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Data from the Business Competition Supervisory Commission (KPPU) indicate that the impact of COVID-19 in 2020, 2021, and peaking in 2022 led to a significant increase in merger and acquisition (M&A) activities. This trend suggests that M&A actions have become an essential strategy for sustaining and enhancing business performance. However, not all M&A activities result in success, making it crucial to understand the factors influencing their outcomes. This study aims to examine and provide empirical evidence on the effect of board size, institutional ownership, and firm size on merger and acquisition performance. Agency theory and signaling theory are employed as the theoretical frameworks to explain the relationships between the independent and dependent variables. The population of this study consists of publicly listed companies that conducted mergers and acquisitions between 2019 and 2023. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, resulting in a total of 150 samples. Data were collected through non-participant observation, and the data analysis technique applied was multiple linear regression. The results show that institutional ownership has a positive effect on merger and acquisition performance. In contrast, board size and firm size do not significantly influence M&A performance. These findings indicate that monitoring by institutional shareholders can enhance the effectiveness of strategic decision-making, while a larger organizational structure and firm size do not necessarily support post-merger integration success.

This literature review examines the impact of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) disclosure on mergers and acquisitions (M&A), focusing on market reactions, post-merger integration, and long-term performance. The review reveals that CSR disclosure often leads to positive market reactions, fostering investor confidence and increasing stock prices during M&A announcements. Furthermore, CSR practices contribute to smoother post-merger integration by aligning organizational cultures and fostering trust. Over the long term, companies that integrate CSR into their strategies generally experience enhanced brand value, customer loyalty, and competitive advantage. However, the effectiveness of CSR disclosure depends on its authenticity and strategic alignment with corporate goals. The review also highlights the need for further research in emerging markets and the exploration of qualitative approaches to deepen understanding of CSR’s role in M&A.

The aim of this research is to analyze the comparison of financial performance and stock returns before and after mergers and acquisitions which are moderated by good corporate governance. This research applies comparative quantitative methods, using secondary data. A population of 21 companies that have carried out merger and acquisition activities were registered with the KPPU in 2021 and listed on the IDX during the 2019-2023 period. A sample of 11 companies was obtained with a 4 year observation span using the purposive sampling method. The data analysis used was IBM SPSS version 27 software with hypothesis testing, namely paired sample t-test, t test, R2 test, and MRA test. The research results show that the ROA, CR, DER, TATO, EPS and Stock Return variables do not show differences before and after carrying out mergers and acquisitions. The proportion of independent board of commissioners cannot moderate the influence of ROA, CR and EPS on merger and acquisition performance. The proportion of independent board of commissioners can moderate the influence of DER, TATO, and Share Return on merger and acquisition performance.

Using a literature research methodology, this paper investigates how business combination accounting was implemented both before and after PSAK 22, which is now known as PSAK 103 on Business Combinations. This research analyzes profit margin, return on equity (ROE), and return on assets (ROA) to assess the impact of PSAK 22 on the business's financial performance. Prior to PSAK 22, businesses often employed the "purchase method" or "pooling of interest." Results from prior research indicate that ROA, ROE, and profit margins are significantly impacted by business combinations. Although financial performance is frequently improved by mergers and acquisitions, the outcomes differ among industries. This article requires a broader range of information in order to function as a reference for future study on business combinations with PSAK 22/103 case studies and more diverse variables.

In the modern business era, it is important for companies to understand PSAK and its implications to ensure consolidated financial statements are accurate and in accordance with applicable accounting standards. The aim of this research is to discuss in detail the three Financial Accounting Standards, namely PSAK 22, PSAK 65, and PSAK 4 and their relevance to the preparation of consolidated financial statements. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative through literature study with secondary data in the form of previous articles. The result of this research is that PSAK 22 discusses the accounting treatment of business combinations in the form of acquisitions or mergers of ownership, whether carried out through the acquisition of shares or net assets. PSAK 65 regulates consolidation criteria and explains consolidation procedures. Meanwhile, PSAK 4 (revised 2009) explains consolidated financial reports and separate financial reports.

  Abstrak. The purpose of this research is to find out the right method to achieve optimal profit at PT. Andhika's lamp. Meanwhile, the formulation of the problem in this study is how this research method uses a descriptive quantitative approach with the ex post facto research method, namely research on data collected after the event occurred. The research was conducted by examining purchase cards and use cards in 2021. The conclusion of this study is that within a one-year period it can be concluded that the ending inventory value generated using the FIFO method is Rp. 118,840,000, while the LIFO method produces an ending inventory value of Rp. 124,440,000, the LIFO method is the opposite of the FIFO method, which produces a high cost of use so that the resulting profit is low. Based on the conclusions of the research results using the FIFO method, when the acquisition price increases using the LIFO method will be able to produce a high cost of production, this is the impact of the average trend in determining the cost of using fertilizer and ending inventory and reducing the effect of excessive price changes. high or low so that future costs will be more stable.