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Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah (UMKM) merupakan sektor penting dalam perekonomian Kabupaten Sidoarjo dengan jumlah mencapai 171.264 unit usaha pada tahun 2023. Sebagian besar pelaku UMKM masih menghadapi kendala berupa keterbatasan akses pembiayaan formal, rendahnya literasi keuangan, serta minimnya pendampingan usaha. Pemerintah Kabupaten Sidoarjo menginisiasi Program KURDA SAYANG melalui Peraturan Bupati Nomor 8 Tahun 2025 yang dilaksanakan bersama BPR Delta Artha. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis implementasi Program KURDA SAYANG menggunakan teori implementasi kebijakan Charles O. Jones yang meliputi aspek organisasi, interpretasi, dan aplikasi. Metode kualitatif deskriptif digunakan dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aspek organisasi didukung struktur kelembagaan yang cukup jelas, meskipun koordinasi dan sinkronisasi data UMKM belum optimal. Dari aspek interpretasi, regulasi program berkembang dari Perbup No. 95/2020, No. 52/2023, hingga No. 8/2025, namun masih terdapat perbedaan pemahaman kriteria penerima dan sosialisasi yang belum merata. Pada aspek aplikasi, program memberikan dampak positif terhadap kapasitas usaha, perluasan pasar, dan pertumbuhan omzet UMKM, dengan kendala kredit macet, minimnya pendampingan pascapencairan, dan monitoring berbasis dampak yang belum optimal.

ABSTRAK Perkembangan tata kelola digital di Indonesia mendorong berbagai instansi pemerintah, termasuk rumah tahanan negara (rutan), untuk mentransformasi sistem pelayanan publiknya melalui aplikasi berbasis digital. Rutan Kelas I Surabaya menginisiasi aplikasi RUSABAYA sebagai platform digital terintegrasi untuk mengelola pelayanan kunjungan tatap muka warga binaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis optimalisasi aplikasi RUSABAYA dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kunjungan warga binaan, mengidentifikasi hambatan implementasi di lapangan, serta merumuskan rekomendasi strategis perbaikan layanan. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif melalui observasi partisipatif selama kegiatan magang, wawancara terbatas dengan petugas dan pengunjung, serta studi dokumentasi, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa RUSABAYA telah berkontribusi signifikan dalam meningkatkan efisiensi administrasi, transparansi, dan ketertiban pelayanan kunjungan. Aplikasi ini memungkinkan pendaftaran kunjungan secara daring, pengelolaan antrean digital melalui tiket berbasis kode QR, penjadwalan berbasis sesi dengan kuota 80 orang per sesi, serta fitur riwayat kunjungan yang lengkap. Namun, dua hambatan kritis teridentifikasi: aplikasi tidak tersedia di platform distribusi populer seperti Google Play Store dan Apple App Store, serta sosialisasi penggunaan aplikasi kepada masyarakat belum optimal sebagaimana tercermin dari ketiadaan petunjuk penggunaan di loket pelayanan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa efektivitas digitalisasi pelayanan publik tidak semata-mata ditentukan oleh kualitas teknis sistem, tetapi juga oleh aksesibilitas, dukungan literasi digital, dan komitmen institusional terhadap pelayanan yang inklusif.

Pengelolaan keuangan desa yang bersifat transparan dan akuntabel adalah salah satu prinsip utama untuk mewujudkan pemerintahan desa yang baik. Perkembangan teknologi digital mendorong pemerintah desa agar menggunakan teknologi informasi dalam mengelola dan mempublikasikan keuangan desa dengan menerapkan Sistem Keuangan Desa atau SISKEUDES. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji seberapa efektif implementasi SISKEUDES dalam mendukung transparansi APBDes melalui media digital di Desa Rahayu, Kecamatan Soko, Kabupaten Tuban. Dalam penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang meliputi wawancara semi terstruktur, observasi, dokumentasi, serta analisis isi terhadap media informasi digital desa. Narasumber dalam penelitian ini adalah Sekretaris Desa dan operator SISKEUDES di Desa Rahayu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi SISKEUDES di Desa Rahayu telah berkontribusi pada peningkatan efisiensi pengelolaan keuangan desa, mempercepat proses administrasi dan pelaporan, serta mendukung transparansi informasi publik melalui website desa, media sosial, banner APBDes, dan papan informasi pembangunan desa. Dalam penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa digitalisasi pengelolaan keuangan desa tidak hanya berfungsi untuk alat administrasi, tetapi juga bagian dari transformasi digital dalam pemerintahan di tingkat desa. Namun, implementasi transparansi digital masih menghadapi beberapa tantangan seperti keterbatasan kemampuan sumber daya manusia dan partisipasi masyarakat yang rendah dalam komunikasi publik secara digital di desa. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa efektivitas implementasi SISKEUDES dipengaruhi oleh kemampuan pemerintahan desa dalam menggabungkan sistem administrasi keuangan dengan media komunikasi publik yang berbasis digital.

Program Makanan Bergizi Gratis (MBG) diperkenalkan pada 6 Januari 2025 melalui Peraturan Presiden No. 83 Tahun 2024, menjadi salah satu inisiatif sosial terbesar di Indonesia dengan dana sebesar Rp71 triliun dan memperkirakan 82,9 juta penerima manfaat. Pengelolaannya ditangani oleh Badan Gizi Nasional (BGN) melalui SPPG. Studi ini menganalisis pemanfaatan TikTok sebagai alat transparansi dalam manajemen SOP MBG untuk meningkatkan akuntabilitas publik dalam konteks hubungan keuangan antara pusat dan daerah melalui DAK Nonfisik. Penelitian ini menerapkan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, melibatkan analisis dokumen dan konten publik di TikTok. Sumber data terdiri dari dokumen resmi BGN, Juknis No. 401.1 Tahun 2026, laporan dari ICW dan CISDI, akun TikTok SPPG, serta penelitian akademik. Validitas ditentukan melalui triangulasi serta analisis perbandingan. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa TikTok SPPG berperan dalam tiga dimensi transparansi: verifikasi di tingkat pusat, pengawasan lokal, dan akuntabilitas publik di tingkat nasional. Namun, ada empat tantangan utama, yaitu kurangnya konsistensi konten di berbagai akun SPPG, ketimpangan digital di daerah 3T, ketiadaan mekanisme tindak lanjut resmi, dan potensi kriminalisasi partisipasi masyarakat. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan model optimalisasi yang mencakup standardisasi konten, perlindungan partisipasi masyarakat, serta integrasi dengan sistem pengawasan resmi untuk memperkuat transparansi dan akuntabilitas MBG dengan pendekatan digital.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Ngombakan Village, Polokarto District, Sukoharjo Regency. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) are known as a superfood plant with nutritional content far exceeding conventional food ingredients, including protein, vitamin A, calcium, potassium, iron, and vitamin C, making them highly potential as a functional food for stunting prevention. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge of mothers at the Posyandu of Ngombakan Village about stunting and the benefits of moringa leaves, while also introducing the innovation of moringa leaf pudding as a nutritious supplementary food for toddlers. The activity was carried out from August 13 to September 6, 2024 through 6 meetings at the posyandu using lecture methods, leaflet distribution, and pudding-making demonstrations. The results showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge about stunting and the nutritional content of moringa leaves, as well as positive enthusiasm from participants in accepting moringa leaf pudding as an affordable and nutritious supplementary food alternative for toddlers.

This study aims to examine the effect of Social Media Brand Engagement, Brand Trust, and Customer Satisfaction on Nescafé Brand Loyalty. A quantitative approach was employed using a explanatory research. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to Nescafé consumers and analyzed using multiple linear regression with SPSS. The results indicate that Social Media Brand Engagement has a positive and significant effect on Nescafé Brand Loyalty, with a significance value of 0.001 (< 0.05). Customer Satisfaction also has a positive and significant effect on Nescafé Brand Loyalty, with a significance value of 0.001 (< 0.05). In contrast, Brand Trust does not have a significant effect on Nescafé Brand Loyalty, as indicated by a significance value of 0.506 (> 0.05). The coefficient of determination (R²) shows that Social Media Brand Engagement, Brand Trust, and Customer Satisfaction explain 61.2% of the variation in Nescafé Brand Loyalty, while the remaining 38.8% is influenced by other factors not included in this study. The findings suggest that consumer engagement on social media and customer satisfaction play important roles in strengthening brand loyalty toward Nescafé. Therefore, companies should focus on improving social media engagement strategies and maintaining customer satisfaction to enhance consumer loyalty.

This study examines the social and moral values contained in the Indonesian film Jumbo and their relevance as teaching materials for writing drama texts for eleventh-grade senior high school students. The background of this research is the need for contextual and value-based learning resources to support students’ drama writing skills. This study aims to identify social and moral values in the film and explain their applicability in drama writing instruction. A qualitative descriptive method with a literary analysis approach was employed. The data consist of dialogues, scenes, and conflicts in the film, collected through observation and documentation techniques. The findings reveal eighteen data of social values and twelve data of moral values, reflected through character interactions and ethical choices. These values are relevant for developing conflicts, characters, and messages in drama texts. This study concludes that Jumbo can serve as an effective and meaningful teaching material to enhance students’ drama writing skills and support character education.

Social media is a platform for obtaining information, entertainment, and real-time communication. One of the platforms widely used in business activities is Instagram due to its ease of use and effectiveness as a promotional medium. However, the use of social media needs to be supported by appropriate visual element management to attract attention and build consumer trust. This study aims to analyze the relationship between visual elements in content, brand identity formation, and their influence on consumer perception. The method used is qualitative, involving observation, interviews, and questionnaires distributed to 124 respondents. The results show that before the redesign, Kopi Kutjur's content lacked visual consistency. After implementing consistent visual elements such as color palette, typography, supergraphics, and layout, the content becomes more structured and develops a clearer brand identity.  Keywords: Instagram, Visual Elements , Brand Identity, Digital Promotion, Local  Cofee  

The development of digital technology has encouraged the use of social media as an efficient promotional tool for businesses, particularly micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). One type of content frequently used is video, as it can convey messages visually and engage audiences. However, inadequate content design can lead to low engagement rates on social media. This study aims to design social media-based video content to increase engagement at the Jilbab Ansania Semarang business. The method used in this research is Research and Development (R&D) with a Design and Development (D&D) approach, which includes the stages of needs analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review. The research results show that videos tailored to the target audience and social media platform can increase engagement. This is evident in the increase in likes, comments, shares, and views. Therefore, creating video content focused on social media has proven effective as a digital promotional tool to increase engagement for the Jilbab Ansania Semarang business.

Kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial merupakan instrumen strategis pemerintah dalam meningkatkan taraf hidup masyarakat serta mengurangi kesenjangan sosial melalui distribusi bantuan publik. Namun demikian, dalam praktik implementasinya di tingkat lokal, kebijakan ini kerap menghadapi berbagai persoalan, terutama terkait ketepatan sasaran, transparansi, dan keadilan distribusi bantuan. Fenomena tersebut juga terlihat di Desa Ladogahar, Kecamatan Nita, Kabupaten Sikka, di mana masih ditemukan indikasi ketimpangan dalam penyaluran bantuan kepada masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implementasi kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial dan ketimpangan distribusi bantuan publik dengan menggunakan tinjauan teori keadilan, khususnya keadilan distributif. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi pustaka dan penelitian lapangan. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam dengan aparat desa dan masyarakat penerima bantuan, serta dokumentasi terkait kebijakan yang berlaku. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan kesejahteraan sosial di Desa Ladogahar belum sepenuhnya berjalan secara optimal, ditandai oleh lemahnya validitas data penerima, adanya pengaruh kedekatan sosial dalam penentuan penerima manfaat, serta kurangnya transparansi dalam proses distribusi. Dalam perspektif teori keadilan, kondisi ini mencerminkan belum terpenuhinya prinsip keadilan distributif yang menekankan pemerataan dan keberpihakan kepada kelompok masyarakat yang paling membutuhkan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan upaya perbaikan melalui peningkatan akuntabilitas, transparansi, dan partisipasi masyarakat guna mewujudkan distribusi bantuan publik yang lebih adil dan merata.

This article examines the relationship between Islam and the local traditions of the Minangkabau community in West Sumatra, Indonesia. The focus covers three main issues: the historical process of Islamization, the philosophy of Adat Basandi Syarak, Syarak Basandi Kitabullah (ABS-SBK), and the coexistence of the matrilineal kinship system with Islamic inheritance law. Using a qualitative approach through systematic literature review of peer-reviewed journals published between 2020 and 2025, the study synthesizes findings from multiple academic sources. The results reveal that Islam entered Minangkabau gradually through trade and the surau educational institution, rather than through forced conversion. The resulting ABS-SBK philosophy meaning customary law is grounded in Islamic law, which is grounded in the Quran serves as a comprehensive life guide integrating religious norms with adat practices. The matrilineal inheritance system (pusaka tinggi) coexists with Islamic inheritance law (faraid) through a functional distinction: communal ancestral property follows adat, while individually acquired property follows Islamic law. Contemporary challenges such as globalization, urbanization, and weakened institutional roles of adat leaders threaten the vitality of ABS-SBK, though cultural revitalization efforts show promising resilience. This study concludes that Minangkabau represents a unique model of Islam-culture integration in the Indonesian archipelago.

The achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in Indonesia continues to face various challenges, particularly those related to poverty, social inequality, and increasing environmental degradation caused by climate change. These conditions highlight the need for an instrument capable of integrating social welfare objectives with environmental sustainability. This article aims to analyze the role of green zakat as an Islamic social finance instrument in supporting the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The study employs a descriptive qualitative approach using a library research method through the collection and analysis of various sources, including academic journals, books, official reports, and other relevant documents related to zakat, Islamic social finance, green economy, and sustainable development. The findings indicate that green zakat has significant potential to support the achievement of the SDGs through environmentally based economic empowerment programs, such as sustainable agriculture, reforestation, waste management, and the development of eco-friendly businesses for vulnerable communities. In addition to contributing to poverty alleviation, green zakat can support climate change mitigation efforts and environmental conservation in line with the principles of maqashid sharia. However, its implementation still faces several challenges, including limited public literacy, inadequate regulatory support, and suboptimal governance of environmental-based programs. Therefore, stronger collaboration among government institutions, zakat management organizations, and society is needed to develop a more effective green zakat model. Future studies are recommended to conduct empirical research to measure the impact of green zakat implementation on specific and measurable SDG indicators.

Integrasi keilmuan Islam merupakan konsep fundamental untuk menghadapi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan pada era kontemporer. Perkembangan sains dan teknologi yang semakin maju mampu menghubungkan dua ilmu yang berbeda, yakni ilmu agama dan ilmu umum yang saling melengkapi dan tidak bertentangan satu sama lain. Permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengertian, unsur-unsur, manfaat integrasi ilmu dalam konsep berpikir menurut perspektif Islam, konsep akal dalam perspektif Al-Qur’an, dan kesalahan berpikir manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengertian integrasi ilmu, menganalisis unsur-unsur yang membentuknya, menelaah manfaat integrasi ilmu, memganalisis konsep akal dalam perspektif Al-Qur’an, dan memahami kesalahan berpikir manusia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskripsi dengan pendekatan studi pustaka melalui analisis berbagai sumber yang kredibel dan relevan terkait topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Islam memandang ilmu agama dan ilmu umum sebagai satu kesatuan utuh yang saling berkaitan dan berperan penting dalam kehidupan manusia sehari-hari. Globalisasi abad ke-21 mengalami perubahan signifikan dari segi sosial, budaya, dan teknologi, sehingga sektor pendidikan harus beradaptasi. Pendidikan tidak hanya bertujuan sebagai wadah ilmu melainkan menjadi pondasi utama dalam membentuk karakter, kreativitas, dan pola pikir seseorang agar dapat bersaing dalam lingkup global. Teknologi yang semakin berkembang berdampak pada pembentukan pola pikir masyarakat. Konsep unity of knowledge juga menekankan bahwa seluruh cabang ilmu berasal dari sumber yang sama tanpa dikotomi antara ilmu agama dan ilmu umum. Integrasi ilmu juga dibangun melalui dua unsur utama, yaitu landasan filosofis yang berperan dalam pembentukan pola pikir dan strategi implementasi yang berperan dalam pembentukan pendidikan dan kehidupan bermasyarakat. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah penerapan integrasi ilmu memberikan dampak positif untuk pemecahan masalah, memperkuat nilai moral dan etika, meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan, serta membentuk keseimbangan antara spiritual dan intelektual setiap individu.

Sukabanjar Village is one of the villages striving to improve basic infrastructure quality, particularly in drainage construction and road repair. However, limited understanding among village officials and communities regarding standardized construction cost estimation methods, specifically the Unit Price Work Analysis (AHSP), has become an obstacle in preparing accurate and efficient Budget Plans (RAB). This community service program (PKM) aims to improve the understanding of village officials, village hall staff, and Sukabanjar Village community regarding AHSP-based construction cost estimation planning as the standard reference for construction work cost calculation in Indonesia. The program involved socialization and training for 20 participants, consisting of village officials (RW/RT), village hall staff, and general public, introducing the basic concepts of AHSP, RAB component elements, and simple simulations of drainage and road work cost calculations. Evaluation was conducted through pre- and post-tests. The results of the activity showed a very significant improvement in participants' understanding. The average pre-test score was 42, which then increased to 75 in the post-test, reflecting an increase of 33 points (78.6%). In conclusion, the AHSP-based cost estimation planning socialization was effective in improving the village community's understanding of construction infrastructure budget management, although continued mentoring is still needed for optimal and sustainable implementation.

The development of digital technology encourages companies to utilize social media as a digital marketing tool in supporting communication and business service marketing activities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of social media as a digital marketing tool in the Business Services Division of Telkom Bogor and to identify the forms of interaction and audience engagement through social media. This study used a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data collection techniques were conducted through observation, semi-structured interviews, and literature studies. The research informants consisted of internal parties involved in managing the company’s social media and followers of the company’s social media accounts as audience representatives. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis techniques. The results showed that social media is utilized as a promotional tool, a medium for delivering service information, increasing Brand awareness, and strengthening relationships with customers. The social media platforms used include Instagram, TikTok, YouTube, Facebook, LinkedIn, and WhatsApp Business, each having different communication functions according to audience characteristics. The implementation of social media is carried out through the stages of content planning, content creation, content publishing, audience engagement, and evaluation and reporting. The findings also indicate that visual content quality, information relevance, and publication consistency influence audience engagement with the company’s social media. Overall, social media is considered effective in supporting the company’s digital marketing activities through interactive digital communication based on audience needs.

Identity politics has become one of the most debated concepts in contemporary democratic discourse, yet its conceptual boundaries remain poorly defined in both academic and public conversations. This paper argues that three commonly conflated terms political identity, identity politics, and the politicization of identity carry fundamentally distinct meanings with divergent normative and practical consequences. Through a conceptual literature review, this study synthesizes theoretical frameworks and empirical findings to demonstrate that while political identity refers to an individual's self-positioning within a political community, and identity politics denotes collective action by marginalized groups seeking recognition, the politicization of identity is an elite-driven strategy of exploiting social group markers for political gain. This distinction matters because the conflation of these terms obscures how digital platforms  through filter bubble and echo chamber mechanisms  amplify identity-based polarization in Indonesia and beyond. The study finds that social media algorithms do not merely reflect pre-existing social divisions but actively intensify affective polarization by constructing homogeneous information environments that deepen inter-group animosity. The paper concludes with implications for digital citizenship and democratic resilience in Indonesia.

The development of the internet and social media has encouraged e-commerce companies to utilize digital platforms as a marketing tool, one of which is Shopee through TikTok social media. The high frequency of digital advertising is thought to influence consumer attitudes, especially among Generation Z as active TikTok users. To determine the impact of Shopee's digital advertising frequency on consumer attitudes using promotions as a mediating variable on Generation Z TikTok social media users in Tasikmalaya, this study employed quantitative, descriptive, and verification techniques. A total of 100 respondents were sampled using purposive sampling techniques. An online questionnaire with a Likert scale of 1 to 5 was used to collect research data. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling-Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) with the help of SmartPLS 4. The results showed that advertising frequency significantly and positively influenced consumer attitudes and promotions. In addition, promotions can mediate the effect of advertising frequency on consumer attitudes and have a beneficial and significant impact. These results indicate that consumer opinions towards Shopee will be more positive if advertisements are displayed more frequently and supported by appropriate promotions. This study serves as an academic reference and information source for businesses seeking to optimize social media-based digital marketing strategies.

The development of digital technology has transformed public relations practices from conventional communication models to digital-based communication. Digital Public Relations (Digital PR) enables organizations to build more interactive, rapid, and transparent relationships with their publics through social media, websites, and various digital platforms. This study aims to analyze the role of Digital Public Relations in building organizational image in the social media era. The research employs a literature review method by examining various national journal articles related to Digital PR and Cyber Public Relations. The findings indicate that Digital PR significantly contributes to enhancing organizational image through two-way communication, online reputation management, increased audience engagement, and more effective information dissemination. Social media serves as the primary instrument of Digital PR implementation because it facilitates participatory relationships between organizations and their publics. However, challenges such as digital reputation crises, the spread of negative information, and the demand for rapid responses remain critical issues that must be strategically managed by public relations practitioners. Therefore, effective Digital PR strategies are essential to maintain organizational reputation and strengthen public trust in the digital era.

This study aims to identify and analyze the logical fallacies that arise in public conversations about environmental issues and natural resource management on Indonesian social media using a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through scraping techniques using the Python programming language and subsequently analyzed using an informal logic framework to identify various forms of fallacious reasoning. The findings reveal the presence of multiple fallacies that substantially influence public understanding of causal relationships within environmental dynamics. These fallacies contribute to oversimplification, shifts in attention away from scientific evidence, and the emergence of distorted perceptions regarding structural factors in spatial planning and natural resource governance. This study contributes to environmental communication scholarship by emphasizing the importance of critical thinking literacy in improving the quality of public deliberation and supporting the formulation of evidence-based environmental policies.

This study is motivated by the rapid proliferation of hadith dissemination in the digital era, which has Living hadith in a socio-cultural context is a contemporary approach in hadith studies that emphasizes how the traditions of Prophet Muhammad SAW are practiced, internalized, and brought to life within society. This study does not only focus on textual aspects such as sanad (chain of transmission) and matn (text), but also on its practical manifestations in the form of traditions, rituals, and local culture. This paper aims to analyze the epistemology of living hadith, examine the theoretical frameworks utilized, and observe its relevance in modern society, particularly within Muslim communities. The research method employed is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach based on a literature review. The findings indicate that living hadith serves as a bridge between normative texts and dynamic empirical reality. In practice, living hadith manifests in oral traditions such as lectures and religious advice, written traditions like hadith calligraphy, and practical traditions like tahlilan and grave visitation (ziarah kubur). Thus, living hadith allows Islamic teachings to remain contextual, adaptive, and relevant in facing modern socio-cultural transformations.