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This study examines curriculum strategies implemented in five countries Singapore, Finland, Japan, Indonesia, and the United States using a library research approach. The main objective of this research is to analyze similarities, differences, challenges, and strategic orientations in curriculum development across diverse national education systems. Data were collected from scholarly journal articles, government policy documents, and international education reports published by reputable institutions. The analysis indicates that each country adopts distinct curriculum strategies influenced by its socio-cultural context, governance structure, policy priorities, and long-term educational goals. Singapore emphasizes competency-based learning aligned with economic needs, Finland prioritizes flexibility and teacher autonomy, Japan focuses on character education and cultural values, Indonesia continues to adapt its curriculum to improve relevance and equity, while the United States highlights standards-based accountability and innovation. Despite these differences, common patterns emerge, particularly in the emphasis on competency development, integration of 21st-century skills, teacher quality improvement, and curriculum adaptability to global challenges such as digitalization and workforce transformation. The findings suggest that effective curriculum development requires a balance between global educational trends and local contextual needs. This study contributes to comparative education discourse by providing insights that may inform policymakers and educators in designing responsive and sustainable curriculum strategies.

This study examines the working mechanisms of various global satellite navigation systems, such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou, as well as their integration potential across multiple sectors. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review of relevant scientific sources. All satellite navigation systems operate based on the principle of triangulation using radio signals from satellites equipped with high-precision atomic clocks. The procedure includes satellite deployment, signal transmission, distance measurement, and position calculation by receiver devices.The results show that although each system has distinct technical characteristics and strategic orientations, integration between systems—through GNSS, SBAS, radar, and Earth observation technologies—can enhance the accuracy, reliability, and coverage of global navigation services. These systems offer wide-ranging benefits in areas such as transportation navigation, fleet tracking, disaster mitigation, environmental conservation, and military applications. This research emphasizes the importance of understanding the procedures and integration of satellite navigation systems to support cross-sector operational efficiency and strengthen technological resilience in the face of global challenges.

This research evaluates the direction of Indonesia's defense policy under the leadership of President Prabowo Subianto, taking the Indonesia-Turkey strategic partnership as the main case study. Using a qualitative approach with an instrumental case study method, this research analyzes the dynamics of military cooperation that includes key projects such as the development of the Bayraktar drone, involvement in the KAAN fifth-generation fighter jet, and collaborative submarine construction plans. The results show that these partnerships represent a strategy of defense equipment diversification and strengthening the domestic defense industry, and reflect a shift in Indonesia's strategic orientation from dependence on Western countries towards a more balanced partnership with the Global South. The findings confirm that Prabowo's defense policy shows continuity from the previous period, but also brings innovation through a more pragmatic, independent and responsive approach to regional and global security challenges.

Mergers and acquisitions (M&A) are widely recognized as strategic instruments for corporate growth, restructuring, and competitive advantage. This semantic review synthesizes recent Scopus‑indexed literature to examine the strategic implications and performance outcomes of M&A. The study highlights that strategic alignment between acquiring and target firms is fundamental to synergy realization, operational efficiency, and innovation. Managerial expertise emerges as a decisive factor, with effective leadership ensuring smooth integration and long‑term value creation. Market dynamics, including economic volatility, regulatory changes, and geopolitical tensions, significantly influence M&A strategies and outcomes, while technological integration accelerates digital transformation and enhances competitive positioning. Cultural fit is identified as a critical determinant of organizational cohesion, with misalignment often leading to employee resistance and reduced productivity. Financial outcomes vary, ranging from profitability improvements through economies of scale to underperformance caused by overestimated synergies or poor integration. Furthermore, environmental, social, and governance (ESG) considerations are increasingly shaping M&A strategies, reinforcing stakeholder trust and sustainable value creation. By adopting a holistic approach that integrates strategic foresight, managerial acumen, market awareness, technological innovation, and sustainability, firms can optimize M&A as a tool for growth and resilience in dynamic global markets.

The aim of this study is to identify the impact of the strategic orientation of human resources in its dimensions (control-oriented human resources strategy, commitment-oriented human resources strategy) on the creative performance in its dimensions (problem identification, information search, idea generation, idea enhancement) of academic leaders at the University of Maysan in Iraq? The study sample consisted of (350) leaders of the University of Maysan and (323) were retrieved. The questionnaire was used as a tool for collecting data and the questionnaire consisted of (32) questions distributed over the dimensions of the study.The study reached the most important results: the existence of a positive impact of the strategic orientation of human resources in terms of (control-oriented human resources strategy, commitment-oriented human resources strategy) on creative performance in its combined dimensions.

A strategy that focuses on the manufacturing industry is a route taken by businesses to realize long-term goals through developing habits and routines based on performance. Manufacturing or processing industries contribute more than 31 percent to the East Java economy. The strategic orientation of Surabaya city manufacturing companies includes customer care, competitor orientation, coordination between functions, and technology orientation. In 2016, the Indonesian manufacturing sector experienced an upward trend, which shows that manufacturing industry players are optimistic about facing future economic conditions. The manufacturing industry in Indonesia is an important industry for economic development because it has There is quite a large potential to increase the workforce, provide an increase in the value of raw materials, as well as increase sources of foreign exchange.  

Global warming is a global phenomenon triggered by human activities related to the use of fossil fuels and deforestation which is increasingly widespread throughout the world.  This study uses a survey method with a quantitative approach.  This research was conducted at PT Heinz Jakarta.  The sampling technique used is probability sampling with simple random sampling technique, the population is taken randomly without regard to the existing strata in the population.  As well as statements that measure research variables, namely the Effect of Strategic Orientation, Government Regulation, Green Economy.  The process of collecting questionnaire data is carried out online.