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Children's socio-emotional development is an important aspect that plays a role in their ability to recognize, understand, express, and regulate emotions, as well as interact adaptively in social environments. The family serves as the first environment that provides the foundation for this development through parenting patterns, emotional relationships, daily interactions, and parental behavior models. This study uses the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method by analyzing scientific articles published between 2020–2025 from the Scopus, ERIC, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. The results of the review indicate that parental responsiveness, observational learning, secure attachment, and emotional communication significantly influence children's emotion regulation and social skills. In addition, parenting styles, particularly the authoritative style, have been shown to have a positive impact on psychological well-being, self-control, and social competence, while authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful styles are associated with behavioral problems and low self-esteem. Overall, the quality of the family environment and patterns of emotional communication play a significant role in shaping children's socio-emotional development. These findings underscore the need for support and reinforcement of parenting practices in efforts to enhance children's emotional and social well-being.

The family is the first environment that shapes a child's personality and social behavior. However, in broken homes, emotional conditions and parenting patterns are often disrupted due to separation or the absence of one parent. This has an impact on the process of shaping children's social behavior in their daily lives. This study aims to analyze the social behavior of children from broken homes in Kampung Aur, Kelurahan Aur, Medan City. A qualitative approach with a case study design was used. The main informants consisted of five children from broken homes who were selected using the snowball technique. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, then analyzed using descriptive qualitative methods. The results of the study showed that the children's social behavior had not developed optimally in most indicators, namely cooperation, sharing, competition, empathy, sympathy, imitation, social support, and social acceptance. The main obstacles arise from inconsistent parenting patterns, lack of emotional support, and an unsupportive social environment. Therefore, the active involvement of parents, guardians, and the community is essential to shape and nurture children's social behavior in a sustainable manner.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parenting styles on the cognitive development of early childhood children at KB AN-Nisa, South City District, Gorontalo City. The background of the study highlights that some children face difficulties in recognizing shapes, colors, and numbers, which are critical components of early cognitive development. A quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing observation and documentation techniques, involving a sample of 5 children out of a total of 35 students. The study explores how different parenting styles, including authoritarian, permissive, and democratic, impact the cognitive development of young children. The results demonstrate significant variations in cognitive abilities among children, influenced by the type of parenting they receive. Specifically, children raised in a responsive and supportive environment tend to show better cognitive development, particularly in areas such as shape and color recognition. These findings emphasize the crucial role of parenting style in providing cognitive stimulation for early childhood. They also highlight the importance of collaboration between parents and schools to optimize the cognitive development of young children, suggesting that a balanced, supportive approach to parenting can positively influence children’s learning outcomes. Therefore, this research contributes to understanding the connection between parenting and cognitive development in early childhood.

Alcohol abuse is a serious issue that not only affects the individual experiencing addiction but also has profound consequences for families, particularly parents. Parents often face significant emotional, social, and psychological burdens when dealing with a child struggling with alcohol dependence. This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of parental acceptance of children with alcohol addiction. The research employed a qualitative phenomenological approach with two parents as participants, each having a child with alcohol dependence. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, which allowed for a rich exploration of personal experiences, and analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) technique. The thematic analysis revealed six major themes: the dynamics of parent–child interactions, emotional responses of parents, changes in the child’s behavior due to addiction, the influence of parents’ past experiences, self-harming behavior as a coping mechanism, and the normalization of the child’s behavior. Findings indicate that parents’ past experiences, including trauma and parenting patterns, strongly influenced how they accepted their child’s condition. Furthermore, maladaptive coping strategies, such as self-harm, emerged as part of the acceptance process when parents faced situations beyond their control. This study underscores the importance of trauma-informed family interventions to help parents develop healthier coping mechanisms. It also highlights the need for comprehensive psychoeducational programs that involve all family members to foster resilience and mutual support. In doing so, the research contributes to the development of more effective psychological support systems for families affected by alcohol addiction.

This study was motivated by the phenomenon of low learning motivation among students, which is often caused by a lack of parental attention and excessive use of gadgets in daily life. The purpose of this research was to determine and analyze the influence of parenting patterns on student motivation at MI Darul Hikmah. The study employed a quantitative research design using a survey method involving 15 parents of third-grade students as respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the parenting styles applied and their impact on children’s learning motivation. The findings revealed that parental involvement, guidance, and consistent discipline play a crucial role in shaping students’ motivation to learn. Statistical analysis showed that parenting patterns contributed significantly, accounting for 75% of the variation in student motivation, while the remaining 25% was influenced by other factors such as peer environment, teacher support, and internal student interests. These results emphasize the importance of harmonious communication and active participation of parents in guiding their children’s academic growth. Overall, this research highlights that effective parenting characterized by warmth, attention, and support can significantly improve students’ motivation and learning outcomes at the elementary school level.

The increase in women's participation in the workforce has a significant impact on early childhood parenting patterns and the dynamics of household life. This research aims to analyze how career women apply parenting styles to young children and how this affects child development and the balance of home life. The study uses a mixed methods approach with an explanatory sequential design, starting with a quantitative approach followed by a qualitative approach. The goal is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the parenting styles of career women, early childhood development, and household life. The research population includes career women who have young children at the GMIT Horeb Perumnas Congregation in Kupang City. The research results show that although career women face time limitations, they tend to adopt a democratic parenting style supported by caregivers or partners. Child development can remain optimal if communication patterns and emotional involvement are maintained. However, challenges arise in terms of emotional closeness and quality time. Therefore, adaptive strategies and family support are needed to maintain a balance between career and maternal roles.

Language development in early childhood is a fundamental aspect in shaping children's cognitive, social, and emotional abilities. However, in today's digital era, excessive use of gadgets has become a common habit in parenting patterns, which has the potential to inhibit children's speech development. This article aims to examine the impact of gadget use on speech delays in early childhood using a literature review approach to the literature from 2020–2025. The results of the study indicate that passive interaction through gadgets, without adequate verbal guidance and stimulation, can reduce the frequency of dialogue and children's social involvement. This condition increases the risk of speech delay, expressive communication disorders, and vocabulary limitations. In addition, factors such as permissive parenting, technoference, and lack of direct verbal activity are significant contributors to obstacles to language development. Therefore, an active role is needed for parents in limiting screen time, assisting with the use of digital media, and creating an environment rich in verbal interaction. Public education and early detection are also important solutions to prevent and treat speech delays from an early age.

Wasting affects health and threatens children potential. Direct factors such as food intake need to be maximized to improve nutritional status. This study aims to determine the differences in energy and macronutrient intake, food parenting, and exclusive breastfeeding history in wasting and non-wasting toddlers in the working area of Sidotopo Wetan Health Center Surabaya. This study is a case control study. Total respondents were 88 toddlers aged 7-60 months, consist 44 wasting toddlers taken with total sampling technique and 44 non-wasting toddlers taken with purposive sampling technique with age and gender matching. Energy intake and macronutrients were obtained by 3x24 hour food recall questionnaire, food parenting patterns obtained from filling out FPSQ (Feeding Practices and Structure Questionnaire) and FPSQ-M (Milk Version) questionnaires, exclusive breastfeeding history obtained through interviews with questionnaires, anthropometric data measured using digital scales and microtoas. Data analysis used independent t-test and Mann Whitney test. The results of this study showed there were significant differences in energy intake (p=0.000), carbohydrates (p=0.023), protein (p=0.000), fat (p=0.000), and exclusive breastfeeding history (p=0.003) and there was no significant difference in food parenting (p=0.632) between wasting and non-wasting toddlers. Parents are expected to pay attention to food intake and provide exclusive breastfeeding.

he digital era brings significant changes in various aspects of life, including early childhood (ECD) parenting patterns. Easy access to gadgets ultimately results in excessive use that has a negative impact on children's growth and development. This study aims to examine strategies for overcoming the impact of excessive gadget use on ECD through optimizing Holistic Integrative Early Childhood Education (PAUD HI) services at TK Negeri Pembina Salakan. The methods used are literature studies and participatory observations of the implementation of the PAUD HI program. The results of the study indicate that the PAUD HI approach that includes integrated education, health, nutrition, care, protection, and welfare services can be an effective solution. At TK Negeri Pembina Salakan, its implementation is realized through learning activities that stimulate all aspects of development, active involvement of parents in digital parenting education, provision of an environment rich in non-gadget stimulation, and collaboration with health services and the community. It is concluded that PAUD HI has a strategic role in mitigating the negative risks of gadgets and supporting optimal growth and development of ECD.

The development of emotional intelligence is greatly influenced by parenting patterns. Therefore, children's emotional intelligence needs to be formed during the pre-school period where there is reinforcement from the environment and parenting patterns obtained from teachers. This study aims to strengthen emotional intelligence that influences early childhood parenting patterns, informing children to control their emotions, overcome fear, dare and be ready to socialize without shame with their peers. This method is a descriptive qualitative study. The sample population of pre-school children at Pembina State Kindergarten, East City District. The total used in this study was group B2 at Pembina State Kindergarten, totaling 16 people consisting of 7 girls and 10 boys. This study used an observation method obtained from children's activities observed during the process of activities in the classroom about emotions.

This study investigates parenting patterns through the lens of religious psychology, focusing on the perspectives of Zakiah Daradjat, a prominent academic and psychologist from UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta. Employing a qualitative approach based on literature analysis, the research delves into Daradjat’s thoughts on parenting grounded in spiritual values. Her view emphasizes that parenting extends beyond the biological aspect of childbirth; it involves nurturing the child’s moral and religious character from an early age, even before birth. Key values such as love, responsibility, and early religious education are considered essential in fostering a child's emotional and psychological well-being. The integration of these principles is believed to create a balanced developmental path aligned with Islamic teachings. Ultimately, this paper contributes to broadening the concept of Islamic parenting in a way that meets children’s psychological and spiritual needs in contemporary society.

Stunting is a condition of growth failure in toddlers due to chronic malnutrition that occurs over a long period of time, especially in the first 1,000 days of life. Several major risk factors for stunting that are often found in Posyandu include the nutritional status of pregnant women, parenting patterns, exclusive breastfeeding, and environmental sanitation. To analyze the Identification of Risk Factors for Stunting in Toddlers: A Study in the Working Area of ​​the Aek Godang Health Center, North Padang Lawas. The type of observational study with a cross-sectional design, the study population was 139 people. This study used samples from all mothers who had stunted toddlers in Hulu Sihapas District, North Padang Lawas Regency, with the total sampling method. Data collection used a research questionnaire. Data were analyzed univariately, bivariate (chi-square), and multivariate (logistic regression) with the enter method. Newborn weight (p = 0.001) and healthy toilets (p = 0.001) significantly influenced the risk of stunting, with low birth weight and poor sanitation increasing the risk of growth disorders in toddlers. This study shows that newborn weight (p = 0.001) and healthy toilets (p = 0.001) have a significant effect on the risk of stunting in toddlers. Babies with low birth weight and environments with poor sanitation increase the likelihood of stunting. More attention is needed to monitor newborn weight and increase access to healthy latrines to reduce the prevalence of stunting. The government and health workers are expected to strengthen nutrition and sanitation programs at the community level. 

This study aims to determine whether there is an influence of parenting patterns on the independence of children in orphanages in Alang-alang lebar sub- district. The method used in this study is quantitative with a correlational research type. The population of this study was all children aged 5-6 years who lived in orphanages in Alang-alang lebar sub-district. The sample in this study was 20 children in orphanages in Alang-alang lebar sub-district with a random sampling method. Data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaires and documentation. After collecting the results of the questionnaire answers that had been distributed, the researcher processed the data using the SPSS Version 26 Program. The data analysis used was validity testing, reliability testing, simple linear regression, hypothesis testing and determination coefficient testing. After the analysis test was carried out, the calculated t > t table (8.956 > 2.093) and sig< 0.005 were obtained. Because the calculated t > t table, Ho was rejected and Ha was accepted, meaning that there was an influence of parenting patterns on the independence of children in the Alang-Alang Lebar Sub-district Orphanage.

This research aims to find out what parenting models for parents with children with visual disabilities can be applied. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study approach through journals, books, and previous research. The result of the research is that children with visual disabilities have different parenting patterns from parents with other disabilities or non-disabilities. Children with visual disabilities must be given the best during their golden age and after that period give confidence and independence to children, after adolescence children have friends and parents must recognize and control children's friendships so as not to fall into something wrong, when children with visual disabilities grow up parents help children to be able to make the best decisions for themselves until children can make rational decisions and with mature thinking.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem resulting from a lack of nutritional intake over a long period, resulting in impaired growth in children. The cause of stunting is not only due to nutritional factors, namely not just a lack of food and health problems, but also due to parenting patterns. Good maternal knowledge of nutrition can prevent stunting in children. Community service activities were carried out in Bidok village, Ulim District, there were around 25 participants. This counseling lasted approximately 40 minutes, namely a presentation of the material and continued with a question and answer session with the counseling participants regarding Stunting. It is recommended to the public, especially mothers, to maintain nutritional intake during pregnancy, at birth and when children are before 2 years old to prevent stunting.

Stunting is a health problem that is still a concern in Indonesia, including in Panton Village, Nisam District, North Aceh. This village has a fairly high stunting rate, influenced by various factors such as exclusive breastfeeding, maternal knowledge, and family support. This study aims to analyze the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding, maternal knowledge, and family support on the incidence of stunting in Panton Village. The study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 30 respondents selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting (p = 0.003). In addition, maternal knowledge was also related to the incidence of stunting (p = 0.005). Family support also had a significant relationship to the incidence of stunting (p = 0.001). In conclusion, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal knowledge, and family support play an important role in preventing stunting. Therefore, it is suggested to health workers, especially the health promotion and nutrition division, to improve education for mothers and families regarding the importance of exclusive breastfeeding, balanced nutrition, and parenting patterns that support optimal child growth.

Attachment is a form of mutually beneficial emotional relationship between mother and baby. There is poor attachment caused by inappropriate parenting patterns from parents. Good parenting patterns can stimulate spiritual, intellectual, emotional, moral, and social development, so that infant growth can run optimally. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development in the work area of the Cabean Village Health Center. This study is quantitative, with a descriptive analysis approach and using a cross-sectional method. Data collection was carried out through questionnaires. There were 139 respondents taken using the total sampling method. The analysis used was the Gamma test. From the analysis of respondent data, it was found that there were an average of 85 male babies. The majority of mothers' ages were in the range of 26-35 years with a percentage of 56.8%, and multiparity parity reached 61.9%. Most of them had education up to junior high school level as much as 42.4%, and most worked as housewives with a percentage of 66.2%. The results of the gamma test showed that there was a relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development, where maternal attachment to infant growth had a p-value (BB = 0.000, PB = 0.001), while attachment to infant development showed a p-value (0.000) with (OR = 0.555 and 0.613 CI = 0.726). This means that there is a significant relationship between maternal attachment and infant growth and development in the work area of the Cabean Village Health Center (p-value <0.05).

Gadgets play a very important and helpful role in technology and communication. The progress in the use of gadgets is not only used by adults, one of which is elementary school age children. Gadgets themselves have positive and negative impacts, therefore parents need a parenting style to control and educate every child's activities. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between parenting styles and gadget addiction in elementary school-aged children. This type of research is quantitative research with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study was 192 respondents. The sample size was 130 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, then taken using simple random sampling technique. The instrument uses the PSDQ and smartphone addiction test. The independent variable is parenting style and the dependent variable is gadget addiction. Data were analyzed using the gamma correlation test. The research results obtained from the gamma test analysis with a significance value of α = 0.05 obtained a p value (value) = 0.031 <0.05, which means there is a relationship between parental parenting patterns and gadget addiction in elementary school age children. The conclusion is that parental parenting styles have a significant relationship to gadget addiction in elementary school-aged children.

This study analyzes the intergenerational transmission of war trauma across three generations of Palestinian families through a systematic meta-analysis of 47 longitudinal studies (1948–2024), comprising 12,873 participants. The findings confirm a PTSD prevalence rate of 73.4% in the first generation (n=4,291), 61.2% in the second generation (n=4,582), and 48.7% in the third generation (n=4,000). Furthermore, hierarchical regression analysis reveals a significant correlation between the severity of first-generation trauma and its manifestation in subsequent generations (r=0.68, p<0.001). The most dominant intergenerational trauma symptoms include anxiety (89.3%), depression (82.1%), and attachment disorders (76.5%). Structural equation modelling identifies three primary mediators of trauma transmission: parenting patterns (?=0.59), family trauma narratives (?=0.47), and epigenetic factors (?=0.41). Consequently, this study extends the findings of Danieli et al. (2016) on intergenerational trauma mechanisms and contributes to Kellermann's (2013) theoretical model on protective factors in trauma resilience. Unlike previous research by Hassan (2019), which focused on two generations, these findings reveal an adaptive pattern in the third generation through the development of collective resilience (82.3%) and positive coping strategies (77.8%), offering a novel perspective on the potential for intergenerational trauma healing in the context of prolonged conflict.

Stunting is a condition that occurs due to a lack of nutritional intake over a long period of time, thus inhibiting a child's growth. As the next generation of the nation, children need special attention in terms of their growth and development. Fulfillment of nutrition must begin before pregnancy, continued with exclusive breastfeeding after the baby is born, and continued with balanced nutritious food according to the stage of growth. This study was conducted using a literature study method to collect data related to efforts to reduce stunting rates in toddlers. The results of the study showed that community education through counseling and health education can increase understanding of nutrition and good parenting patterns. In addition, programs such as providing eggs in villages and the involvement of integrated health post cadres in early detection have also proven effective in reducing stunting rates in toddlers.