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Japanese papaya leaves (Cnidoscolus aconitifolius) contain active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids and terpenoids which have the potential to have antibacterial activity. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial activity of Japanese papaya leaves against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Extraction of Japanese papaya leaves has been carried out using the maceration method and 96% ethanol solvent. The antibacterial activity test used the agar diffusion method using a cylindrical plate. Sterile distilled water was used as a negative control while as a positive control the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was used. The concentrations of Japanese papaya leaf ethanol extract used in testing were 10%, 20%, and 30%. The research results showed that Japanese papaya leaf ethanol extract with a concentration of 30% had the widest inhibition zone diameter, namely 17.296 mm. Meanwhile, at a concentration of 20%, the average inhibitory zone diameter was 15,222 mm, and at a concentration of 10%, the average inhibitory zone diameter was 13,018 mm. These three concentrations were included in the strong category based on Greenwood classification.  

Blood sugar levels, or blood glucose levels, are crucial for overall health and are regulated by the pancreas through insulin. Normal blood sugar levels range between 70-99 mg/dL when fasting and up to 140 mg/dL two hours after eating. Abnormal blood sugar levels can suggest a variety of health issues, including hypoglycemia (low blood sugar levels caused by excess insulin, certain drugs, or illnesses such as diabetes) and hyperglycemia (high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes). Regular blood sugar monitoring is necessary, especially for diabetics. Guava, a tropical fruit, includes a variety of phytochemicals that have been linked to pharmacological benefits such as antibacterial capabilities. This research uses an extraction process involving solid-liquid extraction or maceration, with methanol being the optimal solvent. The extract yields 9.51%. Wistar rats are used to investigate its antidiabetic efficacy. The rats are divided into three groups: positive control, negative control, and extract treatment. Diabetes is induced by subcutaneous injection of Alloxan, followed by oral administration of the methanol extract. Blood glucose levels are assessed after fasting for 6-8 hours. The extract from dried Guava leaf powder yields a concentrated extract with a 9.51% yield. In vivo assessments showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels in rats treated with guava leaf extract, suggesting potential anti-hyperglycemic effects. The phenolic compounds in guava leaves contribute to antioxidant and anti-hyperglycemic effects. The study highlights the potential therapeutic effects of guava mint leaves and their extract components for diabetes management and antioxidant health benefits.

Squid ink and seaweed have the potential to be utilized as medicines, one of which is as an antibacterial medicinal material. because it contains secondary metabolite compounds that can inhibit the growth of Streptococcus Mutans bacteria. This type of research is a laboratory experiment with the method used, namely maceration for phytochemical screening tests and agar diffusion for antibacterial effectiveness tests with concentrations used in squid ink (Loligo sp) namely 5%, 10%, 15% 20% and in seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%. The results of the research conducted on phytochemical screening tests contained secondary metabolite compounds in squid ink (Loligo sp) triterpenoids, steroids and seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) alkaloids, flavonoids, hodroquinone phenols, and tannins. From the research conducted on the antibacterial effectiveness test of squid ink (Loligo sp) and seaweed (Eucheuma cottonii) extracts against Streptococcus mutans bacteria, namely in both samples have the effectiveness in inhibiting Streptococcus mutans bacteria, with a high inhibition of squid ink concentration of 20% by 20.5 mm, and in seaweed concentration of 15% by 23 mm. The analysis used is spss using two tests, namely the shapiro wilk test and the mann whitney test. The conclusion of the mann-whitney test results with a p-value = 0.663 indicates there is no significant difference between squid ink extract (Loligo sp) and seaweed extract (Eucheuma cottonii).

Acne is a disease on the surface of the skin of the face, neck, chest, and back that appears when the oil glands in the skin are too active so that the skin pores will be clogged by excessive fat deposits. Guava leaves contain secondary metabolites, consisting of tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins. This study aims to identify the content of secondary metabolites in guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.), test the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and analyze the comparison of the effectiveness of guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) against the growth of the two test bacteria. This type of research is laboratory experimental. The methods used for this study: preparation of materials, extraction of samples by maceration method, phytochemical screening test, testing antibacterial activity using the pitting method and analyzing data. The screening test results of guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) showed the presence of alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin and saponin compounds. The results of the inhibition test on guava leaf extract with a high concentration of 115% have the largest diameter of 17.5 mm against Staphylococcus aureus compared to Propionibacterium acnes bacteria with an inhibition diameter of 16 mm. The results of the Mann-Whitney statistical test showed a p-value of 0.077 so it can be concluded that there is no comparison of the effectiveness of guava leaf extract (Psidium guajava L.) against the growth of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aures bacteria.

Free radicals work by binding to molecules or cells in the body and are very dangerous because they can damage cells in the body and trigger disease. Antioxidants are compounds that can counteract the effects of free radicals. This study aims to determine the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract and the n-hexane, ethyl-acetate and water fractions of Australian guava peel (Psidium guajava L.). Extraction was carried out by maceration method using 70% ethanol. The skin of the Australian guava (Psidium guajava L.) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids and saponins. Fractionation was carried out with solvents based on polarity differences obtained by the n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, and air fraction. Antioxidant test by inhibiting DPPH free radicals (1,1-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl) on ethanol extract and n-hexane fraction, ethyl acetate fraction and air at several concentrations, namely 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, and 250 ppm. The IC50 calculation results obtained for the ethanol extract were 4.406 µg/mL, the n-hexane fraction was 4.131 µg/mL, the ethyl acetate fraction was 3.812 µg/mL and the air fraction was 3.312 µg/mL. The antioxidant activity with the best IC50 value was the fraction air.

Diarrhea is a disease characterized by frequent bowel movements with watery or watery stool conditions. Symptoms are infections in the intestinal tract due to bacteria, viruses, or other parasitic microorganisms. Not a few cases of diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli bacteria. Plants that can be used as antibacterial one of them is guava leaves variates Australia.  Has biological activity as an antibacterial, because it contains several active compounds, such as: tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils. The purpose of this study was to determine the active compounds contained in guava leaves of Australian variates and their antibacterial activity. The extraction method used is maceration with 70% ethanol solvent.  Testing its antibacterial activity with the disc diffusion method to see the inhibition zone, then testing the KHM value with liquid diffusion and testing the KBM value with solid diffusion. The results showed that guava leaf extract of Australian variates has antibacterial activity against Eschericia coli ATCC 25922 bacteria.  The average diameter of the inhibitory zone in Australian guava leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 12.5%, 6.25%, 3.125%, 1.562%, respectively was 6.6 mm, 3.3 mm, 2.6 mm, 0.83 mm, 1.33 mm. The KHM and KBM values of the liquid dilution test and solid dilution of Australian guava leaf extract in this study were expressed at a concentration of 12.5%.

Excessive exposure to sunlight is a source of free radicals that cause damage to the skin such as redness, dullness, and aging, so skincare containing antioxidants is needed, one of which is a face mist made from carrot root extract. The carrot (Daucus carota L) is a plant rich in antioxidants such as β-carotene and vitamin C which can counteract free radicals. This research aims to determine whether carrot tuber extract can be formulated in a face mist preparation and to determine the value of antioxidant activity in the carrot tuber extract face mist preparation. The method used in this study is the experimental method. Preparation of carrot root extract was carried out using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. Facemist carrot root extracts was made with various concentrations of FI 1%, FII 3%, and FIII 5%. All preparations were subjected to physical stability (organoleptic, pH, spray spreadability, dry time, and homogeneity) and antioxidant activity tests using the DPPH method. The results of physical stability stated that all formulas met the physical quality requirements. The antioxidant activity value of carrot tuber extracts facemist at concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5% has an IC₅₀ value of 41.31ppm, 34.64ppm, and 28.80ppm respectively. This value is in the very strong category. The conclusion of this study is that carrot root extract can be formulated as a face mist preparation and has a very strong antioxidant value.

Chinese betel plant (Peperomia pellucida), an herbal plant belonging to the Piperaceae family, Chinese betel plant (Peperomia pellucida). Research Stages: sample collection, extract preparation, extract standardization, determination of non-specific parameters, phytochemical screening, preparation of test solutions, anti-inflammatory activity tests, treatment of test animals. The results of maceration were filtered using filter paper, then the entire filtrate was concentrated using a vacuum evaporator and water bath at 60℃ to obtain a thick extract. The yield of 96% ethanol extract from Chinese betel powder (Peperomia pellucida) obtained was 4.531%. Based on the results, it has non-specific characteristics, namely drying shrinkage of 9.26%, ash content of 7.9% and water content of 4.15%. Phytochemical screening the compound tested was positive, A dose of 150 mg/kgBB is also an effective dose in inhibiting the formation of edema seen from the effect it gives is stable and has the highest percentage of edema inhibition compared to other doses, which is 34,35%.

This study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effectiveness of chemical compounds from the water fraction of leunca fruit. Leunca fruit extract was obtained by maceration, then the results of maceration were evaporated and then fractionated. Antimicrobial activity testing was carried out using the agar diffusion method against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 01231. The concentration variations of leunca fruit water fraction used were 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. The results of the antimicrobial activity test of leunca fruit water fraction compounds obtained the average inhibition diameter of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 microbes respectively 7.5 mm; 8.3 mm; 8.8 mm; 9.5 mm; and 10.4 mm. On the microbe Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 consecutively 7.8 mm; 8.1 mm; 9.3 mm; 10 mm; and 11.4 mm. while on the microbe Candida albicans ATCC 01231 the diameter of the bland chemical compound of leunca fruit water fraction is only found in the 50% concentration variation with an average inhibition diameter of 9.1 mm. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that the water fraction of leunca fruit (Solanum Nigrum L.) has activity as an antimicrobial against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 01231 with the largest inhibition zone diameter shown in the 50% concentration variation.

Durian leaves have secondary metabolites, namely flavonoids. Flavonoids have shown a wide range of bioactivity, one of which is an antipyretic effect which can be used as a febrifuge. This study aims to examine the antipyretic activity of the ethanol extract of durian leaves (Durio zibethinus L.) against male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) induced by DPT-HB-Hib vaccine. This study uses an experimental method. In this study, durian leaf extract was processed by maceration using 96% ethanol, then treated with secondary metabolites of simplicia and its ethanol extract. To pay for the antipyretic activity of durian leaves (Durio zibethinus L.) the test animals used were 25 and divided into 5 groups, namely negative control (CMC 0.5%), positive control (Paracetamol 1%) and the test dose group, namely the administration of leaf extract durian 200 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg. Each rat was induced intramuscularly with the DPT-HB-Hib vaccine. Temperature measurements were carried out rectally with initial temperature measurements at 5 minute intervals 3 times, 1 hour after induction and 30 minutes for 3 hours. The data obtained were analyzed using the One-way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) test and the Tukey HSD test. Based on the results of the study, it was shown that the results of the phytochemical screening of durian leaves contained flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids, steroids/triterpenoids. Of the three doses that experienced a decrease in temperature that was not significantly different from paracetamol, namely at a control dose of 300 mg/kg, because this decrease in temperature was almost close to paracetamol which was positive.

Phenolic compounds are the largest group of compounds that act as natural antioxidants in plants. One of the plants that has the potential as a natural antioxidant is Jotang (Sphagneticola trilobata). This study aims to determine whether jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata) has phenolic content and to determine the total phenolic content in jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata). Jotang leaves were extracted by maceration method using methanol solvent. The method of determining total phenolic content was carried out using Folin-ciocaltaeu reagent because phenolic compounds can react with Folin-Ciocalteu to form a solution that can be measured absorbance. As a standard solution, gallic acid is used which is reacted with Folin-Ciocalteau reagent to produce a yellow color indicating that it contains phenolics, after which it is added with Na₂CO₃ solution as a base atmosphere giver. The phytochemical screening of jotang leaf extract showed positive results containing flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids. Determination of the wavelength of gallic acid obtained maximum 653 nm. The results showed that jotang leaf extract (Sphagneticola trilobata) has phenolic content and obtained total phenolic content of jotang leaf extract of 0.909 mg /g.

Acne is a skin disease due to chronic inflammation with complex pathogenesis. The public has empirically used the white plant to treat wounds on the skin, it contains flavonoids, saponins, and tannins which can protect the skin from bacteria and can inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to test the antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The ethanol extract of Putihan leaves was obtained by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent, formulated and evaluated for facial soap gel preparations of ethanol extract of Putihan leaves with various extract concentrations of 0% (F0), 10% (F1), 13% (F2), and 15% (F3) which testing antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of the facial soap gel preparation of ethanol extract of Putihan leaves with a concentration of 10% had an inhibition of 8.4 ± 0.20 mm, 13% had an inhibition of 9.5 ± 0.23 mm and 15% had an inhibition of 10.6 ± 0.64mm. Based on this description, the resulting gel preparation has antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne. The three formulas are included in the medium inhibition zone category, but the one with the broadest inhibition zone is at a concentration of 15%.  

Secang wood is one of the plants that contains many antioxidants, secondary metabolites and antibacterial compounds. This study aims to determine characterization of simplicia and chemical substances of Secang wood extract. Secang wood which was already in the form of simplicia was extracted by maceration using 96% ethanol solvent and the extract was concentrated with a rotary evaporator at a temperature of 40°C, then screening and characterization tests were carried out. The results of this study showed that phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of sappan wood (Caesaloinia sappan L) showed the presence of flavonoid, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, steroid, and phenolic compounds. Characterization of simplicia obtained results at water content (3.95%) water soluble extract (11.01%), ethanol soluble extract (17.22%), total ash content (1.81%) and non-soluble ash content. acid soluble (0.28%).