Publication Search

Stunting and wasting are nutritional problems in toddlers that remain a double burden of malnutrition in Indonesia and have an impact on the quality of health and future human resource development. Monitoring the nutritional status of toddlers is generally carried out using anthropometric indicators, but the use of this data is still limited to descriptive analysis. This study aims to apply the K-Means algorithm in clustering infants vulnerable to stunting and wasting based on anthropometric indicators, so that groups of infants with different levels of nutritional vulnerability can be identified. The dataset used consists of infant data with variables of gender, age (months), height (cm), and weight (kg). The research stages included data preprocessing, encoding categorical variables, data normalization, determining the optimal number of clusters using the Elbow and Silhouette Score methods, and analyzing the characteristics of each cluster. The evaluation results showed that the optimal number of clusters was four. Each cluster has different anthropometric characteristics and distributions of stunting and wasting status, ranging from groups with relatively normal nutritional conditions, groups with a tendency toward overnutrition, to groups that are vulnerable to acute and chronic malnutrition. These clustering results provide a more comprehensive and segmented mapping of toddlers, which can be used as a basis for formulating more targeted and data-driven nutrition policies and interventions.

Nutritional problems in toddlers remain a public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Tarakan City, North Kalimantan. The 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) data shows a high prevalence of malnutrition, severe malnutrition, and stunting in toddlers, with data showing that based on the body weight index (BB/A) the prevalence of malnourished toddlers is 3.9% while 13.8% of toddlers are undernourished. Based on the height-for-age (H/A) index, there are 11.5% of toddlers with very short nutritional status and 19.3% of toddlers with stunted nutritional status. Meanwhile, based on the weight-for-height (BB/H) index, the proportion of very wasted children is 3.5%, undernourished children are 6.7%, and overweight children are 8% (Riskesdas, 2018). Because of these problems, early nutrition education efforts are needed. This community service activity aims to increase the knowledge of toddler mothers about the importance of balanced nutrition for children, especially through the use of UHT milk as a nutritional supplement, as well as strengthening the role of integrated health posts (Posyandu) in monitoring child growth and development. Thus, this community service activity contributes to raising public awareness of the importance of meeting toddler nutritional needs and is expected to support government programs to reduce the prevalence of stunting in Tarakan City.

Stunting is a significant public health problem in Indonesia, especially among toddlers. Stunting can have long-term effects on children's quality of life, including physical growth and cognitive development disorders. The Puuwatu Community Health Center in Kendari City has recorded a high rate of stunting. Therefore, it is important to identify the factors associated with stunting in this area. This study aims to identify factors associated with stunting in toddlers in the working area of the Puuwatu Health Center in Kendari City. This study uses an analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample in this study consisted of 73 respondents, and sampling was conducted using stratified random sampling taken from each urban village. Data were collected through interviews with parents of toddlers experiencing stunting, as well as measurements of the toddlers' nutritional status. Data analysis was performed using the chi-square statistical test to examine the relationship between the variables studied. This study shows that nutritional intake (p value = 0.002), exclusive breastfeeding (p value = 0.000), and income (p value = 0.439) are related to stunting. It can be concluded that there is a relationship between nutritional intake and exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting, while income is not related to the incidence of stunting in the working area of the Puuwatu Community Health Center.

Stunting in toddlers is a chronic nutritional problem caused by lack of nutritional intake due to feeding that does not meet basic needs. UNICEF data in 2024 shows that the infant mortality rate for toddlers is 48 per 1,000 live births and the neonatal mortality rate is 23 per 1,000 live births. Conditions that cause mortality and morbidity in infants and toddlers include malnutrition, sepsis, pneumonia, and premature birth (WHO, 2023). Factors that cause stunting include nutrition, health, environment, and socio-economy, such as malnutrition in pregnant women and children, recurrent infections, poor sanitation, and limited access to health services and nutritious food (Sari, 2023). The effects of stunting include brain development inhibitions, weakened immune systems, delayed psychosocial and motor development, and suboptimal physical growth. Based on a preliminary study at the Sungai Raya Dalam Health Center, there were 134 children under five who were stunted. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal nutritional status during pregnancy and the incidence of stunting in toddlers aged 0–24 months. The research design used case control with a retrospective approach, involving 58 mothers with toddlers aged 0–24 months. The results showed that mothers with nutritional status with KELK had a higher risk of giving birth to stunted toddlers (72.7%) compared to mothers with good nutritional status (19.1%). The Fisher Exact test yielded a value of p = 0.000 (p < 0.05), which means that there is a significant relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women and the incidence of stunting.

This study aims to analyze the influence of parental roles on fulfilling the nutritional needs of children aged 3–4 years at the Asmaul Husna Daycare (TPA) in Gorontalo. The study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach and involved 60 parents as respondents. The role of parents was measured through their active involvement as educators, motivators, and facilitators in fulfilling children's nutritional needs. The results showed that 80% of children whose parents played an active role had good nutritional status based on normal weight for age and height for age indicators. Conversely, in the group of less active parents, only 36% of children achieved good nutritional status. The Chi-square test showed a significant relationship between parental roles and children's nutritional status (p < 0.05). The table data shows a clear disparity, with 32 well-nourished children coming from the active role group, while 14 children with poor nutritional status came from the passive role group. These findings emphasize the importance of monitoring dietary patterns, providing nutritious supplies, and collaboration between parents and the TPA in reducing the risk of malnutrition and stunting. Furthermore, parental involvement contributes to improved immunity, cognitive development, and the formation of long-term healthy eating habits. This study recommends holding nutrition workshops for parents as part of a sustainable TPA program.

Nutritional problems among preschool children remain a global and national concern. WHO (2017) reported that approximately 54% of child mortality under five is caused by malnutrition, while in Indonesia the prevalence of picky eaters reaches 20%, with West Java recording as high as 41.9%. The 2018 Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) data showed that the national stunting rate was still high at 30.8%, far from the national target of 19% in 2024. This study aimed to examine the relationship between picky eating behavior and physical activity with the nutritional status of preschool children at PAUD Kiddy Kid Center Banda Aceh. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. The population included all 42 preschool children at the institution, selected through total sampling. Data analysis was carried out using univariate and bivariate (Chi-Square test) analyses. The results showed a significant relationship between picky eating behavior and nutritional status (p = 0.001), as well as between physical activity and nutritional status (p = 0.001). Conclusion: There is a significant association between picky eating behavior, physical activity, and the nutritional status of preschool children. It is recommended that schools and parents collaborate in promoting healthy eating patterns and encouraging physical activity from an early age.

Stunting, a major public health issue, is often caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies during early life. Research shows that maternal nutritional status before conception plays a crucial role in child growth outcomes, but this phase is often overlooked in stunting prevention. The pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) is a key indicator of maternal nutrition and may influence a child's linear growth. This study aimed to explore the relationship between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and stunting in children under five years old in the Soasio Primary Health Center, Tidore Islands City. A cross-sectional analytical observational study was conducted with 50 mother-child pairs selected via total sampling. Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI was obtained from health records, while child stunting was assessed using height-for-age or length-for-age Z-scores based on WHO growth standards. Data were analyzed using univariate analysis, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression. The results revealed a significant correlation between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI and child stunting. Children born to underweight mothers were more likely to experience stunting compared to those born to mothers with a normal BMI. No significant correlation was found between overweight or obesity and stunting. The study concludes that maternal undernutrition before pregnancy is strongly linked to stunting and highlights the need for better nutritional screening and interventions for women of reproductive age.

This article examines the role of students of the Real Work Lecture (KKN) of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra in Stabat Lama Village in supporting community development through an integrative approach that covers three main areas, namely religious moderation, stunting prevention, and extreme poverty alleviation. The religious moderation program is carried out through Maghrib Mengaji, Gebyar Islami, and interfaith dialogue, which has been proven to strengthen tolerance and social harmony in the community. The stunting prevention program is realized through the provision of supplemental food (PMT) based on local ingredients, which is able to improve the nutritional status of toddlers while preventing the risk of new stunting. Furthermore, the community economic empowerment program is carried out through ecoprint training with eco pounding techniques that produce works of selling value and open up opportunities for environment-based businesses. The results of the activities show that the three programs complement each other and contribute to improving health, economic independence, and socio-religious harmony. The real impact of the implementation of this program is not only felt in the short term, but also provides the foundation for the development of a more independent and sustainable society. Through the active involvement of students, KKN activities succeeded in connecting academic theory with real practice in the field, so that it was able to provide contextual solutions to village problems. The empowerment carried out also emphasizes inclusive community participation, especially vulnerable groups such as housewives and toddlers, so as to provide more equitable benefits. Thus, KKN in Stabat Lama Village represents a holistic, sustainable, and relevant service model to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The 2021 Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) shows that 1 in 4 Indonesian children suffers from stunting and 1 in 10 children suffers from malnutrition. Good nutrition is a crucial foundation for optimal growth and development, especially for those growing up in vulnerable environments. According to the WHO, stunting is a failure of growth and development experienced by children due to prolonged inadequate nutritional intake, recurrent infectious diseases, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. However, on the other hand, children who experience stunting are usually accompanied by developmental delays in various other organs, especially if malnutrition occurs during the first 1000 days of life (HPK). Stunting is defined as a child's length for age (PB/A) or height for age (H/A) that is lower than -2 standard deviations. Therefore, a child with stunting is definitely stunted, but a child who is stunted is not necessarily stunted. Stunting that occurs before a child is 2 years old is an indication of decreased cognitive abilities at a later age if not followed by adequate psychosocial stimulation, thus impacting academic or educational abilities later in life. Providing innovative education such as making moringa pudding is one way to present nutritious and creative food or drinks so that it can be accepted by kindergarten mothers who have toddlers and preschoolers. The content of moringa leaves is a food ingredient that has good nutritional value, especially for preventing stunting in children.

The prevalence of stunting globally in 2021 reached 171 million to 314 million. In Indonesia, the results of the Indonesian Nutritional Status Survey (SSGI) showed that the stunting rate in 2019 was 27.7%, in 2021 it was 24.4%, and in 2022 it was 21.4%. Child stunting is a health concern in Indonesia. Causes of stunting in children include poor nutrition, low exclusive breastfeeding rates, low birth weight (LBW), and maternal factors in providing nutrition from pregnancy to 59 months of age. Research reports that stunting is influenced by parents' lack of knowledge about balanced nutrition. Knowledge plays a vital role in the life and development of individuals and society.Purpose This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge about balanced nutrition and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in the Jambu Village area, Mlonggo District, Jepara City. Method This research is a quantitative correlational study with a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were mothers with toddlers in the Jambu Village area, Mlonggo District. The sampling technique used total sampling to obtain a sample of 34 respondents. Measurement of the level of knowledge of nutritional balance by providing questions with multiple choices of true and false and for stunting using Microtois and Anthropometric Table. Data processing using SPSS with a computer using the Spearman Rho statistical test.The results of the study showed that the majority of respondents had good nutritional balance knowledge, amounting to 16 (47.1%), while 17 (50.0%) respondents did not experience stunting.There is a relationship between maternal knowledge about balanced nutrition and the incidence of stunting in toddlers in Jambu Village, Mlonggo District, Jepara Regency.

Malnutrition is a condition in which the body does not receive enough essential nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, calories, and minerals, which causes various health problems, especially wasting and stunting, making it a serious concern in children. According to the Basic Health Research, the prevalence of malnourished children in Indonesia remained stable at 17.8% between 2016 and 2017 but decreased to 13.8% in 2018. This case study focuses on a 23-month-old girl from Kuala Keureuto Village, who was observed for three weeks through home visits in 2025. The diagnosis of malnutrition was made in accordance with national guidelines outlined in the Indonesian Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2020, regarding child anthropometric standards. Anthropometric measurements showed that the child's height was 78.3 cm and her weight was 8.8 kg. Based on these measurements, her nutritional status was assessed as follows: A height/age Z-score between -2 and -3 SD indicates stunting, a weight/age Z-score between -2 and -3 SD indicates underweight, while a weight/age Z-score below -2 SD and a BMI/age Z-score below -2 SD are considered well-nourished. After confirming the diagnosis, the patient received nutrition education, supplemental feeding, appetite-stimulating supplements, and growth monitoring. In addition, analyses were conducted to identify factors influencing her condition, concluding that the malnutrition observed in this 23-month-old patient was influenced by parenting behavior, parental knowledge, medical history, incomplete immunizations, and environmental factors.

Stunting is a growth failure condition in toddlers caused by chronic malnutrition, particularly during the critical first 1,000 days of life. This condition is influenced by various factors, including maternal education and feeding practices. This study aims to analyze the relationship between maternal education level and feeding patterns with the incidence of stunting among toddlers in the working area of the Pekauman Community Health Center, Banjarmasin City. The research employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The population consisted of mothers with toddlers, with 66 respondents selected through accidental sampling. Data collection was carried out using structured questionnaires and documentation studies related to children’s nutritional status. Data analysis was performed using univariate and bivariate methods, with the Spearman Rho test applied at a 0.05 significance level. The findings revealed a significant relationship between maternal education level and stunting incidence (p = 0.009), suggesting that lower levels of maternal education were associated with higher stunting rates. Conversely, feeding patterns did not show a statistically significant relationship with stunting (p = 0.081), although descriptive data indicated that inappropriate feeding practices were common among respondents. The majority of mothers in this study had basic education (elementary to junior high school), and a considerable number of toddlers were found to be stunted. Based on these results, it can be concluded that maternal education level plays an essential role in influencing stunting, while feeding patterns require further investigation with larger samples. The study recommends strengthening nutrition education and counseling programs for mothers, particularly those with low educational backgrounds, alongside regular monitoring of child growth and development by health professionals. Additionally, government efforts to expand access to health and nutrition information through easily accessible media are expected to contribute to stunting prevention and reduction strategies.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that has a long-term impact on physical growth, cognitive development, and the quality of human resources in the future. This study aims to determine the relationship between family income and nutritional status of toddlers on the incidence of stunting in the Bukit Cening Daik Health Center working area, Lingga Regency, 2024. This study used a cross-sectional design with a sample size of 62 respondents selected through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements, then analyzed using the chi-square test. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between family income and nutritional status of children under five with the incidence of stunting (p < 0.05). This finding suggests that economic conditions and nutritional status play an important role in preventing stunting. Therefore, nutrition interventions targeting low-income families need to be strengthened to reduce stunting in the area.  

Background: Stunting is a chronic nutritional disorderl in toddlers that is permanent and irreparable (irreversible) if it occurs during the First 1000 Days of Life (HPK). One significant risk factor is birth spacing that is too close, which affects the mother's nutritional status and the quality of fetal nutrient intake. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the relationship between birth spacing and the incidence of stunting among toddlers on Morotai Island. Methods: An analytical study with a cross-sectional design was conducted on 30 respondents selected through accidental sampling in the Community Health Center (Puskesmas) area of Morotai. Data were collected through questionnaires, MCH (Maternal and Child Health) books, and anthropometric measurements, then analyzed using Simple Logistic Regression test. Results: The majority of respondents had a birth spacing of 3-4 years (40%), but the prevalence of stunting remained quite high at 43.3%. The statistical test results showed a p-value = 0.005 (p < 0.05), proving a significant relationship between birth spacing and the incidence of stunting. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between pregnancy/birth spacing and the incidence of stunting among toddlers on Morotai Island.

The development targets in the Health sector in the 2020–2024 National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) place one of the main targets for maternal and child health is to reduce the incidence of children under five years old (toddlers) stunting (low height / short) by 30.8% (2018) to 19% in 2024. Optimal Health Status must be prepared since a woman before marriage. Then continued when the woman is pregnant, and while breastfeeding. Childhood is the foundation for growth and development in the next stage, if there are nutritional problems then the consequences that arise are permanent. The risk of stunting by 7x can occur in women 15-49 years who experience anemia and when they become pregnant will be at risk of giving birth to stunted babies. In women of childbearing age aged 15-49 years is the foundation for growth and development in the next stage, if during this period women experience nutritional problems then the consequences that arise can be permanent or irreversible. Its essence is a critical period when a system is plastic and sensitive to its environment, followed by a permanent loss of plasticity and functional capacity (Ummi Kalsum et al., 2021). Before education was provided, most adolescents showed a low level of understanding, namely 31 respondents (56.7%), and awareness of the importance of monitoring nutritional status during adolescence was also minimal. However, after interactive counseling with an easy-to-understand approach, there was a significant increase in knowledge, with 41 respondents (68.3%) showing an increase in understanding, reflected in a change in the knowledge category to a better level. This activity emphasizes the importance of promotive and preventive interventions in areas at high risk of nutritional problems. The implementation of direct and participatory education involving cadres and health workers has proven effective in increasing awareness and forming healthy lifestyle behaviors in adolescents. Therefore, similar education programs need to be implemented continuously to reduce anemia rates to prevent stunting and prevent stunting from adolescence.

Stunting is a growth disorder in children characterized by height-for-age below the standard due to prolonged nutritional deficiency. This condition affects physical development, learning ability, and metabolic health, and it tends to be persistent. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting remains high. This study was conducted to identify the causes of stunting during the first 1,000 days of life. The method used was a literature review with a narrative review approach. The results show that risk factors for stunting include prenatal conditions such as low birth weight, maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, and maternal height. In addition, low maternal education, limited access to healthcare services, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, infections, and poor dietary patterns also contribute. Strategies proven effective according to the literature include early nutrition education, nutritional supplementation, and technology-based growth monitoring. The most consistently identified determinant is low birth weight (LBW).

Stunting was growth failure in children caused by chronic malnutrition or infectious disease, resulting in impaired physical and cognitive growth. This community service suggests using Moringa oleifera leaves to prevent stunting by making pudding. Moringa leaves are famous for their high nutritional value, containing vitamins A, C, and E and minerals such as calcium, iron, and protein. This community service program aims to increase the skills and knowledge of the community, especially pregnant women, in making Moringa leaf pudding and the importance of improving nutrition in pregnant women. The method used was descriptive, lecture, discussion and direct practice in making Moringa leaf pudding with village midwives, pregnant women at the posyandu in Loram Wetan Kudus village. The results of this community service activity can be seen from the increase in participants' knowledge and ability to make Moringa leaf pudding correctly according to the instructions that have been given previously. This community service activity concludes that participants can make Moringa leaf pudding independently and increase pregnant women's knowledge about the benefits of Moringa leaves, which are rich in nutrients and can be used to improve nutritional status to reduce the incidence of stunting.

Based on the findings of the Indonesian Nutritional Status Study Survey (SSGI), the growth rate of stunting in toddlers in East Java reached 19.2%. The prevalence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village is included in the highest category in Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, reaching 36%. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of stunting, growth of gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and cognitive abilities, and to determine the relationship between these factors and the development of these skills in toddlers in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency. This study used a cross-sectional technique and was quantitative. The sample consisted of 110 children aged between 12 and 60 months who were selected through a convenience sampling approach. Anthropometric measurements, interviews, and observations were used to obtain data. The chi-square test and odds ratio were used in data analysis to determine the relationship between variables. The study findings showed that the incidence of stunting and gross motor development were not related. However, there was a relationship between the incidence of stunting and cognitive and fine motor development. Chronic malnutrition, maternal education, maternal occupation, and history of exclusive breastfeeding are some of the factors that can cause developmental disorders in children. The findings of this study indicate that the incidence of stunting in Wedoroanom Village, Driyorejo District, Gresik Regency, is related to fine motor and cognitive development but not related to the development of gross motor functions.

Anemia in pregnant women is one of the contributing factors to stunting in toddlers. The consumption of iron (Fe) tablets by pregnant women requires supervision from family members to support the success of the stunting reduction program in Bangli Regency. Iron tablet intervention in pregnant women has been proven to reduce the risk of complications, lower the incidence of low birth weight in infants, and decrease maternal mortality during childbirth. This study used a cross-sectional survey design, involving 48 pregnant women. Data collection was conducted using total sampling during the period from January 2024 to January 2025 at Kintamani IV Public Health Center. Bivariate data analysis was carried out using the chi-square test. The results of the study showed that 68% of pregnant women experienced mild anemia. Most pregnancies were in the third trimester (39%), and 43% of the participants were in their first pregnancy. The majority of the pregnant women had good knowledge levels. There was a significant relationship between pregnant women’s knowledge and their adherence to consuming iron tablets, with a p-value of 0.019. The odds ratio (OR = 5.014) indicated that pregnant women with good knowledge were five times more likely to adhere to iron tablet consumption compared to those with limited knowledge. Support and monitoring of the nutritional status of pregnant women are essential to reduce the incidence of low birth weight and stunting among toddlers in Selulung Village, Kintamani District.  

Stunting remains one of the major nutritional problems in Indonesia. According to the 2024 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI), the prevalence of stunting in Papua Province reached 16.8%. A child’s nutritional status is strongly influenced by dietary intake, particularly protein, which plays a crucial role in growth. One potential source of animal protein is Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), a type of fish commonly found in Papua. Indian mackerel is rich in protein and omega-3 fatty acids but is highly perishable, limiting its shelf life. To address this issue, the fish is processed into flour. Additionally, green spinach is used as a source of fiber and minerals, although it is also prone to spoilage. The spinach is processed by extracting its juice, which is then incorporated into noodle products. Dried noodles were chosen as a medium for fortification because they are widely consumed across age groups and often used as a substitute for rice.This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Indian mackerel flour and green spinach extract on the chemical properties and sensory acceptance of dried noodles. The research methods included nutritional content analysis and organoleptic testing. The sensory evaluation was conducted by 25 semi-trained panelists who were nutrition science students