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Pierhead casting is a critical activity in toll road infrastructure projects that requires continuous concrete supply to maintain quality and execution time. Factors influencing the smooth casting process include the regularity of truck mixer arrival intervals and the work cycle of the truck concrete pump. This study aims to analyze the effect of truck mixer intervals and truck concrete pump performance on the productivity of pierhead casting at Pierhead P37S on the Solo–Yogyakarta–NYIA Toll Road Project, Section 2 Package 2.1A. The analysis method used field observation through time study techniques to measure the cycle duration of truck mixers and the operating time of the truck concrete pump. The analysis stages included calculating cycle time, productivity, production capacity, and working duration of each equipment. The results show that the truck concrete pump achieved a productivity of 0.425 m³/minute, while the truck mixer reached 0.989 m³/minute. These values were influenced by cycle time, equipment condition, work area condition, execution method, and work volume. Based on duration analysis, the truck concrete pump required about 4.7 hours to complete the casting of 120 m³ of ready-mix concrete, while the truck mixer required 2.022 hours to support the concrete supply process.

Perkembangan komik digital di Indonesia telah mendorong transformasi mitologi Indonesia ke dalam bentuk visual kontemporer. Salah satu representasi tersebut adalah karakter Roro Kidul dalam komik digital Nusantara Droid War, yang menampilkan tokoh mitologi Jawa dalam setting futuristik. Studi ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis representasi visual Roro Kidul menggunakan Teori Bahasa Visual. Metode yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif, menggunakan teknik observasi visual, dokumentasi panel komik, dan tinjauan pustaka. Analisis dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi isi wimba (komik tradisional Indonesia), metode wimba (komik tradisional Indonesia), dan bentuk ekspresi internal dan eksternal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa karakter Roro Kidul direpresentasikan melalui elemen visual seperti pakaian yang didominasi warna hijau, ornamen emas, gerak tubuh yang tenang, dan manifestasi naga putih dan hitam sebagai simbol kekuatan ganda. Penerapan skala, perspektif, dan komposisi panel memperkuat hierarki visual dan posisi karakter sebagai tokoh utama. Bentuk ekspresi internal dan eksternal membangun kesinambungan makna dan menekankan otoritas simbolik karakter. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa komik digital dapat menjadi media komunikasi budaya yang efektif dalam mentransformasikan mitologi Indonesia tanpa menghilangkan struktur makna budayanya, dan menekankan relevansi Teori Bahasa Visual dalam analisis visual media populer.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease that remains a public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The transmission of this disease can be prevented through appropriate behavior, which is influenced by the level of individual knowledge. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission among patients at a public health center. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 20 respondents selected using total sampling technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire measuring knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that most respondents had a good level of knowledge (50.0%) and good preventive behavior (60.0%). The Chi-Square test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior, indicating that improving knowledge is essential in preventing tuberculosis transmission.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is an infectious disease that remains a public health problem, especially in developing countries such as Indonesia. The transmission of this disease can be prevented through appropriate behavior, which is influenced by the level of individual knowledge. This study aims to determine the relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission among patients at a public health center. This study used a quantitative method with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 20 respondents selected using total sampling technique. The research instrument was a questionnaire measuring knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results showed that most respondents had a good level of knowledge (50.0%) and good preventive behavior (60.0%). The Chi-Square test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior of pulmonary tuberculosis transmission. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between knowledge level and preventive behavior, indicating that improving knowledge is essential in preventing tuberculosis transmission.

This study was motivated by the importance of using digital technology-based learning media in Catholic Religious Education learning to improve students’ learning achievement. The development of digital technology requires teachers to use interesting and interactive learning media that are suitable for students’ needs. This study aimed to determine the use of digital technology-based learning media in Catholic religious education learning and its impact on students’ learning achievement at SMPK Swadaya Tuakepa. This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The research subjects consisted of the principal, the Catholic religious education teacher, and five students. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results showed that digital technology-based learning media such as PowerPoint, learning videos, Canva, Kahoot, and Quizizz had been utilized well in the learning process. The use of digital media helped teachers explain learning materials more clearly and attractively so that students became more active, focused, and motivated in learning. In addition, the use of digital media also improved students’ intellectual abilities, cognitive strategies, attitudes, and skills. Therefore, digital technology-based learning media can improve the quality of Catholic religious education learning and students’ learning achievement at SMPK Swadaya Tuakepa.

Malaria masih menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang berdampak terhadap angka kesakitan, kematian, dan produktivitas masyarakat. Perilaku pencegahan menjadi faktor penting dalam menurunkan risiko penularan malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan perilaku pencegahan terhadap risiko kejadian malaria pada masyarakat di Kabupaten Asahan. Penelitian menggunakan desain analitik observasional dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Sampel berjumlah 50 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik consecutive sampling. Data dikumpulkan melalui kuesioner terstruktur yang mencakup penggunaan kelambu, penggunaan anti nyamuk, penggunaan pakaian pelindung, kebiasaan keluar rumah pada malam hari, kebersihan lingkungan, dan perilaku pencarian pengobatan. Analisis dilakukan secara univariat dan bivariat menggunakan uji Chi-Square dengan tingkat kepercayaan 95%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden memiliki perilaku pencegahan yang baik (62,0%) dan risiko kejadian malaria yang rendah (66,0%). Uji Chi-Square menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang signifikan antara perilaku pencegahan dengan risiko kejadian malaria (p=0,003). Responden dengan perilaku pencegahan kurang memiliki peluang 6,88 kali lebih besar mengalami risiko malaria tinggi (OR=6,88; 95% CI=1,84–25,68). Disimpulkan bahwa perilaku pencegahan berhubungan signifikan dengan risiko kejadian malaria di Kabupaten Asahan.

Background:Landslides are a disaster that often occurs in hilly areas with high rainfall. The community's lack of knowledge about mitigation increases the risk of losses and casualties. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge and preparedness of cadres and the community of Pargarutan Dolok Village in facing landslides through mentoring and counseling activities. The activity was carried out on May 25, 2026 in Pargarutan Dolok Village, East Angkola District, South Tapanuli Regency, targeting village cadres and the local community. Methods:The methods used included delivering material, interactive discussions, questions and answers, and distributing leaflets regarding the causes, signs, impacts, and mitigation steps for landslides. Evaluation was carried out through observations of participant participation and their ability to understand the material provided. The activity went well and received active participation from all participants. Results:The results of the observations showed an increase in participants' understanding of the causes, early signs, impacts, and actions that need to be taken before, during, and after a landslide occurs. The enthusiasm of the participants during the discussion also showed an increase in public awareness of the importance of disaster mitigation and preparedness. Conclusion: These findings indicate that landslide preparedness training is effective in increasing the knowledge, awareness, and preparedness of cadres and the community regarding landslide risks. This activity is expected to be the first step in strengthening community capacity and supporting the creation of disaster-resilient villages through ongoing disaster education.

This study aimed to examine the association between physical activity and nutritional status as risk factors for noncommunicable diseases among women of reproductive age. A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional approach was conducted in Kranggan Village involving 35 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data on physical activity were collected using questionnaires, while nutritional status was assessed based on Body Mass Index (BMI). The findings showed that most respondents had moderate physical activity levels (51.4%), followed by low physical activity levels (42.8%). Regarding nutritional status, the majority of respondents were classified as overweight (51.4%) and obese (28.6%). Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between physical activity and nutritional status (p = 0.003). The results indicate that inadequate physical activity is associated with increased nutritional status problems, particularly overweight conditions. Therefore, low physical activity and excessive body weight represent interconnected risk factors contributing to the development of noncommunicable diseases among women of reproductive age. This study highlights the importance of promoting regular physical activity and maintaining balanced nutritional status as preventive strategies to reduce the risk of noncommunicable illnesses.

Asam urat merupakan penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar asam urat dalam darah, yaitu >7,0 mg/dL pada laki-laki dan >6,0 mg/dL pada perempuan. Kondisi ini sering dialami lansia akibat penumpukan kristal urat yang dapat menimbulkan nyeri dan gangguan mobilitas. Salah satu upaya nonfarmakologis yang dapat dilakukan adalah senam ergonomik berbasis budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas inovasi senam ergonomik berbasis budaya terhadap kadar asam urat pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pakis, Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian menggunakan desain quasi-experimental dengan two-group pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel berjumlah 20 responden yang dibagi menjadi kelompok intervensi (10 responden) dan kelompok kontrol (10 responden). Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon untuk mengetahui perubahan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada masing-masing kelompok serta uji Mann–Whitney untuk membandingkan hasil antar kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan kadar asam urat yang signifikan pada kelompok intervensi (p=0,046; p<0,05), sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak mengalami perubahan bermakna (p=0,317; p>0,05). Perbandingan kadar asam urat pascaintervensi antara kedua kelompok juga menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,001; p<0,05). Dengan demikian, inovasi senam ergonomik berbasis budaya yang dilakukan sebanyak empat kali selama dua minggu terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pakis, Kabupaten Malang.

This study aims to examine relevant and effective Christian Religious Education (CRE) learning methods in the digital era. The rapid development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes in education, including CRE instruction. The research method employed is a literature study with a descriptive-analytical approach to various academic sources and technology-based CRE learning practices. The results indicate that integrating digital media such as online learning platforms, Bible-based interactive applications, and social media creatively can enhance students' engagement and understanding of Christian faith values. Furthermore, the use of digital technology opens wider opportunities for contextual and meaningful faith formation across diverse learning environments. The study also identifies key challenges faced by CRE teachers, namely digital readiness, infrastructure limitations, and maintaining relational and spiritual dimensions in virtual learning environments. Teachers must therefore be equipped not only technologically but also theologically to navigate these complexities. The research concludes that the transformation of CRE methods in the digital era is not merely a technology adoption but a holistic theological integration of faith, technology, and pedagogy.

This community service program aims to enhance farmers’ literacy on independent fertilizer production and strengthen their understanding of farmers’ rights within national fertilizer governance as an effort to achieve food sovereignty. The program was implemented in Belang Village, Bungkal Sub-district, Ponorogo Regency, involving GAPOKTAN Baungan consisting of farmer groups from Tempel, Kepuh, Pakal, Kanigoro, and Klatakan hamlets. This initiative represents cross-university synergy involving lecturers from Universitas Merdeka Malang, Universitas Soerjo Ngawi, Universitas Muhammadiyah Ponorogo, and Akademi Kesejahteraan Sosial Ibu Kartini Semarang. The implementation adopted a participatory hybrid approach combining Zoom Meeting dissemination and offline field activities. Activities included literacy enhancement on independent fertilizer production, training on organic fertilizer processing, strengthening farmer group institutions, and legal literacy regarding farmers’ rights in accessing subsidized fertilizers, including RDKK mechanisms and national policies. Methods comprised participatory socialization, hands-on training, group discussions, field practice, and monitoring and evaluation. Results show improved understanding of independent fertilizer concepts, increased technical skills in organic fertilizer production, and greater awareness of farmers’ rights and obligations in the fertilizer distribution system. The program strengthened inter-university collaboration and farmer networks, supporting sustainability, farmer independence, reduced dependence on chemical fertilizers, and community-based food sovereignty.

Penelitian ini membahas dua permasalahan utama, yaitu pengaturan keabsahan akta otentik apabila salah satu pihak menandatanganinya dalam keadaan tidak bebas dan akibat hukum terhadap akta otentik yang ditandatangani dalam keadaan tidak bebas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa keabsahan akta otentik tidak hanya ditentukan oleh pemenuhan syarat formil sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1868 KUHPerdata dan Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Jabatan Notaris, tetapi juga harus memenuhi syarat subjektif sahnya perjanjian yaitu adanya kesepakatan yang lahir dari kehendak bebas sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Apabila akta ditandatangani dalam keadaan tidak bebas karena adanya kekhilafan, paksaan, penipuan, atau penyalahgunaan keadaan, maka akta tersebut mengandung cacat kehendak sehingga berstatus dapat dibatalkan (vernietigbaar). Akibat hukumnya, akta tetap memiliki kekuatan pembuktian selama belum ada putusan pengadilan yang membatalkannya, namun apabila dibatalkan maka akta kehilangan kekuatan otentiknya dan para pihak dikembalikan pada keadaan semula (restitutio in integrum). Penelitian ini juga menemukan kekosongan norma dalam UUJN yang tidak mengatur secara eksplisit larangan pembuatan akta dalam keadaan tidak bebas serta tidak adanya PERMA atau SEMA yang menjadi pedoman bagi hakim dalam memeriksa perkara cacat kehendak. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan agar notaris meningkatkan prinsip kehati-hatian dalam menggali kehendak bebas para penghadap, serta pemerintah segera merevisi UUJN dan Mahkamah Agung menerbitkan pedoman indikator cacat kehendak bagi hakim.

This study aims to explore the perceptions and meanings of maslahah (public welfare) values in the implementation of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) at SD Negeri 030413 Salak, Pakpak Bharat Regency, North Sumatra Province. Pakpak Bharat Regency records a stunting prevalence of 28.9% far exceeding the national average of 19.8% while most beneficiary families are low-income and lack adequate access to nutritious food. This research employs a qualitative approach with a phenomenological design through semi-structured in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation involving nine informants. Data analysis was conducted using the Miles and Huberman interactive model with interpretation based on the maqāṣid al-sharīʿah framework. The findings reveal five integrated dimensions of maslahah: fulfillment of ḥifẓ al-nafs through improvements in students’ physical health; strengthening of ḥifẓ al-ʿaql through increased concentration and learning readiness; preservation of ḥifẓ al-nasl through early intervention against stunting; realization of ḥifẓ al-dīn through religious practices accompanying the program; and protection of ḥifẓ al-māl through reduced household expenditure. Overall, the MBG Program functions not only as a nutritional intervention but also as a public policy aligned with maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, contributing to the multidimensional achievement of falah.

Korosi pada aluminium dalam lingkungan air laut merupakan permasalahan serius yang dapat menurunkan umur pakai material. Berbagai inhibitor alami telah dikembangkan sebagai alternatif ramah lingkungan, tetapi kajian mengenai penggunaan ekstrak labu kuning sebagai inhibitor korosi aluminium dalam media air laut, terutama dengan mempertimbangkan pengaruh temperatur, masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi inhibitor ekstrak labu kuning dan temperatur terhadap laju korosi aluminium menggunakan metode weight loss. Variasi konsentrasi inhibitor yang digunakan adalah 0 ppm, 1000 ppm, 2000 ppm, dan 3000 ppm, dengan variasi temperatur 27°C, 35°C, dan 45°C selama waktu perendaman 24 jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi inhibitor secara signifikan menurunkan laju korosi, dengan nilai optimum pada 3000 ppm yang menghasilkan laju korosi sebesar 0,448 mm/year dan efisiensi inhibisi sebesar 74,06%. Sebaliknya, peningkatan temperatur menyebabkan kenaikan laju korosi dan penurunan efisiensi inhibitor. Analisis parameter aktivasi menunjukkan bahwa penambahan inhibitor meningkatkan energi aktivasi (Ea) dari 17,075 kJ/mol menjadi 28,432 kJ/mol, yang mengindikasikan bahwa proses korosi menjadi lebih sulit terjadi. Secara keseluruhan, ekstrak labu kuning terbukti efektif sebagai inhibitor korosi ramah lingkungan yang bekerja melalui mekanisme adsorpsi dan pembentukan lapisan pelindung pada permukaan logam.

Evacuation planning in spatial networks requires the identification of critical nodes that maintain connectivity, accessibility, and flow distribution during emergency situations. Existing approaches often rely on individual centrality measures, which capture only a single structural dimension of node importance and may therefore produce incomplete or biased prioritization. To address this limitation, this study proposes a Composite Centrality Framework for identifying critical nodes in meso-scale spatial networks with semi-structured connectivity. The network is modeled as a weighted undirected graph, and Degree, Betweenness, and Closeness Centrality are integrated into a unified composite index to capture complementary structural roles. The framework is implemented in MATLAB and evaluated using a real-world campus spatial network consisting of 30 nodes and a synthetic network comprising 16 nodes with comparable structural characteristics. The results reveal a highly uneven distribution of node importance, with a small set of structurally dominant nodes consistently identified across both networks. In the campus network, node P1 achieves the highest composite centrality score (0.2195) and ranks first across the individual centrality measures, indicating its dominant role in maintaining network connectivity, accessibility, and flow distribution. Quantitative evaluation demonstrates strong agreement between the composite ranking and the individual measures, with Spearman rank correlation coefficients of 0.94, 0.89, and 0.91 for Degree, Betweenness, and Closeness Centrality, respectively. However, only one node (P1) appears simultaneously in the top five of all rankings, highlighting the complementary nature of the individual centrality measures and supporting the need for multi-criteria integration. Sensitivity analysis across three weighting scenarios yields rank correlations exceeding 0.97, confirming ranking stability and methodological robustness. Overall, the proposed framework provides a balanced and reliable approach for identifying critical nodes and demonstrates potential applicability to evacuation planning and spatial network analysis in semi-structured environments.

Program Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) mahasiswa Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Semarang dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Purwosari, Kecamatan Mijen, Kota Semarang pada tanggal 3 Januari hingga 1 Februari 2026. Program ini bertujuan mengatasi permasalahan masyarakat di bidang kesehatan, literasi, keselamatan lingkungan, dan kesejahteraan sosial melalui pendekatan partisipatif yang terintegrasi. Program yang dilaksanakan meliputi pembuatan Taman TOGA, pembagian buku bacaan bergambar ke sekolah dasar, pemasangan kaca cembung di titik blind spot, penyuluhan pencegahan stunting disertai pembagian makanan bergizi, kerja bakti, serta pendampingan Posyandu, PKK, dan PAUD. Hasil program menunjukkan manfaat nyata: taman TOGA fungsional terbangun di halaman kantor kelurahan, 180 buku tersalurkan ke SDN Purwosari 1 dan 2, 3 kaca cembung terpasang di titik rawan kecelakaan, dan 25 paket makanan bergizi terdistribusi kepada anak PAUD. Program-program ini berhasil meningkatkan kesadaran dan kapasitas masyarakat di bidang kesehatan, pendidikan, dan keselamatan lingkungan.

Christian religious education teachers act as agents of social, spiritual, and cultural transformation by integrating Christian values ​​into the lives of communities that are still strongly bound to ancestral customs and beliefs. The transformation of customs through contextual evangelism is both a challenge and an opportunity for Christian religious education (PAK) teachers in carrying out their roles as educators and servants of God in a pluralistic society. This study aims to analyze the strategic steps of PAK teachers in integrating Gospel values ​​with local culture without eliminating the identity of the Christian faith or damaging the noble values ​​of customs. The research method used is a qualitative approach and literature study. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers need to have three main strategic steps, namely contextual understanding by studying in depth the values, symbols, and practices of local customs, a transformational approach, namely presenting Gospel values ​​through education that respects culture but leads to renewal of life and pedagogical implementation through creative and reflective learning methods that foster students' awareness of faith and social responsibility. With this strategy, Christian Religious Education teachers can become agents of transformation, bridging the gap between Christian faith and local culture, ensuring that evangelism is not confrontational but contextual, dialogical, and builds lives rooted in the love of Christ.

This study aims to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the Juz ‘Amma memorization strategy implemented at Madrasah Diniyah Takmiliyah Baitul Azhar, evaluate its effectiveness, and examine the assessment mechanisms applied in Qur’anic learning. The research employed a qualitative field-study approach, focusing on learning activities as the primary object of investigation. Data were collected through direct observation of the learning process, in-depth interviews with the madrasah principal and teachers (ustadz/ustadzah), and documentation analysis related to the memorization program. The data were analyzed through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing to generate accurate and in-depth findings. The results indicate that the memorization program utilizes a combination of talaqqi, takrir (repetition), sima’i, and small halaqah methods. These strategies have proven effective in improving students’ memorization abilities, as reflected in increased reading fluency, better tajwid accuracy, and the achievement of memorization targets. In addition, the madrasah implements a structured and continuous evaluation system consisting of daily assessments, weekly reviews, and final examinations for each juz. The evaluation focuses on memorization fluency, recitation accuracy, and overall memorization quality. The study concludes that integrating diverse memorization methods with systematic evaluation significantly enhances the effectiveness of Qur’an memorization learning in Islamic educational institutions.  

This study examines the application of the professional code of ethics for Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers in building student integrity in secondary schools during the digital era. The primary issues discussed include the extent to which the code of ethics is implemented, its impact on students’ moral-spiritual standards, and the challenges of aligning professional ethics with a ministry calling. Using a library research approach, this study analyzes biblical texts, ethics textbooks, and scientific journals published within the last ten years. The findings indicate that the professionalism of CRE teachers must be grounded in Kingdom of God values by integrating pedagogical competence with theological calling through In-Persona Christi theory and the concept of vocatio. Authentic teacher exemplarity is identified as the most effective instrument for adolescent character formation amid the post-truth era, where digital information often blurs moral judgment. This study recommends a kenosis pedagogy approach, requiring educators to be authentically present, humble, and free from intellectual arrogance in order to achieve meaningful transformation of student character, integrity, and moral-spiritual maturity within contemporary Christian educational practice and school life contexts.

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis peran pengasuh dalam mengembangkan spiritualitas anak di Panti Asuhan Elim HKBP Pematangsiantar melalui pendekatan attachment (kelekatan). Latar belakang masalah menunjukkan bahwa anak panti asuhan sering mengalami trauma, kesepian, dan krisis kepercayaan kepada Tuhan akibat ketidakhadiran orang tua kandung. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik observasi partisipatif, wawancara semi-terstruktur kepada pimpinan dan pengasuh, serta pendekatan halus kepada anak-anak, penelitian ini mendasarkan analisis pada teori attachment John Bowlby dan konsep spiritualitas anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengasuh berperan sebagai pengganti orang tua yang tidak hanya memenuhi kebutuhan fisik, tetapi juga membangun kelekatan emosional yang aman (secure base) melalui pembagian tugas kekeluargaan, kegiatan ibadah rutin (pagi dan malam), serta pendampingan personal. Tantangan terbesar terjadi pada masa adaptasi anak baru yang sering menunjukkan perilaku menangis, menyendiri, dan keraguan spiritual. Pendekatan holistik dan konsisten berbasis kasih agape terbukti efektif menumbuhkan rasa aman, kepercayaan diri, dan nilai religius anak. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa peran pengasuh sebagai figur kelekatan sangat fundamental dalam pembentukan spiritualitas anak panti asuhan.