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Iwan Fals’ song "Bento" offers social criticism, which is analyzed using Teun A. Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis model. Released in 1989, the song critiques the social conditions and behaviors of the wealthy elite during the New Order era, highlighting issues of arrogance, corruption, and social inequality. This qualitative descriptive study applies the Analisis Wacana Kritis (AWK) method, analyzing the lyrics of "Bento" through three dimensions: text, social cognition, and social context. In the text dimension, the analysis reveals the main theme as a depiction of the fictional character "Bento," portrayed as an arrogant and corrupt figure. The text structure employs a narrative persona pattern, with semantic elements describing the luxury of New Order rulers and the exploitation of the common people. The stylistic devices, including anthropomorphism and rhetoric, emphasize the selfish enjoyment of the elite. In the social context, the song is a response to the corruption, collusion, and nepotism (KKN) that characterized the New Order regime. Through satire, "Bento" critiques the dominance of the elite and their disregard for the common people. Overall, the song exposes the power dynamics and corruption under the New Order regime.

The study of the Qur'an in the West has a long history. It began with the tradition of orientalism in the Middle Ages and has evolved into a modern academic approach that relies on philology, historical, and hermeneutical. In the West, the study of the Qur'an was initially dominated by apologetic and polemic reasons. However, since the 19th century, scientific approaches have begun to dominate thanks to the research of figures such as Theodor Nöldeke, Ignaz Goldziher, and John Wansbrough. After that, the focus of modern research turned to the linguistic analysis and structure of the Arabic language of the Qur'an. It includes the study of semantics (Toshihiko Izutsu), stylistic analysis, and comparative studies between pre-Islamic Arabic dialects and the language of the Qur'an. Western scholars have diverse views on the Qur'an in Arabic. Some question the structure, origin, and cohesiveness of the text, while others acknowledge its uniqueness, coherence, and rhetorical power. Despite epistemological differences, this article analyzes the history of Qur'an study in the West, identifies the main methods used to analyze the Qur'an in Arabic, and outlines the various critical perspectives and appreciation of Western scholars on the linguistic character of the Qur'an. The results of the analysis show that, from the polemic paradigm, the study of the Qur'an is increasingly moving towards a more interdisciplinary scientific approach.

This study examines the words structure of two selected songs, “Kekal” and “Di Akhir Perang”, from Nadin Amizah’s album Untuk Dunia, Cinta, dan Kotornya, with a focus on identifying and interpreting the functions of open class words and closed class words within the lyrical composition. The background of this research lies in the growing interest in understanding how contemporary Indonesian songwriters construct meaning through linguistic choices that contribute to the emotional depth of their works. The objective of this study is to analyze how open class words such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs contribute to semantic imagery, while closed class words such as pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions, and aspects establish grammatical cohesion and narrative continuity. Using qualitative descriptive methods, the lyrics were segmented, categorized, and interpreted based on linguistic theory to reveal the semantic and grammatical roles of each word class. The findings show that open class words dominate the emotional and metaphorical landscape of the songs, functioning as carriers of imagery, personal vulnerability, and symbolic representation of healing, love, and existential reflection. Meanwhile, closed class words serve as structural anchors that link ideas, mark relationships between clauses, and maintain narrative fluidity, particularly in expressing inner conflict and the resolution of emotional war depicted in the lyrics. The study concludes that Nadin Amizah’s lyricism is not only aesthetically expressive but also linguistically strategic, revealing a deliberate interplay between lexical creativity and grammatical precision. These findings imply that linguistic analysis can enrich the appreciation of contemporary Indonesian music and open new perspectives for future studies in stylistics, discourse analysis, and cultural semantics.

This study investigates the occurrence and functions of nonstandard language variation in Instagram headlines posted by @folkative, a popular digital media account known for its creative use of informal language. Despite the growing attention to social media discourse, little research has focused on how nonstandard forms operate in short, attention-grabbing digital headlines. Guided by Labov’s (1972) variationist sociolinguistic framework, this study employs a descriptive qualitative method complemented by simple quantification. The data consist of headlines uploaded by @folkative throughout September 2025. The analysis reveals four main types of nonstandard variation: code-mixing, nonstandard spelling, colloquial expressions, and lexical innovation. Among these, code-mixing appears most frequently (33.93%). The use of nonstandard language is not arbitrary but rather reflects deliberate stylistic and social choices. These variations serve several communicative and pragmatic functions, including attracting readers’ attention, conveying humor, saving space within limited character counts, expressing solidarity with followers, and constructing a modern, cosmopolitan online identity. The findings demonstrate that nonstandard language in Instagram headlines contributes to meaning-making and audience engagement, showing how Indonesian users creatively manipulate linguistic resources to suit digital communication norms.

The poem “Mayat Politik Ditutupi Koran Pagi” by Afrizal Malna presents sharp social and political criticism through the use of irony and complex metaphors. This study aims to examine how these two linguistic devices are employed to reveal the socio-political realities of post-reform Indonesia. Using a stylistic approach, the research explores the forms, functions, and meanings of irony and metaphor that appear within the poem’s structure. The analysis shows that irony serves to express dissatisfaction and satire toward political conditions that appear orderly but are actually filled with deception and manipulation. Meanwhile, metaphor provides a symbolic depiction of the role of mass media as an instrument of power that conceals the true political reality behind public discourse. Through the interplay of these two stylistic elements, Afrizal Malna succeeds in presenting a poetic representation of society’s anxiety over media domination and the blurring line between truth and political interest. This study is expected to enhance the understanding of literature’s role as a reflective and critical medium in uncovering the relationship between language, power, and ideology within Indonesia’s socio-political dynamics.

This study aims to analyze the representation of character values within the Eight Dimensions of Graduate Profiles aligned with the vision of the Pancasila Student Profile in Amalia Najichah’s poems from the anthology Surat dari Samudera (Letters from the Ocean). The research employs a qualitative approach using content analysis, complemented by stylistic and literary reception theories. The data consist of six poems analyzed based on eight character dimensions: Faith and Piety to God Almighty, Citizenship, Critical Thinking, Creativity, Collaboration, Independence, Health, and Communication. The findings reveal that all poems reflect these character values, with Citizenship and Collaboration as the most dominant dimensions. Stylistic analysis shows that the use of repetition, metaphor, and onomatopoeia not only enhances aesthetic quality but also reinforces moral and social messages. Meanwhile, reception theory analysis indicates that young readers can internalize these values cognitively, affectively, and socially through reflective and contextual reading experiences. The study concludes that youth poetry has strong potential as an effective medium for character education in the Merdeka Curriculum, both in intracurricular and co-curricular contexts. Therefore, Amalia Najichah’s works serve not only as aesthetic expressions of adolescence but also as strategic instruments for shaping a faithful, independent, collaborative, and Pancasila-oriented generation.

This study aims to analyze and identify the use of language styles in the song "Kuyamu to Kaite Mirai." Language style refers to the technique of utilizing the richness of language, both in written works and oral communication, to create deeper aesthetic and communicative effects. In song lyrics, the use of language style becomes a crucial element that can strengthen the meaning and artistic appeal of a literary work. This research employs Gorys Keraf's language style theory as the theoretical foundation for classifying and identifying language styles. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative research method with primary data sources consisting of the lyrics of "Kuyamu to Kaite Mirai." The qualitative approach was chosen to enable in-depth analysis of figurative language usage within the song lyrics. The research findings reveal the presence of five types of language styles employed in the lyrics of "Kuyamu to Kaite Mirai." The identified language styles include asyndeton, assonance, erotesis, metaphor, and simile. Asyndeton was found in the use of word sequences without conjunctions to create dramatic effects. Assonance was identified through the repetition of vowel sounds that create sound harmony. The esoteric figurative language style emerges in the use of the particle の at the end of sentences, indicating that this verse constitutes an interrogative sentence. Metaphors and similes are employed to create comparisons that strengthen the song's emotional meaning. The utilization of language styles in the lyrics of "Kuyamu to Kaite Mirai" functions not merely as aesthetic ornamentation, but also as a means to convey messages and emotions more effectively to listeners. This research is expected to contribute to the understanding of language style usage in popular music works and serve as a reference for similar studies in the future.

This study aims to describe the form and function of negation elements in the syntactic structure of Chairil Anwar's poetry anthology. The research method is descriptive qualitative with linguistic approach. The data sources are poetry texts by Chairil Anwar consisting of nine titles of Chairil Anwar's poems: Aku, Diponegoro, Karawang-Bekasi, Derai-Derai Cemara, Senja di Pelabuhan Kecil, Cintaku Jauh di Pulau, Hampa, Tak Sepadan and Siap Sedia. The data was collected using the documentation method, namely reading and scrutinizing the poetry texts to identify sentences that contain negation elements. The data found were then recorded and classified based on the form and location of the negation element in the syntactic structure of the sentence. Data analysis was conducted through several stages, namely: 1) identifying negation elements (all word/phrase elements containing negation elements in the poem); 2) classifying negation forms based on their types such as not, not, none, yet or don't; 3) analyzing syntactic structure (how the negation element functions in the syntactic structure, whether in predicate, subject, object or adverb; 4) interpreting the meaning and semantic and stylistic functions of negation elements in the context of the whole poem. To maintain data validity, this research uses theoretical triangulation by referring to various linguistic references (especially syntax and semantics) as well as previous studies on Chairil Anwar's poetry. In addition, data validation is done through cross-checking between readers on the results of identification and analysis. The results show that the element of negation plays a central role in shaping the syntactic structure, meaning and ideological and emotional character of his poetry. 

The presence of colloquial expressions in public signage commonly referred to ba- hasa gaul has increasingly become a linguistic hallmark in various tourism and recreational ar- eas in Indonesia. This study investigates the use of informal language on public signage at Pantai Kelan, Bali, and analyzes such linguistic choices that reflect social dynamics, youth identity, and evolving modes of communication in public space. Grounded in sociolinguistic perspectives, the research highlights the role of signage as not only a medium of information, but also a space for constructing shared meaning and fostering engagement through culturally resonant expressions. This qualitative research employed observational and documentation methods. It focused on twelve public signs installed at Pantai Kelan. Data were collected through field observations, photographic documentation, and subsequent transcription and analysis of the linguistic forms. The analysis fo- cused on identifying dominant lexical patterns, stylistic choices, and communicative functions of the language used. The signs were then interpreted with reference to their potential cultural, social, and interactional implications within the broader framework of linguistic landscape studies. The findings indicate that the use of bahasa gaul in signage serves multiple purposes: capturing atten- tion, expressing local identity, evoking humor, and connecting with a predominantly young and digital-native audience. Rather than being perceived as informal or inappropriate, such language use contributes to the effectiveness of public communication in specific contexts. The study con- tributes to the growing body of literature on language in public space and emphasizes the impor- tance of cultural relevance and sociolinguistic awareness in designing public signage that is both meaningful and impactful

This study explores the metaphor of life in Colleen Hoover’s novel Reminders of Him, aiming to identify the types of linguistic metaphors and analyze the conceptual metaphors that underlie them. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, which classifies metaphors into structural, ontological, and orientational categories, this study highlights the role of metaphor as a cognitive tool, not merely a stylistic device. A qualitative method was employed, with data collected using AntConc software by focusing on parts of the novel containing the word “life.” The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied to identify linguistic metaphors, which were then categorized based on the word class of the lexical units that were used metaphorically. The results of this study show four types of linguistic metaphors involving the noun “life”: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and prepositional. These forms portray life as a physical object, a process, a possessed attribute, or a container. These linguistic metaphors reflect eight conceptual metaphors, including five ontological metaphors (life is ownership, life is a container, life is an entity, life is air, life is a place) and three structural metaphors (life is a machine, life is a journey, life is a challenge). The diversity of these conceptual metaphors illustrates the rich representation of life in the novel.  

The phenomenon of code switching in TikTok is increasingly widespread among young Indonesians. Mixing Indonesian with foreign languages, especially English, is a communication style that is considered expressive, modern and a digital identity. This study aims to identify forms of code switching in TikTok content and analyze its implications for planning and fostering Indonesian in the digital era. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data in the form of screenshots of TikTok videos containing code switching. The results of the analysis show that the code switching that occurs is mixed and situational and has affective, stylistic functions, as a marker of social identity. Although it reflects language creativity, excessive use of code switching can have negative impacts such as shifting the structure of the Indonesian language, decreasing positive attitudes towards the national language, and hindering effective language development efforts. This study is expected to be an important input for educators, policy makers and the wider community in maintaining the sustainability and dignity of the Indonesian language in the digital era. Keywords: Code switching, TikTok, Language development, Indonesian, Digital Era

This study investigates the comparative use of satire and sarcasm in the criminal comedy show Lapor Pak! episode “Pasukin Naik Gaji.” Satire and sarcasm are both rhetorical devices used to criticize social realities through humor, but differ in subtlety and sharpness. The aim of this research is to identify and analyze the forms and meanings of satirical and sarcastic expressions in the show’s dialogues. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method and applies stylistic theory and humor theory as the analytical framework. The data source is a 26-minute episode aired on the 7Comedy YouTube channel on January 8, 2025. From the linguistic data collected, 20 utterances were found: 15 contain sarcasm, 11 irony, and 9 satire (some overlapping). The findings show that sarcasm is used more dominantly than satire, often reflecting economic frustration, while satire criticizes social issues in a more humorous and indirect way. Both styles serve not only to entertain but also to reflect social resistance and expose systemic injustice, especially regarding economic inequality. The analysis concludes that humor becomes a linguistic tool of social commentary and coping mechanism for workers.

The objective of this study was to identify the forms of bullying sentences in the film "Die Welle" and to analyze the meaning of these sentences based on the theory of critical discourse analysis by Teun A. van Dijk. A descriptive qualitative method was employed in this study, with data consisting of 18 sentences containing elements of bullying found in the film "Die Welle." The analysis was carried out by identifying themes, narrative structures, as well as semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and rhetorical elements in each sentence. As a result of the analysis, three main forms of bullying sentences were identified: (1) direct verbal insults in 12 sentences or 66.7%; (2) physical threats in 5 sentences or 27.8%; and (3) emotional outbursts in 1 sentence or 5.5%. Based on van Dijk's theory, it was found that the bullying sentences in this film not only represent verbal aggression but also reflect the use of language as a tool of power and dominance within group dynamics. Thus, the film "Die Welle" demonstrates that bullying is not merely an individual act but also part of a social structure that is formed and sustained through discursive practices.

The objective of this study was to identify the forms of bullying sentences in the film "Die Welle" and to analyze the meaning of these sentences based on the theory of critical discourse analysis by Teun A. van Dijk. A descriptive qualitative method was employed in this study, with data consisting of 18 sentences containing elements of bullying found in the film "Die Welle." The analysis was carried out by identifying themes, narrative structures, as well as semantic, syntactic, stylistic, and rhetorical elements in each sentence. As a result of the analysis, three main forms of bullying sentences were identified: (1) direct verbal insults in 12 sentences or 66.7%; (2) physical threats in 5 sentences or 27.8%; and (3) emotional outbursts in 1 sentence or 5.5%. Based on van Dijk's theory, it was found that the bullying sentences in this film not only represent verbal aggression but also reflect the use of language as a tool of power and dominance within group dynamics. Thus, the film "Die Welle" demonstrates that bullying is not merely an individual act but also part of a social structure that is formed and sustained through discursive practices.

This study explores the metaphor of life in Colleen Hoover’s novel Reminders of Him, aiming to identify the types of linguistic metaphors and analyze the conceptual metaphors that underlie them. Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory, which classifies metaphors into structural, ontological, and orientational categories, this study highlights the role of metaphor as a cognitive tool, not merely a stylistic device. A qualitative method was employed, with data collected using AntConc software by focusing on parts of the novel containing the word “life.” The Metaphor Identification Procedure was applied to identify linguistic metaphors, which were then categorized based on the word class of the lexical units that were used metaphorically. The results of this study show four types of linguistic metaphors involving the noun “life”: nominal, verbal, adjectival, and prepositional. These forms portray life as a physical object, a process, a possessed attribute, or a container. These linguistic metaphors reflect eight conceptual metaphors, including five ontological metaphors (life is ownership, life is a container, life is an entity, life is air, life is a place) and three structural metaphors (life is a machine, life is a journey, life is a challenge). The diversity of these conceptual metaphors illustrates the rich representation of life in the novel.

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

This study aims to analyze the use of italics and capital letters in the novel Hati Suhita by Khilma Anis based on the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with text analysis techniques on quotations in the novel that contain italics and capital letters. The results of the study indicate that there are various forms of inconsistencies in the use of italics, especially in words in regional languages ​​(Javanese), foreign terms, and non-standard words that are not italicized as they should be. Meanwhile, errors in the use of capital letters were found in the form of inappropriate capitalization of common nouns, greetings, and after punctuation that does not start a new sentence. Of the total data analyzed, more than half of the quotations showed deviations from applicable spelling rules. These errors have an impact on the clarity of meaning, stylistic nuances, and readers' perceptions of the narrative structure. This study emphasizes the importance of spelling accuracy in literary works, not only as a technical aspect, but also as part of the rhetorical and aesthetic power of the text. These findings are expected to be a reference in editing literary works and teaching Indonesian based on spelling.

This study explores the intricate relationship between grief and healing as depicted in Nadin Amizah's song "Bertaut." Through a stylistic analysis, the research delves into the poetic elements employed by Amizah to convey the emotional depth of loss and the journey towards recovery. By examining the use of imagery, metaphor, and lyrical structure, the paper highlights how these stylistic choices enhance the listener's understanding of the complexities of grief. Furthermore, the analysis reveals the transformative power of music as a medium for expressing sorrow and facilitating healing. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader discourse on the role of art in processing emotional experiences, emphasizing the significance of Amizah's work in contemporary music.

This research examines the persuasive strategies used by student candidates in the 2020 Head Boy election at The Fulham Boys School in London, England. Specifically, on how teenagers convey persuasive messages in a formal school-based leadership context to persuade their peers. The study aims to identify and categorize the persuasive elements of their campaign speeches through Petty and Cacioppo's the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) which differentiates between central (logical, content driven) and peripheral (emotional, stylistic) routes to persuasion. With a qualitative descriptive approach, the campaign speeches were collected in video format and transcribed, then they were content analyzed according to several categories. Each persuasive statement was classified according to the ELM principles. All four candidates were found to be applying center and peripheral routes and had responsibility of both audience demands and the leadership image. Some candidates were predisposed to use rational solutions, while others made more use on emotional appeals. This highlights the complexities involved in a student speaker's role in a leadership speech that balanced the appeal of the message against the message itself.  

This study aims to analyze the figurative language in the novel Hujan by Tere Liye using a stylistic approach and to evaluate its relevance as teaching material for Indonesian language education. The main focus is on comparative figurative language such as personification, metaphor, simile, and hyperbole found in the novel. The research method applied is qualitative descriptive, with data collection through reading, noting, and classifying stylistic elements. The results show that these figurative languages play an important role in enriching the aesthetic value of the work, developing character portrayal, creating atmosphere, and effectively delivering moral messages. Moreover, the use of these stylistic features can help students improve their literary appreciation and language skills more deeply. Therefore, the novel Hujan is suitable as instructional material to enhance students’ interest and understanding of literary works