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This study aims to determine the effect of triangle pass and square pass training on passing accuracy among female futsal extracurricular participants at SMA Negeri 1 Cisaat. This study employed a quantitative method with a two-group pretest–posttest experimental design. The sample was divided into two groups: one group received triangle pass training, while the other group received square pass training. Data were collected through passing accuracy tests conducted before (pretest) and after (posttest) the treatment. The data were analyzed using paired sample t-tests and independent sample t-tests. The results showed that there was an improvement in passing accuracy in both groups. The triangle pass group increased its mean score from 62.40 to 78.20, while the square pass group improved from 61.80 to 73.50. Statistical analysis indicated that both training methods had a significant effect on passing accuracy (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a difference in effectiveness between the two methods, with triangle pass training being more effective than square pass training. In conclusion, both triangle pass and square pass training significantly improve passing accuracy; however, triangle pass training is more recommended as the primary method in futsal training programs.

Pressure sensitive labels (PSLs) made of polyethylene (PE) white are widely used in the packaging industry due to their flexibility, moisture resistance, and ease of application on various substrates. This study aimed to examine the effect of glossy and matte lamination on the tensile strength and color difference (ΔE) of PE white PSLs. An experimental method was employed, with tensile testing conducted using a universal testing machine (UTM) in accordance with ASTM standards and color measurement performed using a spectrodensitometer based on the CIE Lab system. The samples were divided into three treatment groups, namely no lamination, glossy lamination, and matte lamination, with ink coverage controlled at two design conditions, full ink and minim ink. The results indicated that lamination type significantly affected both the mechanical and visual characteristics of the labels. In the tensile strength test, the highest mean value was obtained by one treatment group, indicating superior resistance to tensile loading. In terms of color stability, higher ΔE values indicated greater color change and lower lightfastness, whereas lower ΔE values reflected better color retention. Overall, the findings show that the combination of lamination type and ink coverage influences the performance of PE white PSLs in both mechanical strength and color stability.

Joint pain is one of the most common health problems among older adults and may reduce mobility and quality of life. Community self-survey data in Cepoko Village indicated that 55% of residents, particularly older adults, experienced joint pain complaints. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be applied is warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy known as SEHATI (Serai Hangat untuk Kaki). This community service activity aimed to improve elderly knowledge regarding self-management of joint pain and demonstrate warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy as a complementary treatment. The methods included health education, demonstration of warm lemongrass preparation, direct practice by participants, and evaluation through discussion and question-answer sessions. The participants were elderly individuals experiencing joint pain in Cepoko Village, Panekan District, Magetan Regency. The results showed that participants actively engaged in all activities, were able to explain the preparation steps of SEHATI, and understood the benefits of warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy for reducing joint pain. This program provides an easy, affordable, safe, and home-based complementary therapy alternative for elderly people.

This study aimed to determine the physical characteristics and consumer preferences of a commercial fusion dessert, durian–katuk klapertaart (Sauropus androgynus). An experimental method was employed using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three different treatments. Organoleptic evaluation was conducted by 30 untrained panelists using a hedonic test. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the substitution percentage in each treatment had a significant effect on consumer acceptance in terms of aroma, texture, color, and taste. Formulation F2 was the most preferred by the panelists. The physical characteristics of the F2 formulation were soft with a slightly fibrous texture, a moderately strong durian aroma, a fairly strong katuk aroma, a slightly dark green color, and a balanced sweet taste of durian and katuk.

ASTM A36 steel has relatively low hardness and corrosion resistance, making surface treatment necessary to improve its material properties. This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and holding time variations in the pack carburizing process on the hardness, corrosion rate, and microstructure of ASTM A36 steel. The pack carburizing process was carried out using coconut shell charcoal as the carburizing medium with temperature variations of 850°C, 900°C, and 950°C and holding times of 20, 40, and 60 minutes, followed by quenching in distilled water. Hardness testing was conducted using the Rockwell B scale (HRB) method, corrosion rate testing was performed according to the ASTM G31 method, and microstructural observations were carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The results showed that increasing the temperature and holding time improved the hardness and corrosion resistance of ASTM A36 steel. The highest hardness value was obtained at a temperature of 950°C with a holding time of 60 minutes, reaching 114.1 HRB. Microstructural analysis revealed the formation of a martensitic phase on the specimen surface after the carburizing process.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. HbA1c levels are used as an indicator of long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is one of the treatment options given to help achieve glycemic control targets. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in HbA1c levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. This research method used a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects in this study were 80 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who had used insulin and non-insulin therapy for less than 1 year, using Purposive Sampling techniques and data analysis using SPSS with Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests. This study has obtained ethical approval from PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. This study shows that the characteristics of gender and age of type 2 DM patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy are dominated by women at 60.0% and 43.3%, while elderly patients at 60.0% and 53.3%. Of the 50 patients using insulin, 45 patients (90.0%) had controlled HbA1c and 5 patients (10.0%) were uncontrolled. Meanwhile, all non-insulin patients, 30 patients (100%), had uncontrolled HbA1c. Based on this study, there is a significant difference in HbA1c levels between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy with a p-value <0.001. Patients using insulin therapy tend to have better glycemic control than patients not using insulin therapy.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood and affect academic, social, and occupational functioning. In adult patients, ADHD is frequently associated with an increased risk of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), raising concerns regarding the potential for misuse and dependence related to stimulant medications used in ADHD therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD and to review the risk of stimulant misuse and dependence based on current scientific evidence. The method employed in this study was a literature review using data obtained from national and international journals indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2017 and 2026. The findings indicated that stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, were effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the central nervous system. Most studies reported that the use of stimulant medications at therapeutic doses and under medical supervision was not significantly associated with an increased risk of substance misuse or dependence. The risk of misuse was more commonly observed in cases involving non-medical use and inadequate clinical monitoring. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) also contributed to improving treatment outcomes and patients’ quality of life. Therefore, the use of stimulant medications in adult ADHD patients may be considered relatively safe and effective when administered rationally, individually, and under appropriate medical supervision.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood and affect academic, social, and occupational functioning. In adult patients, ADHD is frequently associated with an increased risk of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), raising concerns regarding the potential for misuse and dependence related to stimulant medications used in ADHD therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD and to review the risk of stimulant misuse and dependence based on current scientific evidence. The method employed in this study was a literature review using data obtained from national and international journals indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2017 and 2026. The findings indicated that stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, were effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the central nervous system. Most studies reported that the use of stimulant medications at therapeutic doses and under medical supervision was not significantly associated with an increased risk of substance misuse or dependence. The risk of misuse was more commonly observed in cases involving non-medical use and inadequate clinical monitoring. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) also contributed to improving treatment outcomes and patients’ quality of life. Therefore, the use of stimulant medications in adult ADHD patients may be considered relatively safe and effective when administered rationally, individually, and under appropriate medical supervision.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or a combination of both. HbA1c levels are used as an indicator of long-term glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin therapy is one of the treatment options given to help achieve glycemic control targets. The purpose of this study was to determine the difference in HbA1c levels of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. This research method used a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The subjects in this study were 80 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients who had used insulin and non-insulin therapy for less than 1 year, using Purposive Sampling techniques and data analysis using SPSS with Chi-Square and Mann-Whitney tests. This study has obtained ethical approval from PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital. This study shows that the characteristics of gender and age of type 2 DM patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy are dominated by women at 60.0% and 43.3%, while elderly patients at 60.0% and 53.3%. Of the 50 patients using insulin, 45 patients (90.0%) had controlled HbA1c and 5 patients (10.0%) were uncontrolled. Meanwhile, all non-insulin patients, 30 patients (100%), had uncontrolled HbA1c. Based on this study, there is a significant difference in HbA1c levels between type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with insulin and non-insulin therapy with a p-value <0.001. Patients using insulin therapy tend to have better glycemic control than patients not using insulin therapy.

Dental caries is an oral health problem associated with the activity of Streptococcus mutans. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids with antibacterial potential. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of water hyacinth extract against the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The research method used was an in vitro experimental study with a post test only group design. A total of 24 samples were divided into four treatment groups with extract concentrations of 6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, and 50%. Antibacterial activity was tested using the disc diffusion method on Mueller Hinton Agar media. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed that water hyacinth extract inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans. The largest inhibition zone was observed at 50% concentration, while the smallest was found at 6.25% concentration. Kruskal-Wallis analysis showed significant differences among groups (p<0.05). In conclusion, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) extract has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans.

California papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain various active compounds that have the potential to stimulate appetite and boost metabolism, making them a promising candidate for development as a pharmaceutical formulation. This study aims to design a capsule formulation of California papaya leaf extract with appropriate excipients and to evaluate its ability to increase body weight through preclinical testing using a zebrafish (Danio rerio). The extract was obtained via maceration with 96% ethanol and formulated into capsules using the wet granulation method in four variations (F0–F3). Physical evaluations included organoleptic properties, flowability, angle of repose, loss on drying, disintegration time, weight uniformity, and stability testing using the cycling test method. The results indicated that all formulas met the physical requirements, with disintegration times of 3–4 minutes and loss on drying <15%. Formula F2 exhibited the most optimal physical characteristics; however, stability testing revealed a decline in physical properties after extreme temperature treatment. Efficacy tests showed a significant increase in zebrafish weight (p < 0.05), with F3 yielding the best results. A high survival rate (≥80%) suggests the formulation is relatively safe. In conclusion, California papaya leaf extract capsules demonstrate significant potential as an agent to promote weight gain.

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is an aggressive malignancy associated with high morbidity, reduced survival, and impaired quality of life. Radiotherapy (RT) has been widely used as a bladder-preserving strategy, particularly for patients unsuitable for surgery or systemic chemotherapy. RT may also enhance tumor immunogenicity through programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) upregulation, providing a rationale for combination therapy with immunotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of combining immunotherapy and radiotherapy in MIBC treatment. A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines using the PICO framework. Literature searches were performed in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, ClinicalTrials.gov, Web of Science, and Scopus databases for studies published between 2016 and 2025. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and ROBINS-I. Of 105 identified studies, five met the inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis. Only one Phase II randomized controlled trial demonstrated low risk of bias in randomization and allocation concealment. ROBINS-I assessment indicated moderate to serious risk in confounding and participant selection domains. Clinical findings showed promising outcomes, with complete response rates ranging from 35%–50% and partial response rates from 25%–40%. Median overall survival ranged from 24–30 months, with favorable disease-free and progression-free survival outcomes. Combined immunotherapy and radiotherapy demonstrate potential to improve survival and disease control in MIBC; however, further rigorous clinical studies are needed to optimize patient-centered treatment strategies.  

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is typically the cause of cervical cancer, one of the cancers with a high death rate among women. Despite their widespread use, conventional therapeutic approaches still have drawbacks, such as the emergence of cancer cell resistance and severe side effects. Natural compounds are now used as safer alternative treatments as a result. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are one plant that has been shown to have anticancer potential. Through phytochemical screening, compound identification using GC-MS, cell viability testing using the MTT Assay, and BCL2 gene expression analysis using qPCR, this study attempts to examine the potential of soursop leaf extract as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells). The results of the phytochemical examination showed that steroids, phenolics, and alkaloids were present. Ostole, bisacumol, and ricinoleic acid were found to be the predominant components when the active chemicals were identified by GC-MS. With an IC²₀ value of 5.01 μg/mL, the MTT experiment demonstrated that soursop leaf extract could decrease cell viability as the concentration rose. Furthermore, BCL2 gene expression was significantly reduced, especially in treatments with doses of 500 and 1000 μg/mL, according to the results of qPCR gene expression analysis. The overall findings suggest that soursop leaf extract may be used as a natural anticancer treatment against HeLa cells by lowering the expression of the BCL2 gene.

Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge, with treatment effectiveness often limited by drug resistance and the toxic side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The exploration of bioactive compounds from natural sources through a medicinal chemistry approach offers a promising alternative strategy. This study aims to examine the molecular mechanisms of action and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of various natural compound scaffolds as potential breast anticancer agents. The method employed was a systematic narrative literature review of 15 recent scientific articles evaluating computational parameters, including molecular docking, as well as in vitro and in vivo activities. The results indicate that polyphenols, flavonoids such as quercetin and EGCG, and curcumin possess strong cytotoxic activity and high binding affinity toward cancer-related target macromolecules. SAR analysis demonstrates that key structural features, including the number and position of free phenolic hydroxyl groups, the presence of gallate ester groups, and conjugated diketone systems, play a crucial role in determining ligand receptor complex stability. These interactions are supported by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and favorable steric compatibility within receptor binding sites. Computational findings further suggest that structural optimization can enhance ligand selectivity and improve pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that natural phytochemical scaffolds have significant potential as lead compounds and provide a rational basis for Computer-Aided Drug Design in developing more potent, selective, multi-target, and safer breast anticancer therapies.

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has emerged as a promising liquid biopsy biomarker for real-time monitoring of tumor dynamics. In urothelial carcinoma (UC), effective monitoring of treatment response remains a clinical challenge due to the limitations of conventional imaging and invasive procedures. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing evidence on the association between ctDNA dynamics and treatment response monitoring across various stages and therapeutic settings. A comprehensive systematic review was conducted. We included cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and meta-analyses that evaluated ctDNA in UC patients undergoing treatment. Data were extracted on patient population, methodology, treatment, sampling strategy, clinical outcomes, and statistical associations. The review encompassed 80 studies. Baseline ctDNA positivity was strongly prognostic, associated with a 4- to 6-fold increased risk of recurrence or death (HR 4.23-6.56). Dynamic ctDNA clearances or significants reduction during treatment, were strongly associated with improved outcomes. Showing hazard ratios for adverse events as low as 0.10-0.31. ctDNA demonstrated time advantages of 53-90 days over radiographic detection. ctDNA is a potent tool for monitoring treatment response in urothelial carcinoma. It provides superior prognostic and offers a significant lead time for detecting treatment failure. Future research must focus on standardizing methodologies and validating ctDNA-guided therapeutic.

Discrimination in the workplace is a problem that can hinder the creation of a fair and inclusive work environment. Discrimination can take the form of differential treatment of employees based on gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors unrelated to individual performance and competence. To address this issue, the law plays a crucial role in providing employee protection to ensure equality and non-discrimination in the workplace. Various legal instruments, both national and international, regulate employee protection from discrimination, including the Employment Law, the Human Rights Law, and conventions issued by the International Labour Organization (ILO). However, the effective implementation of these regulations remains a challenge, particularly in terms of implementation, enforcement, and employee awareness of their rights. This study aims to analyze the role of law in protecting employees from discrimination in the workplace by examining applicable regulations and the challenges in their implementation. The research method used is a normative juridical method, which focuses on the study of relevant laws and legal principles. The analysis is conducted on national legal provisions and international legal instruments as references for protecting workers from discrimination. Furthermore, this study identifies barriers to legal implementation and offers recommendations to improve the effectiveness of legal protection for employees. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the urgency of regulatory reform and strengthening so that the law can play an optimal role in creating a fairer and more discrimination-free work environment.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the nasal mucosa mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE) in response to allergen exposure. This condition has become a significant global health concern because of its increasing prevalence and substantial impact on quality of life, sleep, cognitive function, and work productivity. AR is also commonly associated with other atopic diseases, including asthma and atopic dermatitis. This article aims to review the current understanding of allergic rhinitis, focusing on epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and evidence-based management strategies. This study used a narrative literature review method by analyzing scientific articles, clinical guidelines, and peer-reviewed journals published between 2015 and 2025. Literature sources were obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant medical databases using keywords related to allergic rhinitis, IgE, diagnosis, and immunotherapy. The findings indicate that allergic rhinitis involves complex immune mechanisms characterized by Th2 lymphocyte activation, IgE production, and inflammatory mediator release. Diagnosis is primarily established clinically and supported by allergy testing such as skin prick tests or serum-specific IgE measurement. Intranasal corticosteroids remain the first-line therapy for moderate to severe cases, while antihistamines and leukotriene receptor antagonists are used as adjunctive therapies. Allergen immunotherapy has shown effectiveness in modifying disease progression and improving long-term outcomes. In conclusion, allergic rhinitis is a manageable chronic disease that requires a comprehensive and individualized treatment approach involving environmental control, pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Knee septic arthritis is an orthopedic emergency that requires prompt and appropriate management to prevent permanent joint damage and systemic complications. Inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are commonly used for diagnosis and monitoring of treatment response; however, their prognostic value after surgical debridement remains variable. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the role of ESR, CRP, and platelet count as prognostic indicators following irrigation and/or surgical debridement in patients with knee septic arthritis. A literature search was conducted in January using PubMed, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, SpringerLink, and Semantic Scholar, following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Study quality was assessed using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) tools. Fifteen studies meeting the inclusion criteria were qualitatively analyzed. The findings indicate that elevated preoperative CRP levels and delayed postoperative CRP reduction are associated with unfavorable clinical outcomes, including failure of infection eradication and the need for repeat debridement. Although ESR is consistently elevated during the acute phase, its slower decline limits its short-term prognostic utility. Platelet count may increase as part of the systemic inflammatory response but shows inconsistent prognostic value.

The quality of rice that is suitable for consumption, one of which is determined by the absence of associated components when the rice is in storage. Rice storage is carried out by means of long shelf life and good rice quality. Damage to rice due to pest attacks causes a decrease in quality and quantity. Environmentally friendly efforts are needed to control the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae using vegetable materials. This study sought to ascertain the death rate of rice weevils treated with lemongrass stem (Cymbopogon citratus), bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum), and pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius). The study employed a fully randomized design with three treatments in the form of simplicia plant components. There were 21 study units because each treatment included seven repetitions. Each treatment used 20 rice weevil imago breeding results which were infested in a jar containing 200 g of rice for 4 weeks in the laboratory. The use of pandan leaf, bay leaf, and lemongrass simplicia at 7 days after treatment showed the proportion of rice weevil mortality was 59,29%, 39,29%, and 50,00%, respectively. As for the observations of 14 day after treatments, 21 day after treatments, and 28 day after treatments showed that the mortality rate of all rice beetles was above 50%. Regarding the percentage of rice powder, hollow rice, and rice weight loss, the findings of observations on rice weevil mortality did not reveal any significant variations across all treatments.

Background: Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin problems and is closely associated with the activity of Propionibacterium acnes. Long-term use of antibiotics may lead to bacterial resistance; therefore, alternative antibacterial agents derived from natural products are needed. White rice (Oryza sativa L.) is known to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins, which potentially exhibit antibacterial activity. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of white rice against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes. Methods: This research was conducted as a laboratory experimental study using a post-test only control group design. The ethanol extract of white rice was prepared by maceration using 70% ethanol. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method with extract concentrations of 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5%, and 6.25%. Clindamycin was used as a positive control, while sterile distilled water served as a negative control. The parameter observed was the diameter of the inhibition zone. Result: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the ethanol extract of white rice (Oryza sativa L.) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids. Antibacterial activity test showed that the ethanol extract of white rice at concentrations of 100%, 50%, and 25% was able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes by forming an inhibition zone, while at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25% no inhibition zone was formed. The highest inhibition zone diameter was found at a concentration of 100%. The ethanol extract of white rice at concentrations of 100% (7.65 mm), 50% (6.77 mm), and 25% (6.15 mm) was able to inhibit the growth of Propionibacterium acnes, and was classified as having moderate inhibition. In contrast, at concentrations of 12.5% and 6.25%, the ethanol extract of white rice did not show any inhibitory activity detected in vitro using the disc diffusion method. The results of statistical analysis showed a p value <0.001, which means there was a significant difference in the diameter of the inhibition zone between the treatment groups. Conclusion: In conclusion, the ethanol extract of white rice exhibits antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes in a concentration-dependent manner; however, its inhibitory effect remains lower than that of clindamycin.