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The optimal therapeutic impact of local vaginal drug delivery systems is strongly influenced by the physical characteristics balance of Solid Vaginal Suppositories. A comprehensive review regarding the comparison of mechanical profiles, specifically melting time and crushing strength parameters, from various base classifications constitutes the primary objective of this literature research. The implementation of a Literature Review study design was executed through the extraction of empirical data from twelve experimental journals published within the last ten years. Excessively rapid phase transformation characteristics at physiological basal temperatures and low compression resistance were consistently demonstrated by lipophilic bases such as Oleum Cacao. The risk of structural deformation during the distribution process is highly susceptible to unmodified lipid preparations. High surface elasticity accompanied by a delay in molecular hydration duration reaching 120 minutes was recorded in the utilization of Glycerinated Gelatin Base. Structural rigidity exceeding 4 kgF and disintegration time efficiency under 60 minutes were optimally demonstrated by Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Base. An enhancement in mechanical resistance against external shocks during the storage period is offered by the thorough modification of the synthetic polymer ratios. Therefore, the determination of the PEG base as the most optimal material is recommended to maintain the quality stability of pharmaceutical products. Compendial regulation standards regarding the physical strength testing of pharmaceutical preparations must be obeyed by every institution to ensure long-term treatment effectiveness. Thus, the alignment between active substance release duration and physical preparation endurance can be realized for absolute patient comfort.

This study investigates the influence of drug availability, location, and service quality on consumer purchasing decisions at Toko Obat Zahwa Batam. The phenomenon underlying this research is a significant decline of 23.3% in transactions at Toko Obat Zahwa over three years (2022–2024). A quantitative approach with survey method was employed, involving 100 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire and analyzed through multiple linear regression using IBM SPSS 26. The results indicate that drug availability has a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions (t = 5.390; sig. = .000), service quality has a positive and significant effect (t = 4.700; sig. = .000), while location does not significantly influence purchasing decisions (t = –0.556; sig. = .579). Simultaneously, all three variables significantly affect purchasing decisions (F = 38.203; sig. = .000) and explain 53.0% of the variance (Adjusted R² = .530). The dominant influence of drug availability confirms the need-driven nature of pharmaceutical retail purchases, while the non-significant effect of location reflects habitual buying behavior among loyal consumers. These findings provide practical implications for independent drug store management in competitive markets.

Investment decisions in pharmaceutical manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) are influenced by fundamental analysis and stock price fluctuations. Stock prices reflect market perceptions shaped by profitability, liquidity, and capital structure. This study examines the effects of Return on Assets (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), and Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER) on stock prices, both partially and simultaneously. Using a quantitative approach, the study analyzes secondary data from audited financial statements and stock prices of 12 pharmaceutical companies during 2022–2024, totaling 36 observations. Panel data regression with EViews 12 is applied. Results show that ROA and DER have positive and significant effects on stock prices, while CR has a negative but insignificant effect. Simultaneously, all three variables significantly influence stock prices, with an adjusted R² of 73%, indicating strong explanatory power. Profitability (ROA) is the most influential factor, followed by capital structure (DER), while liquidity (CR) shows no significant impact.

This review article evaluates the physical characteristics and stability of Oil in Water (O/W) and Water in Oil (W/O) creams through a comparative literature study published between 2021 and 2026. The evaluation focuses on important parameters, including viscosity, spreadability, adhesion, pH, and accelerated stability testing. The findings reveal that O/W creams generally have lower viscosity and greater spreadability, making them more suitable for daily cosmetic and therapeutic applications due to their lighter texture and better aesthetic acceptance. In contrast, W/O creams demonstrate higher physical stability, stronger adhesion, and superior occlusive properties, which are beneficial for protecting sensitive active ingredients and maintaining skin hydration over longer periods. The differences in performance are strongly influenced by the optimization of emulsifier Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) values and the ratio between oil and water phases. Both cream types show good biocompatibility with skin pH ranging from 4.5 to 6.5, indicating their safety and effectiveness for topical pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.

Ibuprofen is an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory drug classified as Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) class II, characterized by low water solubility and high permeability. Its limited solubility may reduce the dissolution rate and influence therapeutic effectiveness. This study aimed to formulate ibuprofen suppositories using cocoa butter (oleum cacao) as the suppository base through the melting method. Each suppository was prepared with a total weight of 2500 mg containing 125 mg ibuprofen, oleum cacao as the base, tween 80 as an emulsifier, and liquid paraffin as a mold lubricant. Before formulation, a displacement value test was performed to determine the exact amount of base required. The prepared suppositories were evaluated through organoleptic examination, weight uniformity, melting time, and dissolution testing. The evaluation results demonstrated that the suppositories possessed acceptable physical characteristics, uniform weight distribution, appropriate melting properties, and satisfactory dissolution behavior. Based on these findings, ibuprofen suppositories formulated with oleum cacao fulfilled pharmaceutical quality requirements in accordance with the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia standards.

Effervescent granules are a pharmaceutical dosage form that offer advantages in terms of ease of use, improved palatability, and rapid solubility in water. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate the physical properties of vitamin C Effervescent granules using the dry granulation method. The main materials used included ascorbic acid as the active substance, citric acid and tartaric acid as acid sources, and sodium bicarbonate as the base source. Evaluation was carried out on organoleptic properties, flow properties, pH, angle of repose, moisture content, density, compressibility index, and dispersion time. The results showed that the granules met the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH (4–5), angle of repose (38.41°), compressibility index (12.3%), and dissolution time (49.62 seconds). However, the flow property (29.11 seconds) and moisture content (6.47%) did not meet the established standards. These findings indicate that the formulated granules met most of the evaluation parameters but still require optimization, particularly in the drying process and flow properties, to obtain a more stable and high-quality dosage form.

Bitter melon (Momordica charantia) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to control blood glucose levels and improve digestive health. These benefits are closely associated with its bioactive metabolite content. This article aims to characterize the bioactive metabolites of bitter melon and to review their potential bioactivity in glycemic control and digestive function. The method employed includes a literature-based characterization of metabolites, identification of major classes of active compounds, and evaluation of analytical techniques commonly applied in natural product research, such as phytochemical screening, chromatography, and spectroscopic analysis. The results indicate that bitter melon contains various bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and polyphenols, which contribute to blood glucose reduction by enhancing insulin sensitivity and inhibiting glucose absorption. Furthermore, these compounds support digestive health by improving digestive enzyme activity, exhibiting anti-inflammatory effects, and maintaining gut microbial balance. In conclusion, bitter melon represents a promising source of natural bioactive compounds with significant potential for application in health and pharmaceutical development.

Community service with the theme of Expired Date (ED) and Beyond Use Date (BUD) aims to improve knowledge and understanding of proper medication storage as an effort to enhance the health of the Gagak Sipat community. Knowledge about medication usage limits and checking product expiration dates educates the public to be more cautious and to avoid health risks that may arise from consuming products that have exceeded their usage period or have expired. The use of medicines beyond their ED and BUD indicates that the drugs may have experienced reduced stability related to storage conditions. Decreased stability of pharmaceutical preparations can affect their physical quality, which in turn impacts the effectiveness and safety of the medication. The educational method used in this program included lectures accompanied by the distribution of leaflets, followed by practical simulations on checking ED and calculating BUD for various dosage forms. The results of this educational activity showed that community members were able to determine the ED and BUD for several pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, powders, capsules, syrups, eye drops, ear drops, and others. The community in Gagak Sipat village gained an understanding of the risks associated with using medications beyond the BUD, including reduced effectiveness, the risk of microbial contamination, and potentially harmful chemical reactions. It was emphasized that some medications that are expired or used beyond their BUD can pose more serious health risks, especially when used to treat severe diseases.

Jam is a paste-shaped food usually made from fruit which is quite popular from children to teenagers. Aloe vera is one of the 10 best-selling plant species in the world which was developed as a raw material in the pharmaceutical and food industries, especially in countries on the European continent. Inulin is a dietary fiber contained in various types of vegetables and fruits that are beneficial for digestive health. Purple sweet potato is used in the addition of jam because purple sweet potato contains vitamin A, B vitamins and antioxidants. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of inulin thickener and purple sweet potato extract with high antioxidant activity, and to determine the characteristics of the panelists' preference to jam. This study used a completely randomized design with the first factor being variations in the concentration of inulin as thickener 1, 2, and 3 g. The second factor was the addition of purple sweet potato extract (40, 50, and 60%). The results of this study indicated that the jam formulation with high antioxidant activity on variations in the concentration of 1 g of inulin thickener with the addition of 60% purple sweet potato extract. The jam formulation that was preferred by the panelists was found in variations in the concentration of 2 g of inulin with the addition of 40% purple sweet potato extract which had an overall value of 3,40 (neutral). Higher purple sweet potato extract, the higher the antioxidant activity of the jam. Purple sweet potato extract can be used as a source of antioxidants in jam making.

Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f. is a bioactive plant containing polysaccharides, anthraquinones, sterols, vitamins, minerals, and glycoproteins, contributing to wound healing through anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antioxidant mechanisms, fibroblast stimulation, and accelerated re-epithelialization. This study employed a systematic literature review (SLR) of 37 peer-reviewed articles (2018–2025) to evaluate the biochemical potential of Aloe vera and its application as a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical formulations. Results revealed that acemannan increased fibroblast proliferation by up to 200, modulated TGF-1, enhanced type I and III collagen deposition, and accelerated re-epithelialization. Anthraquinones such as aloin and emodin exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Escherichia coli. Nanoemulsion and nanogel formulations improved transdermal penetration up to threefold compared to conventional gels. These findings highlight Aloe vera’s potential as a wound healing agent and a basis for modern pharmaceutical topical preparations.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the global health challenges that continues to rise, including in Indonesia. However, the lack of education and counseling from pharmacists regarding the use of natural ingredients medicines has the potential to affect the effectiveness of treatment and the management of DM. This study aims to measure the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of DM patients, related to the use of natural ingredient drugs in DM management. This study uses a cross-sectional method design, starting with the collection of quantitative data. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling technique over a period of four months. The research involved 101 DM patients from 15 pharmacies in Kendal Regency. The level of knowledge (44.6%), attitude (66.3%), and behaviour (39.6%) of patients in the moderate category. However, the limited knowledge of pharmacists remains a barrier to optimizing pharmaceutical services related to educating patients about natural ingredient medications.

This community service program aimed to enhance students’ pharmaceutical literacy through the introduction of drug classification logos at SMP Muhammadiyah 04 Pangkatrejo. The background of this activity was the low level of drug-use literacy among adolescents, often leading to irrational self-medication. The activity employed a quantitative descriptive design with a one-group pretest–posttest approach. Educational interventions included interactive counseling, PowerPoint presentations, visual media using logo sticks, and pretest–posttest evaluation. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed a significant improvement in students’ knowledge (p = 0.000), with mean scores increasing from 58% to 81% after the intervention. The highest gain was observed in the recognition of logo colors and drug classifications. Satisfaction analysis revealed that 96% of participants expressed satisfaction with the learning process, especially regarding material clarity and the presenters’ readiness to answer questions. The study concludes that participatory educational methods and visual media effectively improve rational drug-use awareness among junior high school students. Future programs are recommended to expand similar activities to other schools and integrate digital media for sustained impact on public health literacy.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the Debt to Equity Ratio (DER) and Current Ratio (CR) on Return on Assets (ROA) at PT Sido Muncul Tbk for the period 2019–2023. The research employs a quantitative associative approach using secondary data obtained from the company’s annual financial reports. The analytical method applied is multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS version 26. Prior to hypothesis testing, the model was examined using classical assumption tests, including normality, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation tests. The results show that DER has a positive and significant effect on ROA, indicating that a proportional increase in debt utilization can enhance company profitability. Similarly, CR has a positive and significant effect on ROA, implying that maintaining healthy liquidity strengthens asset efficiency. Simultaneously, DER and CR significantly influence ROA with a coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.887, meaning that 88.7% of profitability variation is explained by these two variables. These findings confirm that balancing capital structure and liquidity is a key determinant in improving financial performance within Indonesia’s pharmaceutical sector.

This study investigates the comparative effectiveness of three primary organizational structures—functional, product-based, and geographic—in facilitating global marketing strategies. Employing a qualitative methodology through in-depth case studies of six multinational corporations across the technology, pharmaceutical, and consumer goods sectors, the research highlights the nuanced interplay between organizational design and strategic marketing execution. Findings indicate that no single structure universally outperforms the others; rather, effectiveness is contingent upon specific contextual factors such as product complexity, market diversity, and the degree of global integration versus local responsiveness required. Functional structures tend to support centralized control and efficiency, while product-based structures enhance innovation and brand focus. Geographic structures, on the other hand, offer adaptability to regional market dynamics. The study underscores the importance of strategic alignment between organizational form and marketing objectives, suggesting that hybrid or flexible configurations may offer optimal outcomes in dynamic global environments. These insights provide actionable guidance for decision-makers in selecting or adapting organizational structures to better support international marketing efforts. Ultimately, the research contributes to a deeper understanding of how structural choices influence global competitiveness and responsiveness, offering a framework for organizational design that aligns with evolving market demands and strategic priorities.

Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is a citrus plant widely distributed in Southeast Asia including Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China. Its leaves are traditionally used as food flavoring and herbal medicine due to their distinctive aroma and therapeutic potential. This study was conducted to identify the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in kaffir lime leaves through qualitative phytochemical screening. Fresh leaves were extracted and tested using standard phytochemical methods with specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. The screening process was carried out through colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of specific metabolite groups. The results showed that kaffir lime leaves positively contain several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids (brownish-black precipitate with Bouchardat reagent), flavonoids (red color with Mg and concentrated HCl), saponins (stable foam formation after shaking with HCl), steroids (green color with acetic anhydride), terpenoids (reddish-purple color with concentrated H2SO4), and tannins (greenish-black color with FeCl3). The findings confirm that kaffir lime leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. These results support the traditional use of kaffir lime leaves as natural medicine and highlight their potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. This study provides preliminary scientific evidence and encourages more detailed quantitative and isolation studies on the active components of Citrus hystrix.

Fungal infections are a common health problem in tropical regions, including Indonesia, since humid conditions support microbial growth. Candida tropicalis is a pathogenic species frequently identified as the cause of both superficial and systemic candidiasis. The rising resistance to synthetic antifungal agents such as fluconazole and ketoconazole highlights the need for safer and more effective alternative therapies. Propolis, a resinous substance produced by Trigona sp. bees from various plant sources, contains flavonoids, phenolics, and terpenoids with important biological activities, including antimicrobial and antifungal effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of ethanol extract of propolis from Balikpapan against the growth of Candida tropicalis using the disk diffusion method. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids in the extract. Antifungal activity testing showed that concentrations of 80%, 90%, and 100% significantly inhibited fungal growth, with the largest inhibition zone of 27.93 mm observed at 100% concentration. Statistical analysis using ANOVA confirmed significant differences among treatments. Thus, ethanol extract of Trigona sp. propolis from Balikpapan demonstrates strong potential as a natural antifungal agent. These findings support the use of propolis as a natural-based therapeutic alternative for fungal infections and contribute to the development of herbal pharmaceutical products.

This study aims to analyze the differences between various extraction techniques and their relationship to the yield and biological activity of phytochemical compounds derived from natural materials. A systematic literature review was conducted by analyzing relevant and reliable scientific publications published within the last five years. The findings indicate that extraction methods such as maceration, soxhletation, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) demonstrate varying levels of effectiveness depending on the type of material, solvent polarity, extraction temperature, and duration of the process. Modern extraction methods, particularly sonication, MAE, and UAE, have been shown to produce higher yields with enhanced biological activity while offering greater efficiency in terms of reduced time and solvent consumption. On the other hand, conventional techniques such as maceration and soxhletation remain relevant, particularly for thermolabile compounds that are sensitive to high temperatures. The selection of an appropriate extraction method plays a crucial role in obtaining high-quality extracts that can serve as potential raw materials for phytopharmaceuticals, functional foods, dietary supplements, and other natural products. This review not only highlights the advantages and limitations of each technique but also emphasizes the importance of aligning method selection with specific research objectives and compound characteristics. Overall, this study provides a theoretical foundation for future experimental research and serves as an initial guideline for determining extraction strategies based on efficiency, effectiveness, and sustainability.

Solid waste from the tapioca processing industry, which is based on cassava (Manihot esculenta), is a medium rich in organic matter, particularly starch, that supports the growth of various types of microorganisms, especially fungi and bacteria. This study aims to isolate and observe the morphology of microorganisms from solid waste of cassava from the tapioca industry using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium in a series of pharmaceutical microbiology practicum. Waste samples were taken from the tapioca processing site, then underwent a serial dilution process and inoculation into PDA medium, which was incubated at 28–30°C for 5 days. The isolation results showed the growth of microorganisms with diverse colony morphologies, which are suspected to originate from the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus, based on macroscopic and microscopic characteristics. The presence of these microorganisms indicates the potential utilization of cassava waste as a source of microbial isolates for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications, such as enzyme production and development of bioactive compounds. This practicum activity also contributes to increasing students' understanding of isolation techniques, microorganism characterization, and their role in biological-based waste management.

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.

This study aims to analyze the differences in various extraction techniques and their relationship to the yield and biological activity of phytochemical compounds from natural materials. The research was conducted through a systematic literature review from various reliable scientific sources over the last decade. The results indicate that extraction methods such as maceration, soxhlet extraction, microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) have varying effectiveness. The effectiveness of these methods is highly dependent on the type of material, solvent used, and process parameters such as temperature, time, and solvent-to-material ratio. Modern extraction methods such as sonication, MAE, and UAE tend to produce higher yields and better biological activity. These modern methods have the advantage of being more time-efficient and requiring fewer solvents, thus allowing the extraction of active compounds more optimally. Additionally, technologies like microwave and ultrasonic waves help break down the cell walls of natural materials, enhancing the release of phytochemical compounds more effectively and rapidly. However, conventional methods such as maceration and soxhlet extraction remain relevant, especially for materials containing thermolabile compounds that may degrade at high temperatures. These methods are still preferred to maintain the stability of active compounds sensitive to thermal degradation. Choosing the appropriate extraction method is crucial in producing high-quality extracts that can potentially be used as raw materials for phytopharmaceuticals, supplements, or other natural products. This study provides a strong theoretical foundation for further experimental research and guidance in selecting extraction methods based on the required efficiency and effectiveness for industrial applications. Thus, this study contributes to the development of more efficient and high-quality natural products.