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Foreign debt (ULN) is one of the important issues in the dynamics of the global economy, especially for developing countries. This study aims to analyze the causal factors, conditions of ULN in Indonesia, and its impact on the economy. Qualitative research methods with a literature approach were used to collect data from various written sources. The results of the study indicate that the factors causing ULN in Indonesia include the inability to provide sufficient development funds, an imbalance between investment and savings, and dependence on imported goods. The impact of ULN on the Indonesian economy is divided into positive and negative impacts. The positive impacts include effective sources of development financing, recognition of the country's ability to pay off debt, the establishment of relations between countries, and encouragement of domestic policy improvements. The negative impacts include the burden on the APBN, reduction in spending strategies, the influence of creditor countries in policy making, and the stigma of being a failed state. The study concludes that ULN in Indonesia needs to be managed wisely by considering long-term risks. Some recommended solutions include delaying principal debt payments, changing payment obligations, and reducing principal debt. This study provides important information for policy stakeholders and the Indonesian public in understanding the importance of wise ULN management to encourage sustainable economic growth and improve people's welfare.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pesan moral yang terdapat dalam film Dua Garis Biru menggunakan teori semiotika Roland Barthes. Film ini mengisahkan tentang permasalahan yang dihadapi oleh sepasang remaja yang hamil di luar nikah, yang memunculkan konflik antara harapan, tanggung jawab, dan dampak sosial. Dengan menggunakan teori semiotika Barthes, penelitian ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana tanda-tanda dalam film, baik verbal maupun visual, membentuk makna yang lebih dalam terkait dengan moralitas, norma sosial, dan tekanan budaya. Melalui dua tahap semiotika Barthes, yaitu denotasi dan konotasi, penelitian ini mengidentifikasi makna langsung dari elemen-elemen film serta interpretasi yang lebih kompleks yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai moral dalam masyarakat. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa film ini menyampaikan pesan moral tentang pentingnya tanggung jawab pribadi dan sosial dalam menghadapi konsekuensi dari tindakan, serta bagaimana masyarakat memberikan penilaian terhadap pilihan hidup individu. Penelitian ini memberikan wawasan tentang bagaimana media film dapat menjadi sarana penyampaian pesan moral yang kuat melalui penggunaan tanda-tanda yang sarat makna.

The use of the internet is not only limited to utilizing information that can be accessed via social media, but can also be used as a means to carry out trade transactions that have been introduced in Indonesia, namely e-commerce. In e-commerce transactions in cyberspace, it is possible for disputes to occur, just like disputes that occur in a conventional legal relationship. The more numerous and extensive trading activities and e-commerce transactions, the higher the frequency of disputes and this means that there will be many disputes that must be resolved. One of the payments in e-commerce is COD (Cash On Delivery) which is made on the spot after the order from the courier is received by the buyer. In fact, there have been several cases that have resulted in losses felt by the seller in a buying and selling transaction via e-commerce. How to alternatively resolve consumer disputes through an out-of-court settlement process, and how to provide legal protection for consumers and business actors.    

Tanah merupakan sumber daya penting bagi manusia, dan memiliki peranan penting bagi kelangsungan hidup bangsa Indonesia. Manusia membutuhkan tanah tidak hanya untuk kegiatan sehari - hari tetapi juga untuk kebutuhan setelah kematian. Konsep tanah dijelaskan dalam Pasal 4 Ayat 1 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-Pokok Agraria, yang menyatakan “Berdasarkan atas dasar hak menguasai dari negara, sebagai yang dimaksud dalam pasal 2 ditentukan adanya macam-macam hak atas permikaan bumi, yang dapat diberikan kepada dan dipunyai oleh orang-orang baik sendiri maupun bersama-sama orang lain serta badan hukum.” Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yuridis dan bergantung pada sumber literatur seperti buku, artikel, jurnal, dan putusan pengadilan yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penyelesaian sengketa lahan dapat dilakukan melalui dua jalur, yaitu jalur litigasi dan jalur nonlitigasi. Penyelesaian melalui litigasi dilakukan di Pengadilan, sementara jalur non-litigasi dapat melalui konsultasi, negosiasi, konsiliasi, mediasi, dan arbitrase.

Pernikahan di bawah umur masih menjadi fenomena yang memerlukan perhatian khusus di Indonesia. Meskipun Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019 menetapkan usia minimal pernikahan 19 tahun, masih terdapat permohonan dispensasi nikah yang diajukan ke pengadilan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis faktor-faktor penyebab pengajuan dispensasi nikah, pertimbangan hakim dalam memutuskan permohonan tersebut, serta akibat hukum yang ditimbulkan. Menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif analitis, penelitian ini mengandalkan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor penyebab pengajuan dispensasi nikah meliputi kehamilan di luar nikah, kondisi ekonomi dan sosial, budaya, kurangnya pendidikan, serta keinginan calon mempelai. Pertimbangan hakim mencakup kematangan fisik dan mental calon mempelai, serta aspek keadilan, kepastian, dan kemanfaatan hukum. Akibat hukum dari dikabulkannya permohonan dispensasi nikah meliputi pengakuan legalitas pernikahan, pencatatan perkawinan, serta munculnya hak dan kewajiban hukum bagi pasangan. Sebaliknya, penolakan permohonan mengakibatkan tidak diizinkannya pernikahan sesuai ketentuan undang-undang. Penelitian ini menyoroti pentingnya pertimbangan yang cermat dalam pemberian dispensasi nikah untuk melindungi kepentingan anak dan menjaga keseimbangan antara hukum dan realitas sosial.

Bisnis franchise berkembang sangat pesat beberapa tahun terakhir ini membuka peluang bagi masyarakat untuk memajukan perekonomian di Indonesia, peluang tersebut membutuhkan proses, pengaturan dan pembatasan. Bisnis franchise mulai merambah di Indonesia, antara lain bidang perdagangan dan jasa seperti pendidikan, perhotelan dan kesehatan, akan tetapi yang paling banyak diminati terutama bisnis kuliner. Perkembangan bisnis franchise yang banyak diminati oleh para pebisnis di Indonesia adalah brand franchise dari luar negeri, karena brand luar negeri telah dikenal, lebih menjanjikan dari segi bisnis dan lebih memberikan kepastian hukum bagi franchisor maupun franchisee. Salah satu yang sangat penting dalam bisnis franchise adalah perjanjian antara kedua belah pihak yaitu franchisor sebagai pemilik brand dan franchisee sebagai pelaksana dalam perjanjian franchise tersebut. Kedua belah pihak masing-masing mempunyai hak dan kewajiban dalam menjalankan bisnis franchise sehingga terjadi keseimbangan yang tentunya akan menghasilkan bisnis yang luar biasa. Franchisor sebagai pemilik brand atau merek yang sudah mumpuni di bidangnya dan teruji dalam menjalankan bisnisnya memberikan lisensi kepada franchisee untuk menggunakan merek barang atau jasa dalam jangka waktu tertentu dan pembayaran sejumlah uang yang disebut royalty kepada franchisor, dan franchisee berhak untuk mendapatkan standard pengoperasian bisnis yang akan diajarkan oleh franchisor dan memperoleh bimbingan secara terus menerus agar bisnis dapat berjalan dengan baik.

Upacara bendera di sekolah dasar memiliki peranan penting dalam menanamkan sikap nasionalisme pada siswa. Penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelaksanaan upacara bendera secara rutin dapat membantu peserta didik memahami dan tanah air dan penghargaan terhadap keragaman budaya. Selain itu, kegiatan ini juga memberikan pengalaman langsung dalam menaati aturan, seperti berpakaian rapi dan berperilaku disiplin, yang merupakan bagian dari pembentukan karakter yang bertanggung jawab dan disiplin. Namun, tantangan yang dihadapi adalah penurunan semangat nasionalisme dikalangan generasi muda, termasuk siswa sekolah dasar. Oleh karena itu, kolaborasi antara guru, keluarga, dan pihak sekolah sangat diperlukan untuk mengembangkan program yang dapat menguatkan jiwa nasionalisme secara berkelanjutan. Guru berperan penting dalam menanamkan nilai-nilai ini melalui pendekatan pembelajaran yang relevan, baik di dalam maupun di luar kelas. Saran untuk kepala sekolah dan pengajar adalah untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pemahaman tentang penanaman sikap nasionalisme, serta memberikan motivasi kepada siswa mengenai pentingnya pelaksanaan upacara bendera. Dengan demikian, diharapkan siswa dapat menunjukkan sikap dan perilaku yang baik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, yang mencerminkan nilai-nilai Pancasila dan karakter yang bermoral. 

Madrasah plays an important role as a place to pass on the values of ahl al-sunnah wa al-jama'ah. Madrasah has the same status as general educational institutions and has the characteristics of the Islamic religion. The increasing phenomenon of juvenile delinquency and the declining quality of student character, strengthening the function of education as a character builder has re-emerged and become an urgent and inevitable demand. The purpose of this community service is to launch a national character education movement starting from early childhood education to college. This launch is expected to overcome the problem of low student character. The method used in community service activities with systematic, structured, measurable stages, and real results of the activities carried out, namely observation, orientation, introduction of materials, implementation, and evaluation. The results of community service, character education is important to be given to students because the formation of a child's character is obtained in the school environment. This service has a positive impact on students of MtS Nurul Huda Mendalo because students are able to understand the importance of Character Education being applied in social life. Students are able to provide examples of the application of Character Education after the material for developing Character Education is given. Through this activity, students can learn that character education is not only provided at the MtS level, but is provided up to the tertiary education level.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengembangkan media pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila menggunakan situs web Kodular, dan (2) Mengukur tingkat kelayakan media pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila menggunakan situs web Kodular yang dikembangkan pada materi hak dan kewajiban di lingkungan sekolah dan masyarakat pada elemen NKRI Fase E di SMA Negeri 1 Teras dengan luaran media pembelajaran berupa aplikasi smartphone android. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan menerapkan model Sukmadinata yang terdiri tahap studi pendahuluan, pengembangan, pengujian. Sumber data adalah guru dan siswa SMA Negeri 1 Teras, dosen validator. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara,angket dan tes.  Uji validitas data menggunakan penilaian validasi dari va Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengembangkan media pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila menggunakan situs web Kodular, dan (2) Mengukur tingkat kelayakan media pembelajaran Pendidikan Pancasila menggunakan situs web Kodular yang dikembangkan pada materi hak dan kewajiban di lingkungan sekolah dan masyarakat pada elemen NKRI Fase E di SMA Negeri 1 Teras dengan luaran media pembelajaran berupa aplikasi smartphone android. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian pengembangan dengan menerapkan model Sukmadinata yang terdiri tahap studi pendahuluan, pengembangan, pengujian. Sumber data adalah guru dan siswa SMA Negeri 1 Teras, dosen validator. Pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik wawancara,angket dan tes.  Uji validitas data menggunakan penilaian validasi dari validator ahli. Hasil penelitian : (1) Hasil pengembangan media pembelajaran mendapatkan respon siswa pada uji terbatas yaitu “sangat baik” dengan skor 83.6, dan 95.1 yang berarti “sangat baik” pada uji luas. Nilai pretest dan posttest menunjukkan peningkatan rata-rata nilai 12,1 % dan mendapatkan skor N-gain 0.75 yang berarti media berkategori tinggi. (2) Kelayakan materi memperoleh  kriteria “layak” dengan skor 80 dan media memperoleh kriteria “sangat layak” dengan skor 98 . Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan dari segi materi layak dan media sangat layak sebagai media pembelajaran. lidator ahli. Hasil penelitian : (1) Hasil pengembangan media pembelajaran mendapatkan respon siswa pada uji terbatas yaitu “sangat baik” dengan skor 83.6, dan 95.1 yang berarti “sangat baik” pada uji luas. Nilai pretest dan posttest menunjukkan peningkatan rata-rata nilai 12,1 % dan mendapatkan skor N-gain 0.75 yang berarti media berkategori tinggi. (2) Kelayakan materi memperoleh  kriteria “layak” dengan skor 80 dan media memperoleh kriteria “sangat layak” dengan skor 98 . Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan dari segi materi layak dan media sangat layak sebagai media pembelajaran.

Penelitian dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui ada pengaruh atau tidak dari ekonomi digital, terutama dalam sektor e-commerce terhadap ketahanan ekonomi di pulau Jawa dengan melihat dari tingkat pengangguran dan GDP yang ada di provinsi pada pulau Jawa. Pendekatan yang digunakan penelitian ini adalah metode kuantitatif dengan pengambilan data dari BPS dan OJK dengan penggunaan data time-series dari tahun 2020 hingga 2022. Data yang diperoleh kemudian akan diuji melalui SPSS dengan menggunakan uji asumsi klasik dan uji hipotesis. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa variabel ekonomi digital (e-commerce) memiliki kontribusi yang minim terhadap variabilitas ketahanan ekonomi khususnya pengangguran dan GDP di Indonesia. Hal ini memperlihatkan bahwa faktor lain di luar e-commerce mungkin memiliki pengaruh yang lebih besar terhadap ketahanan ekonomi Indonesia.

Kemajuan teknologi mempercepat terjadinya globalisasi. Globalisasi terjadi di seluruh dunia dan tidak terkecuali di Indonesia. Globalisasi tidak hanya membawa dampak positif bagi setiap bangsa, tetapi juga membawa dampak negatif jika tidak diiringi dengan kewaspadaan. Globalisasi membawa budaya-budaya luar untuk masuk ke Indonesia sehingga diperlukan upaya untuk mempertahankan budaya Indonesia sebagai jati diri bangsa Indonesia. Budaya Indonesia menjadi identitas nasional Bangsa Indonesia sehingga perlu menumbuhkan rasa memiliki dan kebanggaan terhadap budaya Indonesia melalui penanaman pengetahuan mengenai identitas nasional dan wawasan nusantara untuk mempertahankannya. Upaya ini dapat dilakukan kepada anak-anak yang sedang dalam masa menyerap pengetahuan sebanyak-banyaknya. Sehingga adanya program Taman Cerdas menjadi upaya penanaman wawasan nusantara dan identitas nasional pada anak.

The meeting of foreign elements resulted from a relationship between foreign citizens (WNA) and Indonesian citizens (WNI) which resulted in the occurrence of International Private Law. Until now, the problem that can occur due to the existence of these two elements is regarding the status of children from extramarital relationships between foreigners and Indonesian citizens. This will happen because there are many considerations regarding the child's status, such as the laws of the country where the child was born and the laws of the country where both parents come from. There are a number of countries that adopt the jus soli principle, which means that the child will be considered a citizen of the country where he was born. This is different from other countries that apply the jus sanguinis principle, which means that the child will obtain citizenship status from one or both parents, regardless of where the child was born. Seeing this problem, this research discusses the status of the child if this occurs because a relationship is not registered as a marriage relationship. Then there is another discussion regarding the distribution of inheritance if the marriage relationship is not recorded. In this research, the method applied is the normative juridical method by looking at existing data and presenting it descriptively. It is hoped that with this research readers will be able to understand and add information related to the research.  

The low awareness and motivation of students (santri) at the Miftahul Huda Islamic boarding school to pursue higher education abroad is a primary issue, stemming from a lack of English proficiency, limited information, and conventional teaching methods. This Community Service (PkM) program aimed to enhance the santri's English language skills and motivation for further studies. The method involved three stages: preparation through surveys and interviews; implementation of a motivation seminar and interactive English training covering reading, listening, speaking, and writing; and evaluation using pre-tests, post-tests, and questionnaires. The program's content focused on addressing the key challenges faced by the santri, including language barriers and the lack of exposure to scholarship opportunities. The results demonstrated the program's significant effectiveness. There was an average 40% increase in English proficiency scores, with participants showing improved communication skills across all four language areas. Additionally, students' motivation to study abroad increased from 30% to 85%. This program successfully fostered the santri's interest in higher education opportunities abroad and built their self-confidence, evidenced by the formation of a proactive discussion group seeking scholarship information and further academic guidance.

Pendidikan bertujuan mengembangkan kompetensi dan kesadaran moral siswa, sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003. Namun, di SMKN 1 Ciruas, banyak siswa mengalami kesulitan dalam menggunakan perangkat lunak seperti Microsoft Office dan Canva, serta belum memiliki kesadaran yang cukup terhadap isu perundungan dan pelecehan seksual. Untuk menjawab tantangan ini, penelitian ini melaksanakan pelatihan desain grafis, Microsoft Office, dan training motivasi guna meningkatkan kompetensi dan kesadaran siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi lapangan dan pustaka. Program pelatihan melibatkan siswa OSIS dan MPK, berlangsung selama dua bulan dengan dua pertemuan mingguan. Pelatihan Microsoft Office mencakup pengenalan fitur dasar hingga pembuatan dokumen dan pembukuan sederhana. Pelatihan desain grafis menggunakan Canva dan CapCut untuk mendukung kreativitas siswa. Training motivasi memberikan pemahaman mengenai dampak perundungan dan pelecehan seksual. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan dalam keterampilan teknologi dan kesadaran moral siswa. Program ini tidak hanya meningkatkan kompetensi teknis, tetapi juga membangun karakter yang lebih baik. Disarankan agar program ini dijadikan kegiatan rutin untuk mendukung pembelajaran di luar kelas dan mempersiapkan siswa menghadapi tuntutan era digital.

This study aims to find out and analyze the comparison of the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law, community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. This research is a normative judicial research using primary data obtained by conducting interviews, secondary data obtained from information sources in the form of the internet, books and other written notes. This study focuses on discussing the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law and community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. The results of the study show that (1) Children out of wedlock in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage are divided into two, namely legal children and children out of wedlock. The position of illegitimate children in the view of Islamic Law contained in the Compupulation of Islamic Law where an illegitimate child only has a civil or nasab relationship with his mother and his mother's family. (2) The attitude of the community towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency is known that the cause of children out of wedlock is due to religious differences, irresponsible couples and underage factors.

The topic of marrying women who conceive before marriage continues to spark debate in Islamic law, with diverse viewpoints across Muslim communities. Lack of awareness about Islamic rules and governmental policies frequently results in unions that defy both sharia teachings and applicable laws. This piece explores Islamic fiqh opinions on the marriage of unmarried pregnant women and evaluates how this is applied in marriage services at the Religious Affairs Office in Medan Timur District. The study adopts a qualitative framework using juridical-normative and empirical methods. Data was obtained by reviewing fiqh literature, legal regulations, and conducting interviews with KUA officials. The research reveals that ulama hold differing views on the acceptability of marrying a woman pregnant due to adultery, especially concerning the marriage ceremony timing and the child's familial status. Practically, the Medan Timur KUA follows guidelines from the Islamic Law Compilation and state administrative norms, all while exercising prudence. This investigation is intended to provide clearer insights for the public and act as a benchmark for Islamic law professionals facing similar scenarios.

Activities to improve children's creativity through cheerful garden activities (learning while playing outdoors) in Pasinan village, Lekok sub-district, this activity was carried out for approximately five times and for its implementation on Saturdays and Sundays each meeting discussed a different topic. For the first activity in the ceria park, namely making a pigura made from used cardboard with decorations made from tree branches and origami. Providing material about the design of the craft form to be made and making changes to the design of the craft form so that the results obtained can channel the strengths of this cheerful garden program such as minimizing expenses, attracting customer attention by increasing product visuals, and maximizing the ergonomic value of the products created. This community service uses the PAR method and is able to improve the expertise and skills of children in Pasinan village, therefore the expertise possessed by everyone can undergo social change based on involvement in a related activity. The PAR method in community service activities is an activity that has a very significant impact because it focuses on improvement and change.

The study discusses the role of the Foreign Apprenticeship Association (AP2LN) in improving the quality of apprenticeship programmes in Japan. AP2LN has an important responsibility in monitoring and ensuring that Indonesian interns receive training in accordance with the established standards. Through cooperation with companies in Japan, AP2LN plays a role in improving the quality of training, enhancing the technical capabilities of the participants, and making sure that the rights of interns are protected. This research uses qualitative methods with in-depth interviews as the primary data collection tool. The results of the research show that the active role of AP2LN not only improves the skills of the interns, but also helps to strengthen the relationship between Indonesia and Japan in the field of human resource development.

This article explains the challenges faced by Indonesia in providing foreign aid to the Pacific region. The background of the research shows that Indonesia has a strong commitment to contribute to sustainable development in Pacific countries, but the implementation of aid programmes still faces various obstacles, such as a lack of inter-agency coordination and a non-integrated approach. The purpose of this research is to analyse the effectiveness of Indonesia's foreign aid policy using the Political Bureaucracy Model. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach, which involves literature review and in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders. The results found that the main challenges include clarity of objectives, lack of strategic approach, and limited funding. It can be concluded that there is a need to develop a long-term strategy and improve inter-agency coordination to optimise the implementation of foreign aid programs, so that Indonesia can be more effective in achieving national goals and supporting Pacific countries.  

Research on leadership in education always captures attention. Various leadership styles have been developed to enhance the quality of education. This study focuses on the role of school principals in improving teacher competence at SLB Negeri Seduri, which serves students with disabilities.Leadership in schools for students with disabilities differs from that in general schools, requiring specialized approaches and models due to distinct educational needs and cultures. This research will explore the contributions of the principal as both a leader and manager in developing teacher competence at SLB Negeri Seduri.With these two focuses, the study aims to provide insights into the principal’s role in developing educator competencies at SLB. The findings are expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to identifying effective leadership models for schools serving students with disabilities.The method employed is qualitative research, emphasizing deductive and inductive analysis as well as the dynamics of relationships between observed phenomena.The research findings indicate that the principal, as a leader, implements a visionary charismatic leadership style, serving as the executor of the school’s vision and mission, innovator, motivator, and effective communicator. As a manager, the principal combines three dimensions of communication: democratic in policy planning, authoritative in decision-making, and delegative based on teachers' competencies.Keywords: Leadership, Disabled, Competency, Teacher, Leader, Manager.