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Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a bioactive plant containing polysaccharides, anthraquinones, sterols, vitamins, minerals, and glycoproteins, contributing to wound healing through anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant mechanisms, fibroblast stimulation, and accelerated re-epithelialization. This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) of 37 peer-reviewed articles (2018–2025) to evaluate the biochemical potential of Aloe vera and its application as a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical formulations. Results revealed that acemannan increased fibroblast proliferation by up to 200, modulated TGF-1, enhanced type I and III collagen deposition, and accelerated re-epithelialization. Anthraquinones such as aloin and emodin exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Nanoemulsion and nanogel formulations improved transdermal penetration up to threefold compared to conventional gels. These findings highlight Aloe vera’s potential as a wound healing agent and a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical preparations.

Burns can cause infection, hinder healing, and increase the risk of long-term complications. Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa often infect burn wounds in general, infections are treated with antibiotics, but continued use of antibiotics can cause bacterial resistance. Binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia) have potential as a substitute for antibiotics because of their antibacterial properties from active compounds such as alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, saponins and ascorbic acid. This research aims to activate the antibacterial ability of binahong leaf ethanol extract against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. This research uses an experimental method with a control group design using diffusion and dilution methods at varying concentrations. Statistical analysis of the inhibition zone showed that there was a significance difference of <0.05 between treatment groups. In the solid diluted method, S. aureus obtained an MIC value of 10.5% and a MBC of 11.5%, whereas P. aeruginosa had an MIC of 14.5% and a MBC of 15%. The results showed that the ethanol extract of binahong leaves was more sensitive to S. aureus than P. aeruginosa.  

Pine soda is a natural fermented liquid from pine needles (Pinus merkusii) which has a distinctive aroma and contains bioactive compounds with potential as antimicrobial agents. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of pine soda against Staphylococcus aureus using the disc diffusion method and to compare its effectiveness with the antibiotic ampicillin as a positive control. The process of making pine soda is carried out through simple fermentation of Pinus merkusii pine needles under certain conditions to produce a fragrant liquid. Furthermore, qualitative tests are carried out to identify the content of bioactive compounds, such as flavonoids, phenols, and essential oils, which are known to have antibacterial properties. In the antibacterial activity test, paper discs that have been soaked in pine soda solutions with graded concentrations (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%) are placed on agar media that have been inoculated with S. aureus. The results of the observation showed the presence of inhibition zones in each treatment with varying sizes. The largest inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 10% with a diameter of 10 mm, which is included in the medium inhibition category. As a comparison, ampicillin produced an inhibition zone of 26.3 mm, while distilled water, the negative control, showed no inhibition zone. These findings indicate that the antibacterial activity of pine soda is influenced by its bioactive compound content, although its effectiveness is still lower than that of standard antibiotics. This potential opens up opportunities for developing pine soda as a safe natural antibacterial agent, whether in the form of health products such as antiseptics, natural cleaners, or functional beverages that support body health. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process, increase the concentration of active compounds, and test its effectiveness against various types of pathogenic bacteria.

This study investigated the phytochemical screening and antibacterial activity against various microorganisms including E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Candida albicans. Active compounds were isolated and identified from Aleppo Oak Gallnut, obtained from the Iraqi plant Quercus Infectoria L. Plant extracts were prepared using a continuous extraction apparatus, Soxhlet, with a successive solvent system based on polarity differences, including petroleum ether (60-80°C), ethanol (78°C), and hot aqueous extracts. Acid hydrolysis was performed on the raw ethanol and hot water extracts to obtain free phenolic compounds, including Gallic acid, Apigenin, Rutin, Kaempferol, Chlorogenic acid, and Caffeic acid, using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. The inhibitory activity of Aleppo Oak Gallnut extracts (Ethanol and Hot Aqueous) after acid hydrolysis was tested using four concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) against various microorganisms. The Ethanol extract exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Hot Aqueous extract showed a modest inhibitory effect on Enterococcus faecalis. The Ethanol extract demonstrated strong inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Hot Aqueous extract at 100% and 75% showed high inhibition. The Ethanol extract exhibited significant inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus at 100%. The Hot Aqueous extract at 75% and 100%  demonstrated weaker inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus. The Ethanol extract demonstrated weaker inhibition against E. coli, and the Hot Aqueous extract showed no effect at 50%  and 25%, and slight inhibition at 100%  and 75%. For Candida albicans, the Ethanol extract showed minimal inhibition at all concentrations and no effect at 25%. The Aqueous extract had a slight effect at 100%  and no inhibition at 75%, 50%, and 25%.

This research was conducted to assess the antimicrobial activity of Dettol, Betadine, and Harpic against the bacterial growth of Staphylococcus aureus using the disk diffusion technique. The method involved placing sterile paper disks soaked with each test agent onto agar media previously inoculated with S. aureus. Observations revealed that Harpic formed the widest inhibition zone, measuring 15 mm, followed by Dettol with a 12 mm zone, and Betadine with the smallest at 8 mm. Meanwhile, the control disk exhibited no inhibitory effect (0 mm). These results suggest that Harpic has the highest antimicrobial potential among the three products tested in suppressing Staphylococcus aureus growth.

Shrimp petis is a traditional Indonesian fermented product that is susceptible to contamination by pathogenic bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas spp. Preservation is generally carried out with chemical antibiotics, but their use can cause side effects and microbial resistance. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of ginger extract (Zingiber officinale) as a natural antibiotic against bacteria in shrimp petis. Ginger extract is known to contain active compounds such as gingerol and shogaol which have antibacterial activity. Through literature studies and disc diffusion method analysis, it was found that ginger extract was able to produce an inhibition zone of 12–22 mm against test bacteria. These results indicate that ginger extract is effective in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria and has the potential to be used as a natural preservative. In addition, a combination of biological, chemical, and natural preservation approaches is recommended to maintain the quality and safety of shrimp petis. The use of ginger extract is in line with the trend of healthy and environmentally friendly food.

This study aims to identify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in fermented pedo fish (Decapterus spp.) products using the Gram staining technique. The Gram staining technique is a simple but effective method to distinguish Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria based on differences in their cell wall structure. Samples were taken from traditional fermented pedo fish and analyzed in a microbiology laboratory. The results showed the presence of Gram-positive coccus-shaped bacteria that clustered like grapes, in accordance with the morphological characteristics of S. aureus. This identification can be used as an initial step in evaluating the microbiological quality of fermented products.

Milkwood bark (Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br.) is one of the medicinal plants of the genus Alstonia. This plant is traditionally used by the community as a medicine for diarrhea, diabetes, malaria, hemorrhoids, and antihypertensives. This plant contains secondary metabolites that have the potential as antibacterial such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins. The purpose of this study was to determine the inhibition of antibacterial activity and the most effective concentration in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The sample used in this study was milkwood bark, the sample was extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. The antibacterial testing method used in this study was disc diffusion. The study used a completely randomized design with 9 treatments, namely 1000 ppm, 750 ppm, 500 ppm, 250 ppm, 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, Ciprofloxacin (positive control), sterile distilled water (negative control). The results of the antibacterial activity test at a concentration of 500 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of S. aureus by 8.22 mm and at a concentration of 250 ppm showed that milkwood bark extract could inhibit the growth of E. coli by 8.75 mm. From the test results, it can be concluded that milkwood bark (A. scholaris (L.) R. Br.) has antibacterial activity that has moderate potential in inhibiting S. aureus and E. coli.

This bacterial morphology observation training was conducted for grade X students at SMA Negeri 1 Parigi Tengah. The main problem faced was the lack of knowledge and skills of students in the field of microbiology, especially in identifying bacterial morphology. The purpose of this activity was to improve students' understanding of basic biological concepts and practical skills in bacterial observation. The methods used included delivering material on the principles and techniques of bacterial morphological characterization, as well as direct practice using microscopes and Gram staining techniques. The results showed that students successfully identified Staphylococcus aureus bacteria in the form of cocci with Gram positive and Bacillus sp. in the form of bacilli with Gram negative. This activity has proven effective in improving students' understanding and skills in microbiology, as well as encouraging their interest in studying biology further

Nutrient Agar is a universal medium containing agar, meat extract, yeast extract and peptone. NA media is often made in large quantities, stored under sterile conditions, and then reheated when needed. Repeated heating can reduce the number of bacterial colonies that grow because the components that make up the media become damaged. This study aimed to determine the effect of repeated heating of NA (Nutrient Agar) media 4 times on the Total Plate Count (TPC) test results for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. The number of bacteria that grew on the media with varying amounts of heating was calculated, and the results showed that repeated heating 4 times caused a decrease in the number of bacterial colonies that grew on the NA media. The ANOVA test gave a value of p = 0.000 for the two types of bacteria separately, which showed that there is a significant difference between the number of bacteria in varying amounts of media heating. This research concluded that repeated heating of NA (Nutrient Agar) media affects the TPC test results for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

Japanese papaya leaves (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids which have the potential to have antibacterial activity. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial activity of Japanese papaya leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Extraction of Japanese papaya leaves has been carried out using the maceration method and 96% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test used the agar diffusion method using a cylindrical plate. Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control while as a positive control the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was used. The concentrations of Japanese papaya leaf ethanol extract used in testing were 10%, 20%, and 30%. The research results showed that Japanese papaya leaf ethanol extract with a concentration of 30% had the widest inhibition zone diameter, namely 17.296 mm. Meanwhile, at a concentration of 20%, the average inhibitory zone diameter was 15,222 mm, and at a concentration of 10%, the average inhibitory zone diameter was 13,018 mm. These three concentrations were included in the strong category based on Greenwood classification.  

Folliculitis is a bacterial skin infection caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sp. If the surrounding tissue is also affected, it is called a furuncle. About 20% of individuals have S. aureus colonization, while S.aureus carriers are found in 60% of healthy individuals.

This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of chemical compounds from the water fraction of leunca fruit. Leunca fruit extract was obtained by maceration, then the results of maceration were evaporated and then fractionated. Antimicrobial activity testing was carried out using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 01231. The concentration variations of leunca fruit water fraction used were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results of the antimicrobial activity test of leunca fruit water fraction compounds obtained the average inhibition diameter of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 microbes respectively 7.5 mm; 8.3 mm; 8.8 mm; 9.5 mm; and 10.4 mm. On the microbe Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 consecutively 7.8 mm; 8.1 mm; 9.3 mm; 10 mm; and 11.4 mm. while on the microbe Candida albicans ATCC 01231 the diameter of the bland chemical compound of leunca fruit water fraction is only found in the 50% concentration variation with an average inhibition diameter of 9.1 mm. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the water fraction of leunca fruit (Solanum Nigrum L.) has activity as an antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 01231 with the largest inhibition zone diameter shown in the 50% concentration variation.

Background: Diabetic ulcer is a complication of peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes mellitus which often ends in disability or death. Proper handling of infection is closely related to the rational use of antibiotics to avoid the occurrence of resistance. The emergence of resistance to antibiotics has an effect on the risk of increasing infection status, increasing the length of stay in the hospital, the risk of amputation and even death. Objectives: This study aims to determine the type and percentage of bacteria present in diabetic ulcers and to test the sensitivity of antibiotics prescribed in diabetic patients with ulcers in the inpatient room of RSUD Kraton, Pekalongan Regency. Methods: The research model used was descriptive to describe the profile of bacteria and the sensitivity of antibiotics prescribed to bacterial findings from diabetic ulcer isolates in inpatients at Kraton Hospital, Pekalongan Regency. The research method was carried out by biochemical identification and sensitivity testing of the Kirby Bauer technique on 2 samples of diabetic patients with ulcer complications taken by total census during March-April 2022. Results: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa were found with a percentage of 50% each. The sensitivity test showed that Ampicillin was resistant to Staphylococcus aureus, Ciprofloxacin was resistant to Enterobacter aerogenes and intermediate to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The percentage of effectiveness of Meropenem and Metronidazole antibiotics had the highest sensitivity values, namely 100%, 50% Ampicillin and 25% Ciprofloxacin. Conclusion: From the research that has been done, it can be concluded that Ampicillin is resistant to Staphylococcus aureus, Ciprofloxacin is resistant to Enterobacter aerugenes, Ciprofloxacin intermediate is resistant to Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Meropenem and Metronidazole are sensitive to the three bacterial findings namely Staphylococcus aureus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) is an important vegetable because of its nutritional value and health benefits. This plant is a rich source of carotenoids, which are rich in water-soluble vitamins, phenolics, flavonoid polysaccharides, mineral salts, and vitamins, all of which are beneficial for health. Pumpkin fruit has a very thick and hard skin, so it can act as a barrier to the rate of respiration, the release of water through the evaporation process, and the entry of air that causes the oxidation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of pumpkin seed extract (curcubita moschata). ) against the inhibition of staphylococcus aureus bacteria by well diffusion method. This type of research is a true experimental laboratory using the well diffusion method. The ethanol extract of pumpkin seeds (curcubita moschata) which was tested using the well method was then divided into several concentrations including 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. On the NA media that has been made then smeared with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria which had been previously sterilized, then four wells were made in a petri dish after which pumpkin seed extract was added to each concentration. Chloramphenicol was used as a positive control as a positive control. It was then incubated at 37o for 24 hours, then the inhibition zone formed was then measured. The result of this research is pumpkin seed extract (curcubita moschata) has antibacterial activity in the presence of inhibition around the wells of each extract concentration. At a concentration of 10% extract with an inhibitory diameter of 19 mm, a concentration of 15% in an inhibitory diameter of 20 mm, a concentration of 20% in an inhibitory diameter of 21 mm and for a concentration of 15% with an inhibitory diameter of 24 mm, it can be concluded that the extract of pumpkin seeds (curcubita) moschata.) has antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus.

Bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) adalah salah satu flora khas yang berasal dari Ternate, Maluku dengan ciri kelopak bunga yang berwarna ungu, putih, merah muda, maupun biru. Bunga telang banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai obat tradisional sebab memberikan banyak manfaat bagi kesehatan manusia. Selain itu, bunga telang juga sering diaplikasikan pada produk pangan sebagai pewarna alami. Bunga telang kaya akan komponen-komponen bioaktif, seperti flavonoid, tannin, dan antosianin. Potensi bunga telang sebagai zat anti bakteri disebabkan oleh keberadaan komponen bioaktif pada bunga telang yang memiliki kemampuan untuk menghambat aktivitas biologis mikroorganisme. Ekstrak bunga telang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri Klebsiella pneumonia, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas formicans, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, dan Proteus vulgaris. Ekstraksi bunga telang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode maserasi. Metode maserasi mampu menghindari kerusakan senyawa-senyawa termolabil karena dilakukan pada temperatur rendah. Potensi bunga telang sebagai zat antimikroba banyak diterapkan di bidang pangan, baik dalam bentuk penambahan ekstrak pada produk pangan maupun mikrokapsul antosianin.

Anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa) merupakan salah satu jenis tumbuhan yang bermanfaat untuk pengobatan terapi, anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa) mengandung senyawa kimia yang berfungsi sebagai antibakteri seperti alkaloid, flavanoid, tanin, saponin dan steroid. Antibakteri adalah zat yang menghambat dan membunuh. Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus merupakan bakteri gram positif yang menyebabkan infeksi bernanah pada kulit manusia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian experimental laboratorium. Penelitian menggunakan ekstrak kental etanol 70% anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa), variasi konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu 20%, 40%, 60%, dan 80%, untuk kontrol negatif menggunakan aquades dan untuk kontrol positif menggunakan cloramphenicol. Pada pengujian antibakteri ekstrak etanol 70% anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus menunjukan bahwa pada konsentrasi 80% dan 60% sensitif untuk menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dengan diameter zona hambat sebesar 32 mm dan 29 mm, sedangkan konsentrasi 20% dan 40% intermedian menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri dengan diameter zona hambat 24 mm dan 26 mm. Kontrol negatif tidak terjadi aktifitas antibakteri dan tidak memiliki diameter zona hambat, kontrol positif mempunyai diameter zona hambat yaitu sebesar 30 mm. Dari hasil tersebut maka anggur laut (Caulerpa racemosa)berfungsi sebagai antibakteri.

Tanaman obat merupakan tanaman yang sangat popular yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan baku obat tradisional dan jamu, yang bila dikonsumsi akan meningkatkan kekebalan tubuh (immune system). Salah satu jenis tanaman yang berkhasiat obat adalah tanaman pepaya, mulai dari daun, buah hingga bijinya. Salah satu bagian dari pepaya yang ternyata juga memiliki khasiat sebagai bahan obat adalah kulit dari buah pepaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang ada di dalam kulit buah pepaya (carica papaya L.) Serta mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstral etanol kulit buah pepaya (carica papaya L.) Terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus aureus. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode maserasi selama 3 hari dan remaserasi selama 1 hari dengan pelarut etanol 96%. Jenis penelitian ini adalah eksperimental laboratorium. Metode difusi agar sumuran digunakan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit buah pepaya (carica papaya L.) Larutan dibuat dengan variasi konsentrasi yaitu 50% 100% dan 150% dalam b/v dengan kontrol positif kloramfenikol dan kontrol negatif aquadest. Pengamatan yang dilakukan untuk uji skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol kulit buah pepaya asal Desa Negeri Lima mengandung senyawa tanin, alkaloid dan saponin. Hasil uji antibakteri ekstrak etanol kulit buah pepaya memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Staphylococcus aureus pada konsentrasi 50% sampai dengan 150% dengan rata-rata diameter zona hambat 16,00 mm sampai dengan 21,50 mm dengan kategori kuat hingga sangat kuat. Hal ini menunjukan bahwa ekstrak kulit buah pepaya (carica papaya L.) Mempunyai pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri Staphylococcus aureus.

The tapak dara plant is known as an ornamental plant that is efficacious for relieving muscle pain , antidepressant , medicine for various diseases ( ie relieving swelling caused by wasp stings , nosebleeds and sore throats ), antidote , antibacterial , and lowering blood pressure in humans . Purpose of   Research of this is to identify the content of the chemical from the leaves of tread virgin ( Catharantus roseus ), which serves as an antibacterial and to test the activity of antibacterial extract ethanol leaves tread virgin ( Catharantus roseus ) against the growth of bacteria Staphylococcus aureus by using the method of diffusion in order. Method which are used in research this is experimental by using the method of diffusion in order. This study used concentrations of 5%, 20%, 60%, and 80%. Positive control (+) chloramphenicol antibiotic , negative control (-) aquadest . Results of the study is the extract of leaves of Tread Dara ( Catharantus roseus ) can inhibit the growth of bacteria in a concentration of 80% by having an average zone of inhibition of which is 21 mm including the category is very strong and the concentration of 60% at 20 mm.

This study aims to determine the effect of Lactobacillus casei and Ambon banana flour on the viability of lactic acid bacteria and inhibition of pathogens in yogurt. The studies used the Randomized Block Design (RBD) 2 factor, starter type and ambon banana flour concentration. The starters type consisting of Streptococcus thermophillus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus; S. thermophilus, L. bulgaricus and L. casei.  The banana flour concentration consisting of 0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5 and 10%. Analyzed used one-way ANOVA and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Variables observed including the viability of lactic acid bacteria, inhibition of pathogen (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus), and yogurt preference. The results showed that the addition of L. casei to yogurt cultures decreased the viability of lactic acid bacteria and inhibition of E. coli but increased inhibition of S. aureus. Increasing the concentration of banana flour causes increased viability of lactic acid bacteria, inhibiting against E. coli and S. aureus. The highest lactic acid bacteria viability has resulted in 10% banana flour concentration. Yogurt without the addition of banana flour cannot inhibit E. coli and S. aureus. Increasing the concentration of banana flour added to yogurt causes a decrease in preference.