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This study explores the major challenges faced by moral education in the modern era, particularly within Madrasah Ibtidaiyah, where rapid technological advancement, globalization, and shifting patterns of student interaction have significantly influenced the traditional process of moral development. The purpose of this research is to analyze teachers’ strategies in revitalizing moral education, identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in its implementation, and evaluate its impact on students’ discipline. Employing a qualitative approach with a case study design, data were collected through in-depth interviews with the school principal, Islamic ethics teachers, and students, as well as observations of daily moral habituation practices within the school environment. The findings indicate that effective revitalization of moral education occurs through an integration of teacher role modeling, consistent habituation of moral practices, and value internalization supported by interactive learning methods. These strategies contribute to improved student discipline, greater independence, and more stable behavioral patterns. However, the effectiveness of these efforts is still influenced by external factors such as excessive gadget use and limited continuity of moral guidance at home. The study provides an integrative and adaptive model of moral education that aligns with the characteristics of the digital generation and emphasizes the essential collaboration between teachers, schools, and families. The results highlight the importance of a responsive, contextually relevant approach to moral development that meets the evolving needs and challenges of 21st-century learners.

In the context of modern education, performance assessment is a crucial instrument for measuring the effectiveness of the learning process. Unlike test-based assessments that generally focus on cognitive aspects, performance assessment highlights students' abilities in applying the knowledge, skills, and attitudes they have learned in various real situations. This is very relevant to the multidimensional characteristics of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning, including cognitive (knowledge), affective (attitudes and values), and psychomotor (practice of worship and skills) aspects. This study aims to: 1) To determine the concept and implementation of performance assessment in the context of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 2) To identify the types of performance assessments that are relevant and can be applied effectively in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. 3) To examine the effectiveness of implementing performance assessments in improving understanding, practice, and character building. This study uses a qualitative approach with the model used being library research. The results of the study indicate that performance assessment in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning is a form of authentic evaluation that is very important to be applied in the learning process. Unlike traditional assessments, which emphasize cognitive aspects, performance assessments provide balanced attention to cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects. These assessments assess not only what students know, but also who they become. Therefore, it is crucial for teachers and educational institutions to optimally integrate performance assessments to shape a generation that is not only intellectually intelligent but also spiritually and socially mature.

The inquiry learning strategy is a pedagogical approach that positions students as active agents in the process of seeking and discovering knowledge. This paper explores the definition, characteristics, underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and implementation stages of the inquiry strategy in learning processes. Rooted in constructivist theory, it emphasizes the value of direct experience and critical thinking in constructing understanding. The analysis reveals that inquiry-based learning enhances students’ critical thinking skills, independence, active participation, motivation, and self-confidence. However, successful implementation requires teachers to be well-prepared in designing meaningful and adaptable instruction. This article recommends applying the inquiry strategy selectively and contextually, especially within Islamic Religious Education, to foster reflective reasoning and character development among students.

This study aims to analyze the role of teachers in developing adaptive learning strategies within the context of Islamic education in the Merdeka Belajar era. Adaptive learning, which considers students' differing characteristics, needs, and learning styles, is considered essential for enhancing the quality of Islamic education. Using a literature review approach, this research examines various literatures related to the implementation of adaptive learning strategies, teacher competencies, and their implications on student learning outcomes and character development. The findings show that the pedagogical, social, professional, and personal competencies of teachers are crucial to the success of adaptive learning. The application of this strategy also leads to increased motivation, active participation, and the development of students' character and spirituality in Islamic education. Adaptive learning creates an inclusive, responsive environment that focuses on students' needs, which in turn improves the overall quality of education.