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This study aims to analyze the relationship between epistemology and scientific logic in the development of scientific knowledge using a library research approach by reviewing relevant literature in the fields of philosophy of science, theory of knowledge, and principles of scientific logic. The findings indicate that epistemology serves as a philosophical foundation for understanding the origin, structure, and validity of knowledge, while scientific logic functions as a systematic tool that guides reasoning in constructing rational and consistent scientific truth. Both have a complementary relationship, where epistemology provides a normative framework for determining the criteria of knowledge validity, and scientific logic ensures that the reasoning process is structured, coherent, and free from fallacies. Therefore, the integration of epistemology and scientific logic plays a crucial role in producing scientific knowledge that is objective, measurable, and academically accountable, while also enhancing the overall quality and credibility of the scientific process.

Penilaian kinerja merupakan elemen krusial dalam manajemen sumber daya manusia (SDM) untuk memastikan efektivitas organisasi dan pengembangan karyawan. Namun, banyak sistem penilaian tradisional masih bergulat dengan masalah subjektivitas, kurangnya transparansi, dan minimnya fokus pada pengembangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi sistem penilaian kinerja yang berlaku di Politeknik XXX dan mengusulkan kerangka model yang mengintegrasikan 360-Degree Feedback dan Critical Incident Technique (CIT) untuk mengatasi kelemahan tersebut. Menggunakan analisis survei deskriptif dan analisis kesenjangan (gap analysis) pada data Politeknik XXX , ditemukan bahwa sistem saat ini bersifat top-down, minim umpan balik multi-sumber (rekan sejawat dan mahasiswa 0%), lemah dalam pencatatan kejadian kritis (18.5% untuk prestasi, 29.6% untuk pelanggaran), serta memiliki skor komunikasi hasil penilaian (2.07/5.00), kepuasan, dan keadilan yang moderat (2.96/5.00). Kesenjangan signifikan teridentifikasi pada aspek transparansi (gap 2.29), orientasi perbaikan (gap 2.08), dan rekam kejadian kritis/CIT (gap 2.07). Implikasi dari temuan ini menunjukkan urgensi transformasi menuju sistem manajemen kinerja modern yang mengedepankan objektivitas, transparansi, dan pengembangan profesional berbasis data. Integrasi 360-Degree Feedback dan CIT diyakini mampu menyediakan perspektif holistik dan bukti perilaku faktual yang diperlukan untuk penilaian yang lebih adil dan formatif.

Mangrove forests are high-value coastal ecosystems that have the potential to be developed as sustainable ecotourism destinations. This study aims to analyze the development of Mangrove Forest Tourism in Kampung Kayu Ara Permai, Sungai Apit District, Siak Regency based on the three pillars of sustainable tourism of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), namely environmental, economic, and socio-cultural sustainability. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through literature studies and semi-structured interviews with regional managers. The results of the study show that this area has a good mangrove ecosystem with nine species and an average Tourism Suitability Index (IKW) of 76.89% (Suitable/S2 category). From an economic perspective, eight non-timber forest products (NTFPs) downstream products and community-based homestay models have created an equitable distribution of benefits for residents. The socio-cultural dimension is supported by the authenticity of the coastal Malay tradition that is still preserved. However, the three dimensions face challenges in the form of the absence of protection regulations, the absence of a government fixed budget, and low public participation in management evaluation. This study recommends the issuance of regional regulations, the establishment of tourism BUMDes, and the strengthening of community participation as the foundation for sustainable ecotourism development.  

The community service activities aim to improve business financial management skills and student readiness in facing the 2026 Indonesian Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Festival (FIKSI). The program is implemented by lecturers of the Digital Business Study Program at Al-Irsyad University Cilacap together with supervising teachers and 26 FIKSI finalist students from SMA Negeri 2 Cilacap, SMA Negeri 3 Cilacap, and SMA Negeri 1 Maos. The main problem faced by partners is the low ability to prepare business financial reports and the use of digital technology in business development. The method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR) through stages of socialization, training, technology implementation, mentoring, evaluation, and program sustainability. The results of the activity show an increase in student understanding and skills in recording transactions, calculating the cost of production, preparing profit and loss and cash flow reports, and utilizing digital financial applications and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to support business development. In addition, supervising teachers received capacity building in assisting students in aspects of financial management and preparing business proposals. The establishment of the Smart Fintech Young Entrepreneur Community is a sustainable strategy for the program to support the development of digital entrepreneurship in schools. This program has proven effective in improving the quality of business and improving students' readiness for entrepreneurship competitions.

This study aimed to develop teaching materials based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) assisted by Canva media for teaching biography writing to tenth-grade vocational high school students and to examine their validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method using the ADDIE model, which consists of five stages: analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The participants were 30 tenth-grade vocational high school students. Data were collected through observation, interviews, expert validation questionnaires, student response questionnaires, biography-writing tests, and documentation. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results revealed that the developed teaching materials achieved a validity score of 95%, categorized as highly valid based on evaluations by subject-matter and media experts. The practicality level reached 94%, categorized as highly practical according to students’ responses. Furthermore, the effectiveness test demonstrated an improvement in students’ biography-writing skills, as indicated by the increase in the average score from 63.47 in the pretest to 84.73 in the posttest. The Normalized Gain (N-Gain) score of 0.58 was categorized as moderate. These findings indicate that the Canva-assisted PBL teaching materials are valid, practical, and effective for use in biography-writing instruction for vocational high school students. The study contributes to innovations in Indonesian language teaching by integrating problem-based learning with digital technology to enhance students’ writing skills.

Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Berkah merupakan salah satu produk pembiayaan syariah yang ditujukan bagi pegawai aktif yang akan memasuki masa pensiun untuk memenuhi berbagai kebutuhan konsumtif maupun produktif. Dalam pelaksanaannya, pembiayaan tersebut harus dilakukan sesuai dengan prinsip syariah dan ketentuan Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional Majelis Ulama Indonesia (DSN-MUI) agar terhindar dari unsur riba, gharar, dan maisir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui prosedur akad Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Berkah serta menganalisis kesesuaiannya dengan Fatwa DSN-MUI pada PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk KC Jambi Pattimura. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif untuk memberikan gambaran mengenai pelaksanaan pembiayaan di lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa prosedur Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Berkah meliputi tahap pengajuan pembiayaan, pemeriksaan dokumen, pengecekan Sistem Layanan Informasi Keuangan (SLIK), analisis kelayakan, persetujuan pembiayaan, pelaksanaan akad, pencairan dana, hingga monitoring pembayaran angsuran. Akad yang digunakan dalam pembiayaan ini umumnya adalah akad murabahah dan musyarakah mutanaqisah (MMQ) yang disesuaikan dengan tujuan pembiayaan nasabah. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Berkah telah memenuhi prinsip transparansi, keadilan, dan kehati-hatian serta sesuai dengan rukun, syarat, dan ketentuan yang diatur dalam Fatwa DSN-MUI. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa prosedur Pembiayaan Pra Pensiun Berkah pada PT Bank Syariah Indonesia Tbk KC Jambi Pattimura telah berjalan sesuai dengan prinsip syariah dan ketentuan Fatwa DSN-MUI. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi referensi bagi pengembangan kajian perbankan syariah dan bahan evaluasi bagi lembaga keuangan syariah dalam meningkatkan kualitas layanan serta kepatuhan terhadap prinsip syariah.

Kecurangan (fraud) di sektor perbankan daerah merupakan ancaman serius yang dapat merugikan keuangan negara dan menurunkan kepercayaan publik. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kasus korupsi pengadaan iklan pada Bank Pembangunan Daerah Jawa Barat dan Banten (Bank BJB) menggunakan pendekatan Fraud Triangle Theory yang mencakup tiga elemen utama: tekanan (pressure), kesempatan (opportunity), dan rasionalisasi (rationalization). Metode yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan studi kasus, didukung oleh studi literatur dari berbagai sumber ilmiah yang relevan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kasus Bank BJB mencerminkan interaksi ketiga elemen Fraud Triangle secara simultan. Tekanan bersumber dari kebutuhan dana non-budgeter yang besar dalam pengelolaan anggaran promosi senilai Rp409 miliar. Kesempatan muncul akibat lemahnya sistem pengendalian internal, tidak adanya verifikasi dokumen yang memadai, serta penyimpangan dalam proses pengadaan. Rasionalisasi terbentuk melalui persepsi pelaku bahwa praktik tersebut merupakan hal yang lazim dalam lingkungan birokrasi dan korporasi. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan pemahaman teoritis dan praktis terkait pencegahan fraud di lembaga keuangan daerah Indonesia, khususnya melalui penguatan tata kelola perusahaan dan sistem pengawasan internal.

Wilayah perbatasan Ambalat merupakan kawasan strategis NKRI yang rawan terhadap pelanggaran kedaulatan dan ancaman keamanan. Satuan Tugas (Satgas) Ambalat Korps Marinir menghadapi tantangan geografis dan keterbatasan teknologi pengawasan konvensional. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis potensi pemanfaatan teknologi Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) untuk meningkatkan efektivitas pengamanan perbatasan oleh Satgas Ambalat. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi observasi, wawancara mendalam dengan 4 narasumber (Komandan Skuadron Udara 700, pilot UAV, Dansatgas Ambalat, dan personel komunikasi Satgas Ambalat), serta dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan model Miles & Huberman. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) UAV belum dimanfaatkan secara langsung oleh Satgas Ambalat, pengamanan masih mengandalkan patroli konvensional dan drone non-militer; (2) tantangan utama meliputi keterbatasan personel terlatih, belum adanya program pelatihan formal, keterbatasan sarana prasarana (Ground Control Station, sistem komunikasi), serta kekosongan regulasi operasional; (3) UAV tipe ScanEagle dan Camcopter S-100 dinilai paling sesuai untuk kebutuhan Satgas Ambalat karena daya tahan terbang lama dan sensor canggih. Pemanfaatan UAV dapat memperluas jangkauan pengawasan, menyediakan data real-time, mengurangi risiko personel, serta meningkatkan efisiensi operasional. Diperlukan pendekatan terintegrasi berupa penyusunan regulasi, pengadaan sarana dan pelatihan personel bertingkat dan berlanjut. Teknologi UAV memiliki potensi strategis untuk memperkuat sistem pengamanan perbatasan Ambalat. Rekomendasi meliputi dukungan kebijakan pemerintah, pengembangan doktrin TNI AL, pembentukan unit UAV Korps Marinir, serta pelatihan personel secara berkelanjutan.

Science and language literacy remain challenges in non-formal education, as learning often emphasizes memorization and underutilizes local contexts as learning resources. This community service program aimed to strengthen the competence of Community Learning Center (PKBM) tutors in developing science and language literacy modules based on the ethnoscience and local wisdom of Klaten. The program employed a Training of Trainers (ToT) approach involving training sessions, module development workshops, and mentoring. Participants consisted of 20 tutors from three PKBM in Klaten Regency. Competence was evaluated through pretest and posttest questionnaires covering literacy understanding, pedagogical competence, module development, and learning implementation. Results indicated a 24,61%. increase in tutor competence, with the average score rising from 63,31 to 87,92. The program effectively enhanced tutors’ capacity to design contextual learning grounded in ethnoscience and local wisdom.

This study aims to determine the role of women in tourism development in Raja Prailiu Village, East Sumba Regency, and to identify the obstacles faced by women in tourism activities. This research is motivated by the importance of women's involvement in meeting family economic needs while preserving the weaving culture. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method. Data were obtained through observation, interviews, and documentation. Research informants consisted of six women who are active in tourism activities in Raja Prailiu Village. Data sources used include primary data from interviews and secondary data from books, journals, articles, and related documents. Data analysis techniques used the Miles and Huberman model which includes data reduction, data presentation, as well as drawing conclusions and verification. The results of the study show that women have an important role in tourism development, namely as weavers, craft product sellers, tour guides, and actors in preserving culture and cleanliness of the tourist environment. However, women also face various obstacles, such as increasing the number of tourists, high prices of raw materials, limited time due to dual roles, lack of English language skills, and low tourist awareness of environmental cleanliness. This research contributes to showing the importance of the role of women in tourism development and becomes a consideration for the government and the community in supporting tourism development in Raja Prailiu Village.

Higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) are a requirement in 21st-century education, yet assessments in schools are still primarily based on lower-order thinking (LOTS) cognitive skills. This study aims to examine the concept of the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy, the characteristics of instruments based on Higher-Order Thinking Skills (HOTS), and their implementation in instrument development. This study used a qualitative approach with a heritage study method. Data were obtained from books, scientific journals, and educational policy documents related to HOTS-based assessment. Analysis was conducted through data reduction, categorization, and drawing conclusions based on their alignment with the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy framework. The results of this study indicate that cognitive levels C4-C6 in the Revised Bloom's Taxonomy serve as the primary reference in developing HOTS instruments, which can assist in developing HOTS-based instruments to measure students' higher-order thinking skills.

LAMPUKITA merupakan salah satu UMKM VCO di Kabupaten Fakfak. Hasil dari pembuatan VCO usaha tersebut,  menghasilkan blondo yang selanjutnya diolah menjadi minyak goreng.  Berdasarkan aspek pemasaran,VCO LAMPUKITA memiliki prospek yang baik. Namun, ketersediaan bahan baku kelapa yang memenuhi syarat pembuatan produk utama, jumlahnya terkadang tidak tersedia.  Penelitian sebelumnya fokus pada teknik ekstraksi VCO, masih sedikit membahas strategi bisnis spesifik untuk minyak goreng hasil blondo ditingkat UMKM dengan kendala bahan baku.  Tanpa strategi pengembangan yang tepat, LAMPUKITA akan sulit bertahan secara finansial meskipun produknya memiliki nilai gizi lebih unggul. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan, kelemahan, peluang dan ancaman,  menentukan faktor internal, eksternal strategi terbaik dan model pengembangan bisnis baru yang dapat diterapkan LAMPUKITA. Penentuan lokasi secara purposive. Jenis data yaitu data primer dan data sekunder.  Teknik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi.  Analisis data yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif (analisis SWOT dan BMC) dan kuantitatif (metode IFAS, EFAS dan QSPM).  Hasil analisis SWOT menunjukkan bahwa kekuatan utama usaha LAMPUKITA terletak pada keunggulan produk alami, pemanfaatan blondo VCO, serta cita rasa khas kelapa Fakfak. Kelemahan utamanya adalah keterbatasan ketersediaan kelapa yang memenuhi standar VCO, kapasitas produksi masih kecil, dan keterbatasan modal. Analisis IFAS dan EFAS menunjukkan LAMPUKITA berada pada kondisi cukup mendukung untuk dikembangkan secara internal dan eksternal. Keberlanjutan usaha ditentukan oleh manajemen rantai pasok  kelapa. Strategi paling tepat dikembangkan adalah strategi kemitraan dengan petani kelapa berbasis standar VCO.  LAMPUKITA dapat menerapkan berbagai model bisnis baru untuk menanggulangi keterbatasan bahan baku.

Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) pada kawasan industri konvensional umumnya masih mengandalkan strategi pemeliharaan berbasis interval waktu yang tetap. Pendekatan tersebut berisiko menyebabkan penurunan performa pompa yang tidak teridentifikasi secara dini serta meningkatkan potensi pemborosan energi operasional. Penelitian ini mengembangkan Green Maintenance Framework berbasis machine learning untuk meningkatkan reliabilitas pompa sirkulasi pada sistem Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). Analisis dilakukan menggunakan dataset telemetri multi-sensor yang mencakup parameter getaran, temperatur, tekanan, debit aliran, dan rotasi per menit (RPM). Proses rekayasa fitur diterapkan melalui pembentukan System Efficiency Index untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas model terhadap indikator degradasi kinerja pompa. Model prediktif dibangun menggunakan algoritma Random Forest Classifier dengan skema pembagian data 80:20 secara stratified. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa model menghasilkan tingkat akurasi klasifikasi sebesar 100%, dengan variabel Vibration dan Temperature menjadi parameter yang paling dominan dalam proses prediksi. Analisis operasional memperlihatkan bahwa degradasi pompa menyebabkan penurunan flow rate meskipun nilai rotasi per menit (RPM) mengalami peningkatan, sehingga memicu kenaikan konsumsi energi dan meningkatkan risiko gangguan pada proses biologis Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR). Dari aspek ekonomi, kondisi tersebut menyebabkan pemborosan energi sebesar 5.623 kWh atau setara Rp6.271.236, - per bulan untuk setiap unit pompa. Penelitian ini berkontribusi pada pengembangan sistem predictive maintenance berbasis kecerdasan buatan untuk mendukung efisiensi energi serta implementasi green manufacturing di kawasan industri.

This research aims to develop audio-visual learning media based on the Discovery Learning model to improve the ability to write news texts in grade XI students of SMK Mutiara Qolbu Cianjur. The Research and Development (R&D) method is used by referring to the development model which includes the stages of identification of potentials and problems, data collection, product development, product validation, limited scale trials, product revisions, large-scale trials, final revisions, and final products. The research subjects consisted of 103 students in grade XI of SMK Mutiara Qolbu Cianjur which were divided into three classes. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, questionnaires, expert validation, and news text writing tests. Data were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative descriptive techniques. The results of the study show that audio-visual learning media based on the Discovery Learning model obtained a very good feasibility level based on the results of the validation of material experts with a percentage of 91% and the validation of media experts of 89%. The results of the trial showed that the learning media received a positive response from students with an average percentage of 87.25%. In addition, the use of Discovery Learning-based audio-visual learning media has proven to be effective in improving students' ability to write news texts. This is shown by the increase in the average score of students from 64.21 in the pre-test to 84.37 in the post-test. The use of audio-visual media also improves students' learning activities, such as active questioning, discussion participation, and the ability to identify news elements.

Ciberi Beach is a tourist area in Enggros Village, Abepura District, Jayapura City, with significant development potential that draws on its natural resources and local wisdom. This study aims to identify internal and external factors influencing the development of the tourism area and to formulate appropriate development strategies using SWOT analysis. The research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative techniques, with data collected through field observations, in-depth interviews, and questionnaires distributed to 25 visitors. The findings show that the main strengths are unspoiled natural scenery and community friendliness, while the main weaknesses include inadequate public facilities and poor road access. Key opportunities include ecotourism potential and policy support for spatial planning, while threats include coastal abrasion and unmanaged waste. Based on the SWOT matrix, the strategic position falls in Quadrant I (X = 0.31; Y = 0.51), supporting an aggressive SO strategy. Priority strategies include community-based ecotourism development, digital promotion, collaborative partnerships with universities and NGOs, and regulatory strengthening for sustainable land use. The analysis is grounded in a three-framework theoretical lens comprising the 3A tourism components (Attraction, Accessibility, Amenity), ecotourism principles, and community-based tourism, which together guide the interpretation of SWOT findings and the formulation of strategy.

This study aims to explore how the inquiry approach functions as a pedagogical strategy in Christian Religious Education to enhance students’ spiritual discernment. The background of this research arises from the tendency of learning practices that remain predominantly focused on cognitive aspects, thereby not fully cultivating spiritual sensitivity in life decision-making. This study employs a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach through a review of theological and pedagogical literature, conceptual analysis, and reflection on classroom learning practices. The analysis focuses on the relationship between the core elements of inquiry questioning, investigating, dialoguing, and reflecting on knowledge and the process of developing the ability to discern God’s will in the real-life contexts of students. The findings indicate that inquiry effectively creates a reflective learning experience that integrates cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions, enabling students not only to understand faith teachings theoretically but also to consider Christian values in concrete situations. This approach encourages active participation, constructive and critical dialogue, and fosters habits of faith reflection, moral sensitivity, and personal responsibility. Thus, inquiry is proven to be a relevant pedagogical method for achieving the theological goal of Christian Religious Education, namely the formation of spiritual discernment that guides students’ attitudes, decisions, and actions in daily life.

Penelitian ini mengkaji strategi Kepala Madrasah MA Bali Bina Insani Tabanan dalam membentuk toleransi siswa melalui penguatan moderasi beragama di tengah masyarakat Hindu dengan guru lintas agama. Tujuannya: (1) mendeskripsikan strategi kepala madrasah, (2) menganalisis pengaruh moderasi beragama terhadap toleransi siswa di lingkungan multikultural, dan (3) mengidentifikasi faktor pendukung serta hambatan.Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif fenomenologi melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi, dengan triangulasi untuk uji keabsahan data.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: (1) Strategi kepala madrasah mencakup pembelajaran, pengembangan karakter, kemitraan, lingkungan inklusif, dan evaluasi partisipatif. (2) Moderasi beragama tercermin pada komitmen kebangsaan, sikap anti kekerasan, serta penghormatan tradisi lokal yang membentuk toleransi siswa. (3) Faktor pendukung meliputi keterlibatan guru Hindu, praktik toleransi sehari-hari, dan dukungan masyarakat. Hambatan muncul dari perbedaan latar siswa, keterbatasan fasilitas, serta keraguan orang tua terhadap guru non-Muslim, namun diatasi dengan komunikasi persuasif, keteladanan, dan kolaborasi pasca Bali Democracy Forum 2016.

Filsafat dan etika bisnis memiliki peran penting dalam mengarahkan korporasi untuk bertindak dengan mempertimbangkan dampak sosial dan lingkungan dari keputusan bisnis yang diambil. Dalam konteks global yang terus berkembang, perusahaan-perusahaan dihadapkan pada tantangan besar untuk tidak hanya mengejar keuntungan finansial, tetapi juga untuk memenuhi tanggung jawab sosial mereka. Namun, ketidaksesuaian antara tanggung jawab sosial dan praktik korporasi yang terjadi dalam banyak kasus, mengindikasikan adanya celah dalam pemahaman dan penerapan etika bisnis yang efektif (Carroll, 2020). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji sejauh mana filosofi etika bisnis dapat berperan dalam menyelaraskan tanggung jawab sosial dengan praktik korporasi, serta mengeksplorasi model-model yang dapat diadopsi oleh perusahaan untuk menjembatani ketimpangan tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis literatur dan studi kasus sebagai metodologi. Hasil dari penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi pengembangan teori etika bisnis yang lebih aplikatif dalam dunia korporasi, dengan menekankan pentingnya integrasi nilai-nilai sosial dalam strategi bisnis jangka panjang.

Misconceptions on the topic of waves are a systemic problem in high school physics learning that requires a comprehensive diagnostic instrument. Conventional diagnostic instruments up to the four-tier generation have limitations in revealing the conceptual structure behind students' thinking errors. This study aims to develop a five-tier multi-representation diagnostic instrument on the topic of waves using the 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate). The main innovation of this instrument lies in the integration of multi-representations (verbal, pictures, graphics, mathematical) in Tier 1 and the addition of a paraphrase tier (Tier 5) that asks students to rewrite their understanding in their own words. The development process includes needs analysis, designing a grid of 16 questions, validation by two experts, and a limited trial on 34 grade XI students of SMAN 13 Kota Jambi. The results of expert validation showed an average percentage of 91.25% (Very Good) from both validators. Content validity was met with a percentage of False Positive (FP) of 6.80% and False Negative (FN) of 4.41%, both below the 10% threshold. Construct validity was confirmed through a significant Product Moment correlation (r = 0.342–0.348; sig. < 0.05) and factor analysis with six significant factors (eigenvalue > 1). The instrument's reliability was high, with a Cronbach's Alpha of 0.726. This instrument is expected to help physics teachers diagnose students' misconceptions more precisely and thoroughly on the topic of waves.

Artikel ini mengkaji konsep teologi pembelajaran dari perspektif Alkitabiah dalam upaya mengembangkan metode pengajaran yang relevan dan efektif di sekolah Kristen. Melalui penelaahan teks-teks Alkitab, artikel ini menyelidiki prinsip-prinsip dasar yang dapat diterapkan dalam pendidikan Kristen untuk menciptakan lingkungan belajar yang tidak hanya mendidik secara akademis, tetapi juga membentuk karakter siswa sesuai dengan nilai-nilai Kristiani. Pendekatan ini diharapkan dapat membantu pendidik dalam merancang strategi pengajaran yang sejalan dengan ajaran iman dan membangun hubungan yang lebih erat antara pengajaran dan spiritualitas. Selain itu, artikel ini juga menyarankan berbagai model dan metode yang dapat digunakan dalam konteks sekolah Kristen untuk memaksimalkan pengalaman pembelajaran secara holistik.