Publication Search

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) merupakan penyakit metabolik kronis yang ditandai oleh hiperglikemia akibat resistensi insulin dan gangguan sekresi insulin. Kondisi hiperglikemia yang tidak terkontrol dalam jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi kronis, seperti neuropati diabetik, penyakit kardiovaskular, dan penyakit ginjal kronis hingga end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Komplikasi tersebut berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan angka morbiditas, mortalitas, serta penurunan kualitas hidup pasien. Laporan kasus ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan manifestasi klinis dan penatalaksanaan pasien DMT2 tidak terkontrol dengan komplikasi multisistem. Dilaporkan seorang wanita berusia 52 tahun dengan riwayat DMT2 tidak terkontrol yang datang dengan keluhan lemas, mual, dan muntah. Pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan hiperglikemia berat dengan kadar glukosa darah sewaktu 650 mg/dL, disertai gangguan fungsi ginjal, anemia, dan gangguan elektrolit. Pemeriksaan ultrasonografi abdomen menunjukkan adanya kolesistitis. Pasien didiagnosis dengan DMT2 tidak terkontrol disertai komplikasi hiperglikemia berat, neuropati diabetik, end-stage chronic kidney disease, dan kolesistitis. Penatalaksanaan dilakukan melalui pemberian terapi cairan, insulin, antibiotik, koreksi elektrolit, serta terapi suportif lainnya. Selama perawatan, kondisi klinis pasien menunjukkan perbaikan secara bertahap. Kasus ini menegaskan bahwa pengendalian glikemik yang optimal, pemantauan rutin, serta penatalaksanaan komprehensif sangat penting dalam mencegah progresivitas komplikasi kronis dan multisistem pada pasien DMT2.

Students’ low critical thinking skills in mathematics remain a persistent issue, largely due to teacher-centered instructional practices that limit student participation and hinder deep conceptual understanding. To address this problem, a more engaging learning approach is required, such as the Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) cooperative learning model. This study aims to examine whether students taught using the STAD model demonstrate higher critical thinking abilities than those taught through direct instruction in social arithmetic topics. The research employed an experimental method with a quantitative approach, using a posttest-only control group design. The sample consisted of two classes: an experimental group and a control group. Data were collected through essay-based tests designed to measure students’ critical thinking skills. The analysis involved prerequisite testing and hypothesis testing using an independent sample t-test. The findings revealed that the calculated t-value (2.033) exceeded the t-table value (2.00958) at a 0.05 significance level, indicating a significant difference. Therefore, the STAD model proves more effective in enhancing students’ critical thinking skills.

Low-rank coal generally has a high moisture content, which results in a low calorific value and suboptimal quality for utilization as an energy source. One method that can be applied to improve coal quality is the Upgrading Brown Coal (UBC) process, which functions to reduce moisture content and increase fixed carbon value. This study aims to analyze the effect of heating time and the ratio of used oil composition on improving coal quality based on proximate parameters. The research method includes collecting coal samples from four locations in Samarinda and its surrounding areas, namely SMAN 1 Samarinda, Bhineka Street, Palaran Stadium, and Tani Bakti Village. The samples were analyzed using proximate analysis, including inherent moisture (IM), ash content (AC), volatile matter (VM), and fixed carbon (FC), both before and after the UBC process. The upgrading process was carried out with variations in heating time and used oil composition as a coating medium to enhance coal stability and prevent moisture reabsorption. The final results of the upgrading process showed the best values of inherent moisture at 13.64%, ash content at 4.66%, volatile matter at 55.06%, and fixed carbon at 44.94%. The results indicate that the UBC process is capable of reducing inherent moisture and increasing fixed carbon, thereby improving coal quality. Variations in heating time and used oil composition have a significant effect on changes in proximate parameters. Longer heating time and an appropriate ratio of used oil composition result in a more optimal improvement in coal quality.

The University of North Sumatra Mini Stadium is a sports complex covering an area of 6.4 hectares. This facility is located on Jalan Almamater, Padang Bulan, Medan Baru, Medan City, North Sumatra. Various sports activities are facilitated in this area, including volleyball, basketball, tennis, table tennis, taekwondo, rock climbing, archery, and soccer, all of which are integral parts of the facilities and infrastructure available at the Mini Stadium. In addition to the main stadium, the University of North Sumatra Mini Stadium complex is equipped with various supporting buildings and fields. These facilities serve as a means for developing and channeling students’ interests and athletic talents, as well as a public space that can be utilized by the people of Medan City for sports activities. However, functionally, the University of North Sumatra Mini Stadium complex is considered suboptimal in effectively accommodating and supporting sports activities. The non-compliance of installations with applicable standards, as well as the condition of a number of facilities that no longer meet suitability criteria and tend to be neglected particularly the soccer field and its supporting facilities are the main problems at the University of North Sumatra Mini Stadium complex. Therefore, the redesign of the University of North Sumatra’s mini stadium, using a structural architecture approach as an aesthetic element, is expected to result in a building that is not only structurally sound but also aesthetically pleasing.

This study aims to improve students’ learning outcomes through the implementation of the cooperative learning model of Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) in the Pancasila Education subject for class VIII A at SMP Muhammadiyah Singaraja. This research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) design conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consisted of four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research subjects were 29 students of class VIII A. Data were collected using learning achievement tests and observation sheets. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative techniques to evaluate students’ academic progress during each cycle. The findings indicate that the implementation of the STAD learning model contributed positively to improving students’ learning outcomes, participation, and engagement in classroom activities. Therefore, the STAD cooperative learning model can be considered an effective instructional strategy for enhancing learning achievement in Pancasila Education.

The current research examines the effect of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model on Indonesian language outcomes among sixth-grade students at SD Negeri 106805 Manunggal. Operating within a quantitative framework, this quasi-experimental research utilized a non-equivalent control group design. The sample comprised 50 students, classified into a control group (23 students) and an experimental group (27 students). Data collection involved observations, documentation, alongside pretest and posttest scores. The 10-item essayThe instrument achieved a high level of reliability, with Cronbach’s Alpha coefficients of 0.700 on the pretest and 0.807 on the posttest. Diagnostic tests confirmed the data were normal and homogeneous. The experimental group achieved a substantial learning improvement of 42.04, significantly outperforming the control group's gain of 17.39. The independent sample t-test yielded a critical significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, confirming that the STAD model exerts a significant and positive influence on student’s indonesian language achievement.

Penyakit Ginjal Kronik (PGK) merupakan masalah kesehatan global dengan prevalensi yang terus meningkat dan berdampak besar terhadap kualitas hidup pasien. Hemodialisa sebagai terapi pengganti ginjal utama pada PGK stadium akhir tidak hanya membantu mempertahankan fungsi tubuh, tetapi juga menimbulkan berbagai tantangan fisik, psikologis, sosial, dan ekonomi yang dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup pasien. Beberapa faktor yang diduga berhubungan dengan kualitas hidup pasien hemodialisa meliputi beban ekonomi, tingkat kelelahan (fatigue), dan penyakit penyerta (comorbid). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien hemodialisa di RSUD dr. R. Soedjono Selong. Penelitian menggunakan desain deskriptif analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel berjumlah 112 pasien hemodialisa yang dipilih menggunakan purposive sampling. Beban ekonomi diukur menggunakan instrumen COST-FACIT, fatigue menggunakan FACIT-Fatigue Scale, kualitas hidup menggunakan WHOQOL-BREF, dan comorbid diperoleh melalui wawancara menggunakan lembar checklist. Analisis data dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat dengan uji korelasi Spearman rank. Sebagian besar responden memiliki kualitas hidup buruk (58,0%), beban ekonomi ringan (48,2%), fatigue sedang (32,1%), dan memiliki comorbid (67,9%). Terdapat hubungan signifikan antara fatigue dan kualitas hidup (p = 0,007; r = 0,255), sedangkan beban ekonomi dan comorbid tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan. Fatigue berhubungan signifikan dengan kualitas hidup pasien hemodialisa, sehingga pengelolaan fatigue diperlukan untuk meningkatkan kualitas hidup pasien.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan indeks massa tubuh (BMI) di kalangan siswa SMP Negeri 26 Makassar. Metode kuantitatif dengan desain cross-sectional digunakan. Penelitian ini melibatkan 30 siswa kelas satu yang dipilih melalui purposive sampling berdasarkan kriteria inklusi dan eksklusi. Kriteria inklusi adalah siswa berusia 12–15 tahun yang setuju untuk berpartisipasi, sedangkan kriteria eksklusi meliputi mereka yang memiliki kondisi medis yang memengaruhi berat badan, seperti gangguan endokrin. Data konsumsi makanan cepat saji dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner, sedangkan tinggi dan berat badan diukur dengan stadiometer dan timbangan digital untuk menghitung BMI. Analisis statistik dilakukan untuk menguji korelasi antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan kategori BMI (kurang berat badan, normal, kelebihan berat badan, obesitas). Hasil menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi makanan cepat saji dan BMI (p = 0,795, p > 0,05), menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi makanan cepat saji tidak berhubungan langsung dengan status BMI. Meskipun demikian, faktor lain seperti aktivitas fisik, kebiasaan makan secara keseluruhan, genetika, dan gaya hidup dapat memengaruhi variasi BMI. Meskipun tidak ada korelasi langsung, konsumsi makanan cepat saji yang berlebihan tetap menjadi perhatian karena kandungan kalori, lemak, gula, dan natriumnya yang tinggi dikombinasikan dengan kadar serat yang rendah, yang berpotensi menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan nutrisi jika dikombinasikan dengan perilaku tidak sehat. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya pencegahan obesitas dini pada remaja untuk mengurangi risiko penyakit kronis di masa depan seperti diabetes tipe 2, hipertensi, dan gangguan kardiovaskular.

The learning orientation is adjusted to the main objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which direct students to solve problems scientifically through critical thinking. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of  the Remap STAD learning model  on the empowerment of students' critical thinking skills. This study is a type of experimental quasy research  and uses a non-equivalent pretest-posttest control group design. The population is all students of class XI SCIENCE SMAN 2 Barru totaling 234 students. A sample of 102 students was selected based on an equivalence test to determine experimental classes, positive controls, and negative controls. The instrument used the essay test was in accordance with the Critical Thinking skill indicator and the results were analyzed using the one-path anakova test. The results of the study show that the Remap  learning model is effective in empowering students' critical thinking skills

Diabetes Mellitus often causes disorders in other organs, one of which is kidney disorders, commonly known as Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetic Nephropathy (DN) is a chronic microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus, which is the main cause of end-stage kidney disease. Decreased hemoglobin (Hb) levels, or anemia, are very common clinical manifestations found in patients with this impaired kidney function. Pathophysiologically, the decrease in hemoglobin in DN patients is multifactorial, involving absolute or relative erythropoietin (EPO) deficiency due to damage to renal peritubular interstitial cells. As a result, there is a significant disruption of erythropoiesis, which can disrupt the process of red blood cell maturation in the hematopoiesis process. Monitoring hemoglobin levels is a crucial parameter because anemia in this DN population often appears earlier and is more severe than in non-diabetic chronic kidney disease patients. Therefore, early identification of fluctuations in hemoglobin levels is crucial in clinical management to prevent worsening of the systemic condition of patients with Diabetic Nephropathy. This study aims to review Hemoglobin levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Based on Diabetic Nephropathy Stage in Anemia Screening. The method in this study used Descriptive Analytical with a sample of 47 respondents who met the inclusion criteria. The sampling and research location were conducted at Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo Hospital, Makassar. Hemoglobin measurements were measured using Sysmex Series XN-1000 with the Flowcytometry tool method. The results of the study found normal Hb levels (not anemic) in 25 respondents (53.20%), Mild Anemia in 6 respondents (12.80%), Moderate Anemia in 13 respondents (27.60%) and Severe Anemia in 3 respondents (6.40%). From these data, it is known that not all Diabetic Nephropathy patients in this study experienced Anemia.

Penyakit Ginjal Kronis (PGK) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan yang kritis karena bersifat progresif dan sering tidak menunjukkan gejala pada tahap awal, sehingga banyak pasien terdiagnosis pada stadium lanjut. Di Kota Jayapura, jumlah kasus PGK terus meningkat akibat hipertensi, diabetes, serta keterbatasan akses layanan deteksi dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan membangun model prediksi PGK menggunakan algoritma Naïve Bayes serta menganalisis keterkaitan variabel klinis yang berpengaruh terhadap PGK pada pasien di Jayapura. Penelitian mengikuti kerangka kerja Cross-Industry Standard Process for Data Mining (CRISP-DM), meliputi pemahaman bisnis, pemahaman data, persiapan data, pemodelan, evaluasi, dan deployment. Dataset yang digunakan terdiri dari 500 data pasien dengan 13 atribut medis, termasuk tekanan darah, glukosa darah, kreatinin serum, hemoglobin, albumin, dan kondisi urin. Seluruh data telah melalui tahap pembersihan sebelum pemodelan sehingga tidak memerlukan preprocessing lanjutan. Pemodelan dilakukan menggunakan RapidMiner, dan algoritma Naïve Bayes menghasilkan akurasi sebesar 94.40% dengan nilai precision dan recall tinggi pada kedua kelas PGK dan non-PGK. Hasil ini menunjukkan bahwa Naïve Bayes efektif dalam mengidentifikasi pola PGK pada data klinis lokal. Kontribusi utama penelitian ini adalah pemanfaatan data nyata dari pasien Kota Jayapura, sehingga menghasilkan model prediksi yang relevan secara regional serta memberikan pemahaman baru mengenai faktor medis yang dominan. Implikasi penelitian ini mencakup potensi integrasi model ke dalam sistem pendukung keputusan klinis maupun aplikasi monitoring kesehatan untuk mendukung deteksi dini PGK dan meningkatkan kualitas layanan kesehatan.

Model pembelajaran Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) merupakan salah satu bentuk pembelajaran kooperatif yang menekankan kerja sama dalam kelompok heterogen untuk mencapai tujuan belajar bersama. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menggambarkan implementasi model pembelajaran Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti (PAI-BP) di SMP N 1 Sampang Cilacap. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan fokus pada pemaparan mendalami mengenai proses penerapan model STAD dalam kegiatan belajar mengajar. Data diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data yang terkumpul diolah melalui tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, serta penarikan kesimpulan, dan keabsahan data diuji dengan menggunakan triangulasi teknik. Penelitian ini menghasilkan deskripsi sebagai berikut: penerapan model pembelajaran Student Teams Achievement Divisions (STAD) dalam pembelajaran PAI-BP di SMP N 1 Sampang Cilacap dilakukan melalui beberapa tahapan.Pada tahap perencanaan, guru menyiapkan perangkat pembelajaran seperti Rencana Pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP), membentuk kelompok belajar secara heterogen, serta menyiapkan instrumen evaluasi berupa kuis. Pada tahap pelaksanaan, guru menyampaikan materi, membimbing diskusi kelompok, memberikan kuis, serta memberikan penghargaan bagi kelompok yang memperoleh nilai terbaik. Sedangkan pada tahap evaluasi, guru melakukan penilaian baik secara individu maupun kelompok untuk mengukur pemahaman dan keaktifan siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran STAD mampu meningkatkan motivasi, kerja sama, tanggung jawab, dan keaktifan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran PAI-BP. Implikasi dari penelitian ini adalah penggunaan model STAD dapat menciptakan suasana belajar yang lebih aktif, interaktif dan menyenangkan sehingga pembelajaran PAI-BP menjadi lebih efektif dan bermakna.

This study explores the implementation of cooperative learning in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) lessons and its impact on developing social skills among primary school students at SD Kanisius Wonogiri. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were gathered through observations, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, focusing on two cooperative models: Team Game Tournament (TGT) and Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD). Findings show that TGT, through structured game rules, ice-breaking activities, ongoing feedback, and post-activity reflections, strengthened teamwork and active engagement. STAD fostered group accountability, peer support, and appreciation of diverse contributions. Across both models, teacher facilitation played a central role by providing scaffolding, modeling collaboration, and resolving group challenges. The use of learning aids and digital tools further enhanced participation and inclusivity. The discussion, grounded in Vygotsky’s social constructivism, highlights how peer interaction within structured group activities supports both cognitive and socio-emotional growth. The study emphasizes the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding as mechanisms enabling skill transfer beyond the sports context. In conclusion, integrating TGT and STAD into PJOK effectively cultivates communication, empathy, tolerance, responsibility, and leadership among students. The results underscore the dual function of PE as a platform for physical fitness and socio-emotional learning. Policy and practice should incorporate social skills assessment within PE curricula using holistic and diverse evaluation methods to support well-rounded student development

Match fixing is a serious issue in Indonesian football, as it undermines public trust and damages the sport’s reputation. This research aims to: (1) analyze the legal requirements for individuals involved in match fixing in Indonesian football competitions to receive sanctions from the Indonesian Football Association (PSSI) and criminal penalties from the court; and (2) examine the fairness of sanctions, particularly fines, imposed on football clubs involved in match fixing as stipulated in the PSSI disciplinary code. This study employs a doctrinal research method, focusing on written legal provisions and relying heavily on secondary data obtained from literature. The research also applies comparative, case, and statutory approaches. Legal materials are classified into primary, secondary, and tertiary sources, with data collected through literature study. The analysis uses a normative juridical method. Findings indicate that disciplinary sanctions by PSSI are regulated under Article 7, which stipulates that intentional or negligent disciplinary violations will result in sanctions without exception. Sanctions may include playing matches in closed stadiums or banning play in certain locations to maintain security and prevent riots, even without concrete evidence of disciplinary violations. In contrast, for a court to impose criminal penalties, several elements must be met: (1) the existence of a legal subject; (2) proof of fault; (3) unlawful conduct; (4) actions prohibited or mandated by law with specified penalties; and (5) occurrence in a specific time, place, and context. Regarding fines against football clubs involved in match fixing, the PSSI disciplinary code provides only administrative sanctions and monetary penalties paid to PSSI. These measures are considered less effective and fair because they lack provisions for criminal sanctions in the applicable legal framework, leaving a gap between sports governance and criminal law enforcement.

This research is motivated by the fact that the history learning process in schools is often considered boring and less relevant to students' lives. Initial observations at SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar showed that the dominant lecture method makes students less focused, tend to be passive, and learning outcomes are less than optimal. This condition demands learning innovations that can involve students actively and meaningfully. One alternative used is the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model. The focus of this research is to describe the application of the STAD model to improve the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students on the history of the arrival of Western nations to Indonesia. The research objectives include: (1) outlining the steps for implementing the STAD model, (2) identifying supporting and inhibiting factors, and (3) determining the impact of STAD implementation on improving student learning outcomes. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with a naturalistic approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects were eighth-grade students of SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar in the 2023/2024 academic year. The researcher was directly involved in the data collection and analysis process using triangulation techniques to ensure the validity of the findings. The research results show that the implementation of STAD can improve student learning outcomes. Students become more active, motivated, and have a better understanding of the material. The main supporting factors are solid teamwork and the teacher's active role in facilitating learning. Challenges faced include time constraints and students' initial adaptation to the new method. Overall, STAD has proven effective in creating a fun, interactive, and meaningful learning environment for students.

Lung adenocarcinoma is one of the most common types of lung cancer, especially in non-smoking women. This disease can develop progressively to cause complications such as pleural effusion and hydropneumothorax. Risk factors involved include exposure to secondhand smoke, air pollution, radon, and a history of previous tuberculosis. A 61-year-old woman came with complaints of right chest pain radiating to the back, shortness of breath, dry cough, weakness, and weight loss. The medical history showed that the patient had undergone chemotherapy for lung cancer and had a history of pulmonary tuberculosis that had been resolved. Supporting examinations such as CT-scan, bronchoscopy, and cytology showed a mass in the right lung inferior lobe and massive pleural effusion leading to a diagnosis of stage IVA right lung adenocarcinoma (T3N1M1A) complicated by hydropneumothorax. The patient underwent management in the form of chemotherapy, supportive therapy, and symptomatic care.

This study aimed to improve the English learning outcomes of 9B grade students at UPT SMP Negeri 28 Medan in the 2024/2025 academic year through the implementation of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) method. This research applied a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach conducted in two cycles. Data were collected through learning outcome tests administered in the pre-cycle, Cycle I, and Cycle II. The results showed that the STAD method improved students’ average scores from 67.125 in the pre-cycle to 73.75 in Cycle I, and further to 78.81 in Cycle II. The percentage of students achieving the Minimum Mastery Criteria (KKM) increased from 25% to 78.1%. The Wilcoxon test indicated a statistically significant difference in learning outcomes before and after the intervention. The findings suggest that the STAD method is an effective cooperative learning strategy to enhance students’ English performance and foster collaborative classroom skills. Nevertheless, teachers must consider individual differences within teams to ensure equitable learning experiences for all students.

Anthropometry is a direct technique for evaluatingnutritional status, especially protein and energy levels of the body. One of the efforts to develop competent and skilled cadres in anthropometric measurements is through training techniques. To determine the relationship between knowledge, role, motivation and length of service of Posyandu cadres towards the use of anthropometric tools at the Topo Health Center UPTD.Method:This type of research is observational analytic using Cross Sectional Study. The research sample amounted to 30 cadres from 3 active posyandu. Data analysis used the Statistical Program For Social Science (SPSS) version 16.0.Results:Chi Square Testshows that there is no relationship between cadre knowledge and the use of anthropometric tools based on the measurement of the foot scale and stadiometer (p-value> 0.05). There is a relationship between cadre knowledge and the use of anthropometric tools based on the measurement ofLiLa, infantometer, and head circumference (p-value <0.05). While the relationship between work period and the use of anthropometric tools and the relationship between motivation and the use of anthropometric tools is not related (p-value> 0.05). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between cadre knowledge and the use of anthropometric tools (measurement ofLiLa, infantometer, and head circumference). There is no significant relationship between work period and the use of anthropometric tools, as well as motivation and the use of anthropometric tools. Suggestion: it is hoped that cadre training will be held frequently and will be improved and more active in using anthropometric tools.

This study aims to analyze the nutritional status and dietary needs of students aged 7–10 years at SDN 3 Sesetan. Using a quantitative descriptive survey method, the research involved total sampling of all 86 second-grade students (40 boys and 46 girls). Data were collected using a stadiometer and weighing scale. Descriptive percentage analysis was used to interpret the data. The results showed that among the participants, 3 students (4%) were classified as severely obese, 2 students (2%) as mildly obese, 32 students (37%) had ideal nutritional status, and 49 students (57%) were underweight. The average daily calorie requirement was 1,935.50 kcal. Macronutrient analysis indicated an average daily requirement of 1,195.01 kcal from carbohydrates, 298.75 kcal from protein, and 497.92 kcal from fat. These findings reveal that a significant number of students have not yet reached optimal nutritional status. The variability in nutritional needs suggests the importance of attention and collaboration from both physical education (PJOK) teachers and parents to support students' health and development.  

Vocational high schools (SMK) play an important role in preparing students for the world of work. However, student learning outcomes in the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation at SMK Negeri 5 Kota Padang are still relatively low, with an average pretest score of 57.34. This study aims to test the effectiveness of the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model in improving student learning outcomes. The research method used was classroom action research with 32 students from class XI TITL as subjects. Data were collected through pre-tests, post-tests, and observations of student activities during learning. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of STAD successfully improved student learning outcomes significantly, with an average post-test score of 82.19 and an N-Gain Score of 0.58 (moderate category). Academic achievement also increased from 15.6% to 75%. Further analysis revealed that collaborative interactions within groups, the reward system, and active student participation were key factors contributing to the success of this method. However, challenges such as time management and low student engagement require attention. It is concluded that the STAD model is effective in improving students' learning outcomes in the subject of Electrical Lighting Installation, both in terms of cognitive aspects and social skills. Therefore, it is recommended that teachers implement STAD with proper syntax and consider developing supporting media such as digital simulations to optimize the learning process.