knowledge after receiving the leaflet, with the percentage of good knowledge increasing from 20% in the pre-test to 60% in the post-test. The average increase in knowledge score reached 40%, indicating that education through leaflets is effective in improving employees' understanding of neck pain. The conclusion of this study is that education using leaflets can increase employee awareness and knowledge about the importance of ergonomic work posture and muscle stretching to prevent neck pain. The study suggests that the company should continue the education program periodically and improve workplace ergonomics to reduce the risk of neck pain among employees.

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is still one of the health problems, including in the dental profession. Doctor Dentists have a risk of experiencing Low Back Pain (LBP) when viewed from their static work activities. work activities that are static. The purpose of this study was to determine relationship between ergonomic factors and complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) in general dentists practicing independently in Jambi City. general dentists practicing independently in Jambi City. Methods: This study is a quantitative study with an observational observational research design and using a cross sectional research design. The study population was general dentists practicing in Jambi City, totaling 204 people. Respondents in this study 70 people. Data collection using the ODI questionnaire for measurement LBP measurement, fingertip pulse oximeter for measurement of workload, Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) for work posture measurement, vibration meter for vibration measurement, and lux meter for lighting measurement. Data analysis using chi-square statistical test version 24. Results: The results showed the prevalence of complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) in dentists was 60%. dentists amounted to 60%. The statistical test results show that the variables workload (p=0.000 <0.05), work posture (p=0.000 <0.05), length of work (p = 0.000 < 0.05), repetition (p = 0.003 < 0.05), lighting (p = 0.415 > 0,05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between workload, work posture, work duration, repetition with complaints of Low Back Pain (LBP) and there is no relationship between workload, work posture, work duration, repetition and lighting

The textile industry, especially clothing, is never-ending, because clothing is one of the primary needs, so that production services for ready-made clothing or the clothing convection industry continue to grow rapidly. One of the companies in the clothing convection industry in Malang City is CV. Defix Unggul Jaya. The clothing convection industry often shows intensive and repetitive work patterns. This can result in excessive workloads on workers, causing work-related diseases. Each stage of work in the clothing convection industry can cause risks related to work postures such as neck pain complaints. The incidence of neck pain complaints in workers reaches 6-67%. So the role of physiotherapy becomes very important, where the form of physiotherapy services not only provides treatment, but can provide services in the form of preventing neck pain disorders through socialization activities. The purpose of this socialization activity is to see the importance of the role of physiotherapy education in understanding the prevention of neck pain in CV. Defix Unggul Jaya, Malang City convection workers. The method used is education through socialization related to neck pain complaints using leaflets as a promotional media for the mat and using pre-test and post-test to determine the level of workers' understanding of neck pain complaints. The results obtained show an increase in the understanding of convection workers regarding the prevention and proper handling of neck pain.

Work fatigue and Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) are common health issues among workers in the weaving industry. Fatigue often results from excessive workload, while MSD complaints typically include pain in the back, neck, wrists, elbows, and legs. This study used a cross-sectional design with a total sample of 45 active weavers in Numponi Village. The results showed significant associations between work fatigue and age (p=0.003), work duration (p=0.007), working posture (p=0.002), workload (p=0.014), and working hours (p=0.017), but not with temperature (p=0.561). Similarly, MSD complaints were significantly associated with age (p=0.001), work duration (p=0.003), working posture (p=0.025), workload (p=0.003), and working hours (p=0.002), with no significant link to temperature (p=0.826). It is recommended that weavers apply proper ergonomic principles to reduce the risk of fatigue and MSDs.

Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) is a crucial aspect of the textile industry to ensure worker protection and maintain smooth production processes. This study aims to identify and analyze potential occupational accident risks in the sizing machine process. The methods used in this research are Job Safety Analysis (JSA) and Risk Assessment to evaluate workplace hazards that may disrupt operations. The results indicate several major risks in the sizing process, including mechanical hazards due to direct contact with machines, ergonomic hazards caused by improper working postures, and chemical hazards from exposure to cotton dust and sizing solution vapors. The main risk factors include human aspects, the work environment, and machinery. The recommended improvements in this study include enhancing work supervision and control, providing safety training for workers, optimizing workplace ergonomics, and conducting regular machine maintenance to reduce accident risks. The proper implementation of safety strategies is expected to improve production efficiency and create a safer and more conducive work environment.

This study aims to describe and analyze: Public Service Bureaucratic Reform and the factors that support and hinder Public Service Bureaucratic Reform at the Office of the Special Class 1 Immigration Checkpoint for the City of Surabaya. The research method to be used is qualitative descriptive. Data Collection Techniques include: Interviews, Observations, Documentation. The research informant is the Head of the Suarabaya Special Class I Immigration Office. The data analysis technique using interactive model analysis was developed by Miles et al., (2014), namely data condensation, data presentation, and conclusion drawn. The results of the study show that in the institutional aspect in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning immigration, the institutional arrangement at the Immigration Office is divided into several parts according to their duties and functions. The current posture of organization is relatively slimmer and flat (not very hierarchical). In the resource aspect, human resource improvement is also carried out through the internal office, namely through performance evaluation meetings. In terms of governance, organizational units/work units within the Surabaya Special Class I Immigration Office currently have and implement systems, procedures, and work mechanisms, as well as service standards that are more standard, clear, efficient, and effective, supported by the optimal use of adequate information and communication technology. Supporting Factors for Bureaucratic Reform at the Special Class I Immigration Office in Surabaya are Productive Apparatus, Representative Policies, and Employee Capacity Building. The inhibiting factor is that there is still a practice of brokerage.

This study aims to analyze the musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) risk of workers at PT Kanugrahan Techno Engineering involved in grinding activities using the REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment) method. The analysis results indicate that grinding activities 1 and 2 have a REBA score of 9, indicating a very high risk, while grinding activity 3 has the highest score of 10, indicating an extreme risk. Grinding activities 4 and 5 have a score of 7, indicating a moderate risk. To reduce these risks, ergonomic aids in the form of a table and chair were designed to support better posture. The production cost of one set of tools is Rp 710,966, with a total cost for 5 sets amounting to Rp 3,554,833.91. The implementation of ergonomic aids is expected to reduce MSDs risks, increase comfort and work efficiency, and improve worker productivity.