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This research aims to: (1) produce mathematics learning media in the form of interactive e-modules with a learning approach.realistic mathematics education (RME) which is oriented towards numerical ability and mathematical growth mindset students and describe their characteristics; (2) describe the quality of the learning e-module which meets the criteria of being valid, practical and effective so that it is suitable for use by junior high school students using the approach realistic mathematics education (RME). The development model used in this development research is the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The research subjects consisted of one teacher and 32 seventh grade students of SMP Negeri 3 Pajangan in Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta, who participated in this research.The results of the study show that the developed e-module has the following main characteristics: (1) using the RME approach in learning strategies; (2) facilitating the improvement of numeracy through learning videos, LKPD, and quizzes; (3) fostering growth mindset through motivational videos, inspirational sentences, discussion spaces, as well as feedback and self-evaluation features; and (4) using test- and questionnaire-based evaluation instruments. Validity tests showed very good results with an average score of 96% from media experts and 98% from material experts. The practicality of the e-module was assessed as very good by teachers (96.19%) and good by students (80.47%), and the implementation of learning reached 96.8%. Effectiveness was proven through MANOVA and t-tests which showed a significant increase in numeracy and mathematical growth mindset after using the e-module. Thus, the RME-based interactive e-module is suitable for use as an innovative mathematics learning medium at the junior high school level.

This study aims to (1) describe the characteristics of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students, (2) describe the feasibility of e-LKPD based on realistic mathematics education on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy of vocational school students in terms of validity,  practicality and effectiveness. This type of research is research and development (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation). The research subjects were 34 students of class X TKP SMKN 2 Tarakan. In this research, One Group Pretest - Posttest Design was used. The research instruments used were validation sheets, practicality assessment sheets by teachers and students, learning implementation observation sheets, critical thinking ability tests and self-efficacy questionnaires. The results of the research show: (1) the e-LKPD developed contains characteristics found in the RME approach to the material of on system of linear equations with three variables oriented towards critical thinking skills and self-efficacy. The characteristics contained in RME-based e-LKPD include integrated learning, use of context, mathematization and construction processes and interactivity. (2) the RME-based e-LKPD developed meets the criteria for feasibility in terms of validity aspects with a percentage of feasibility according to material experts of 93.4% and media experts of 98.9% with the validation result criteria being very feasible; practicality with a very practical category based on the results of student and teacher responses; effectiveness based on critical thinking skills with classical completeness of students reaching 82.4%, the results of the T-test paired samples-test with a significance level of 5% obtained that there was an influence on students' critical thinking skills after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD, the N-Gain result was 0.73 with a high category, and the effectiveness of e-LKPD on self-efficacy with an increase in each self-efficacy indicator,  the N-Gain result was 0.3 in the moderate category, and the results of the Wilcoxon test on self-efficacy data with a significance level of 5%, it was obtained that there was an influence on students' self-efficacy after treatment using RME-based e-LKPD.

This study seeks to identify learning models that affect students' mathematics learning outcomes. Students at MTs N 4 Bojonegoro have poor or low learning outcomes, especially in Line and Corner material, because the indicators of the learning process at the school have not been optimal. One of the learning models that can be used is the Think Pair Share (TPS) Cooperative Learning model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach. This quantitative experimental research uses Postest only Control Design, with three samples selected using Cluster Random Sampling, two classes as the experimental class and one class as the control class, and using one class, namely class VII E as the test class. The samples have been distributed normally and homogeneously. Data analysis uses anava and post-anava tests. Think Pair Share (TPS) with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach produced an average of 76.67, while TPS alone produced an average of 70.81 and the conventional learning model produced an average of 62.42.  Students who are taught using the Think Pair Share (TPS) model with the Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) Approach obtained a better average and outperformed students who were taught using the TPS model alone or conventional, as the calculation of this study obtained Fcal > Ftabel with a value of Fα = 10.09 and a value of Ftabel = 3.1.

The low understanding of mathematical concepts experienced by students also has an impact on students' ability to solve problems related to mathematics because the concepts taught by teachers are never found in everyday life. Therefore, a learning approach is needed that encourages students to construct their own mathematical concepts based on experiences that occur in everyday life. The research method used in this research is Systematic Literature Review (SLR). The data collection process includes collecting and analyzing every published article and book that discusses mathematical concepts and the application of Realistic Mathematics Education (RME). The journals used in this research are national and international journals indexed by SINTA and SCOPUS. Research findings show that the RME approach has an important role in improving students' ability to understand mathematical concepts in several materials at every level of education.

This study aims to determine the effect of the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach on the ability to understand mathematical concepts in class VIII students of SMP IT Al-Hijrah 2 Deli Serdang Private Middle School in the 2022/2023 academic year. The type of research used is Quasi Experimental with a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. The sample used was 35 students who were selected through a purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques are carried out using test instruments. Data analysis technique is done by descriptive analysis. The results of the descriptive analysis show that the average value in the experimental class is 87.3935 and in the control class is 54.3639, which means that there is a difference in the posttest average scores in the experimental class and the control class. Based on the Independent Sample T-Test, the value of Sig. (2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05. The tcount value is 8.428 and the ttable value is 2.03452, which means that tcount > ttable then H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. From the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is an influence of the Realistic Mathematical Education (RME) approach on the ability to understand mathematical concepts in class VIII students of Private Middle School IT Al-Hijrah 2 Deli Serdang.