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Child violence cases in Jayapura City demonstrate a distinctive pattern of legal settlement characterised by the strong coexistence of customary law and the formal juvenile criminal justice system. While national legislation mandates diversion and restorative justice as primary mechanisms in handling children in conflict with the law, empirical findings reveal that most cases are resolved through indigenous customary forums known as para-para adat. This study aims to analyse the forms of settlement applied to child violence cases and to identify the constraints encountered in implementing both customary mechanisms and the formal juvenile justice system. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by combining statutory analysis with field data obtained from law enforcement institutions, legal aid organisations, and community respondents. The findings indicate that approximately ninety percent of cases between 2019 and 2024 were settled through customary mechanisms involving collective responsibility and the payment of customary fines as symbolic and material restoration. Diversion mechanisms under the formal system were rarely implemented. Although customary settlement is perceived as flexible, culturally legitimate, and socially restorative, several obstacles persist, including disagreement over compensation, inability to fulfil customary obligations, and limited awareness of restorative justice procedures. The study highlights the need to harmonise legal pluralism within child protection policies to ensure that customary practices align with the best interests of the child and national legal standards.

Non-litigation legal assistance in land dispute resolution is carried out by the Ansor Legal Aid Institute (LBH Ansor). This assistance is crucial considering the complexity of land law and the high demand of the community, especially vulnerable groups, for access to fast, efficient, and low-cost conflict resolution. This research is driven by the low public understanding of non-litigation mechanisms and the challenges in realizing proportional access to justice. The main objective is to comprehensively document the assistance procedures and identify the applied advocacy model. This research method uses a normative legal approach with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this study describe that LBH Ansor plays a strategic role as a mediator and legal facilitator, which includes initial case assessment, preparation of a mediation framework, and assistance in negotiations between the disputing parties. The main findings show that LBH Ansor's non-litigation assistance practices have successfully increased the effectiveness of land dispute resolution by prioritizing the principles of restorative justice and peace agreements, while also providing a replicable model for increasing access to justice outside the courts.

Student discipline is a crucial aspect in the world of education that directly affects the effectiveness of the learning process. This study aims to analyze the implications of punishment on student discipline using a behaviorist learning theory approach. In this theory, punishment functions as a consequence that reduces unwanted behavior, while positive reinforcement aims to encourage expected behavior. A case study of Mrs. Supriyani, a teacher accused of committing violence against students, is the focus of this study. The results of the study indicate that punishment given appropriately and consistently can build a deterrent effect and increase student discipline. However, excessive or unfair punishment tends to have negative impacts, such as emotional resistance and damaged teacher-student relationships. To achieve more effective discipline, a combination of educational punishment and positive reinforcement is needed so that students not only understand the bad consequences of violations but are also motivated to demonstrate good behavior. Prospects for further development of this research include the implementation of restorative justice methods in conflict resolution and strengthening the role of teachers as learning facilitators who educate without having to cause fear.

Sosialisasi berupaya untuk meningkatkan dan menjelaskan diskresi kepolisian dan Restorative Justice. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah berupa sosialisasi dan penyuluhan hukum. Saat ini penyelesaian perkara pidana di luar pengadilan melalui Restorative Justice merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi masyarakat Indonesia. Masyarakat mempunyai harapan yang tinggi terhadap Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia sebagai salah satu aparat penegak hukum yang diberi wewenang oleh undang-undang sebagai penyidik ​​untuk melakukan penyidikan terhadap segala tindak pidana dalam rangka penegakan hukum. Penegakan hukum tentunya dilakukan sesuai program prioritas Kapolri yang mengusung konsep Transformasi Menuju Polisi yang Prediktif, Responsif, dan Transparansi Berkeadilan (PRESISI) demi terwujudnya tujuan hukum.

Children are the future generation of the nation that must be protected, especially when dealing with the law. The difficult navigation route passed by children who are suspects of criminal acts has depicted sadness in children that can disturb the child's mental state, in order to avoid this possibility, another method has emerged in child criminal acts, namely restorative justice (diversion) which is in accordance with the principle of ultimum remedy in criminal law. This study aims to understand the concept of implementing restorative justice which is associated with the principle of ultimum remedy, where this study works using qualitative methods and is sorted in descriptive, so that concrete solutions can be found regarding the matter being studied. The results of this study found a match between the concept of restorative justice and the principle in criminal law, namely ultimum remedy where criminal witnesses are the last step in handling child criminal acts. However, in its application, several obstacles were found, one of which was due to the different meanings of justice between the parties.