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. Film as a mass communication medium not only functions as entertainment, but also as a means of representing power relations in society. Miracle in Cell No. 7 works by Hanung Bramantyo show various forms of official domination and legal inequality which are relevant to be studied through a hegemony perspective. This research aims to describe the forms of hegemony that appear in the film and interpret the social criticism conveyed through the narrative and visualization. The research uses qualitative methods with listening and note-taking techniques, then the data is analyzed through reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions based on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony. The research results show that this film contains four forms of hegemony: ideological hegemony through the instillation of disciplinary values; hegemony of power through apparatus domination and abuse of authority; cultural hegemony through the imposition of a single standard of behavior; and moral hegemony through the formation of ethical judgments that benefit those in power. These findings indicate that films not only present emotional stories, but also present criticism of legal injustice and structural domination. This research confirms that visual media plays an important role in forming public awareness regarding the practice of power in social life.

This study aims to analyze the perceptions of students from various majors regarding the urgency of legal protection for the Napoleon wrasse (Cheilinus undulatus), a rare and endangered marine species that plays a crucial role in maintaining the balance of coral reef ecosystems. This fish faces serious pressure due to overexploitation and illegal trade, thus requiring special attention from a legal and conservation perspective. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with purposive sampling technique, involving students from marine, fisheries, environmental, and legal departments. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire designed to elicit respondents' insights, level of understanding, and recommendations regarding the protection of this species. The data obtained were then analyzed using thematic analysis to identify patterns of perception and key ideas. The results showed that the majority of students considered legal protection for the Napoleon wrasse to be very urgent. They advocated for strengthening regulations, stricter law enforcement, increased surveillance in water areas, education for coastal communities, development of conservation and cultivation programs, and strengthening international cooperation. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of a comprehensive and collaborative protection strategy to support the sustainability of marine resources.

This article explores legal accountability for flood disasters occurring in several regions of Sumatra, which are widely alleged to result from large-scale logging activities. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the Indonesian legal system, with particular emphasis on contract law. This study adopts a literature-based research method by examining statutory provisions, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly publications. The analysis demonstrates that flood events should not be understood solely as natural occurrences, but rather as ecological consequences arising from the failure to fulfill contractual obligations embedded in forest utilization permits. From a contract law perspective, forestry concessions establish binding legal relationships that impose environmental protection duties on permit holders in accordance with the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Logging activities that exceed authorized limits may therefore be classified as contractual default (wanprestasi) and, at the same time, constitute unlawful acts that cause harm to the state and affected communities. Accordingly, this study underscores the necessity of strengthening environmental protection clauses within concession agreements and applying strict liability principles to enhance legal responsibility and prevent recurring environmental harm.

The development of information technology has given rise to a new form of business transaction: the electronic contract. This contract form replaces the traditional process that requires a physical meeting between the parties. However, questions arise regarding the validity of e-contracts from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, specifically based on Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the provisions of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions (UU ITE). This research aims to analyze the validity of electronic contracts as legally binding agreements and to assess the extent to which the ITE Law can serve as their legal basis. Using a normative juridical legal research method, the research results show that e-contracts are valid and binding as long as they meet the requirements for the validity of an agreement under Article 1320 of the Civil Code, namely consent, capacity, a specific object, and a lawful cause. The ITE Law expands the recognition of electronic evidence and digital signatures as valid evidence in civil law. Thus, electronic contracts have the same legal force as conventional contracts, as long as they meet the principles of free will and the integrity of a reliable electronic system.

This research analyzes the legal status of zakat within the state financial system and explores its potential integration as a sharia-based fiscal instrument in Indonesia through a comparative study with Malaysia. In Islamic law, zakat functions both as a religious obligation and as a mechanism for wealth redistribution aimed at achieving social justice. However, under Indonesia’s positive law framework, zakat is still treated as a socio-religious institution outside the formal state fiscal system, as stipulated in Law Number 23 of 2011 on Zakat Management. In contrast, Malaysia has successfully integrated zakat into its Islamic fiscal policy through the authority of the State Islamic Religious Council (MAIN), which holds legal legitimacy as a regional public body. This study adopts a normative and comparative legal approach by examining statutory regulations, Islamic legal doctrines, and zakat institutional practices in both countries. The findings indicate that the integration of zakat into Indonesia’s fiscal system is constitutionally permissible and does not conflict with Article 23A and Article 34 paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, as it aligns with welfare state principles and the state’s responsibility toward poverty alleviation. The legal implications of such integration include the establishment of lex specialis regulating zakat as a sharia fiscal instrument, harmonization with state finance laws, and the strengthening of institutional legitimacy and accountability in zakat management. Therefore, zakat holds significant potential to become a core pillar of Islamic economic law that supports economic equity and enhances national fiscal resilience.

Solid waste management in Makassar City constitutes a strategic issue that extends beyond technical and administrative concerns to encompass legal, ethical, and socioreligious dimensions. Although the local government has established regulatory frameworks and policy instruments for waste management, empirical conditions reveal a persistent gap between legal norms and their implementation, as reflected in high waste generation rates, weak source segregation, limited public participation, and increasing pressure on landfill capacity. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of waste management in Makassar City from the perspective of Islamic law and to examine the potential integration of Sharia principles in strengthening sustainable environmental governance. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design based on policy analysis, literature review, and theoretical synthesis of Islamic legal doctrines, particularly maqāṣid al-sharīʿah and fiqh al-bī’ah. The findings indicate that, despite the existence of adequate local legal instruments, waste management practices remain ineffective due to insufficient internalization of ethical values, weak law enforcement, and limited behavioral change within society. From the perspective of Islamic law, these conditions demonstrate the incomplete realization of the principles of amanah (trust and responsibility), maslahah (public interest), and the prevention of harm (lā ḍarar wa lā ḍirār) in both governmental practice and public conduct, thereby undermining the objectives of protecting human life and the environment. The implications of this research highlight the importance of synergizing positive law and Islamic legal principles to promote environmentally sustainable governance oriented toward long-term public welfare.  

Divorce is a social phenomenon that is increasingly common and has various social, economic, and psychological impacts, especially for women as the most vulnerable party. Divorce not only results in changes in the legal status of husband and wife, but also affects the emotional condition and social well-being of women after the end of the marriage bond. From an Islamic legal perspective, the 'iddah period functions as a protection mechanism for women after divorce, which aims to maintain honor, ensure clarity of pregnancy conditions, and provide certainty of legal status. However, in practice there are conditions that resemble the 'iddah period without fully fulfilling the formal provisions of Islamic law, known as Syibhul 'Iddah, due to the unclear status of divorce or differences in legal interpretation. This concept has an important role in protecting women's rights, especially regarding livelihood, residence, and legal certainty after divorce. This study uses a library research method with a normative legal approach. Data were collected through a review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, including the Qur'an and Hadith, Islamic jurisprudence literature, laws and regulations such as the Compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant journals and scholarly works. Data analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical methods to examine the concept of Syibhul 'Iddah and its implications for the protection of women's rights after divorce.  

. Film as a mass communication medium not only functions as entertainment, but also as a means of representing power relations in society. Miracle in Cell No. 7 works by Hanung Bramantyo show various forms of official domination and legal inequality which are relevant to be studied through a hegemony perspective. This research aims to describe the forms of hegemony that appear in the film and interpret the social criticism conveyed through the narrative and visualization. The research uses qualitative methods with listening and note-taking techniques, then the data is analyzed through reduction, presentation and drawing conclusions based on Antonio Gramsci's theory of hegemony. The research results show that this film contains four forms of hegemony: ideological hegemony through the instillation of disciplinary values; hegemony of power through apparatus domination and abuse of authority; cultural hegemony through the imposition of a single standard of behavior; and moral hegemony through the formation of ethical judgments that benefit those in power. These findings indicate that films not only present emotional stories, but also present criticism of legal injustice and structural domination. This research confirms that visual media plays an important role in forming public awareness regarding the practice of power in social life.

This study examines the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Christian Religious Education (PAK), using four Biblical principles love, justice, truth, and stewardship as a framework. Employing a qualitative approach with thematic triangulation through interviews with leaders, lecturers, and students, the research aims to understand how AI can be used ethically in PAK. The findings indicate that AI, when applied thoughtfully and ethically, can significantly enhance the learning process. The principle of love emphasizes the importance of honesty, empathy, and a compassionate approach in the use of AI. Justice calls for equitable access to AI tools, ensuring that all learners can benefit regardless of their backgrounds. The principle of truth encourages theological discernment in the application of AI, ensuring that it aligns with Christian teachings. Stewardship highlights the responsibility to manage AI technologies wisely, using them to serve God's purposes. AI is viewed not as a replacement for human educators but as a tool to serve and glorify God in the educational process. The study suggests that theological institutions should create ethical AI guidelines to ensure responsible use and should focus on enhancing faith-based digital literacy among students, preparing them for the digital age while remaining rooted in their faith.

An employment relationship is a relationship between a worker and an employer or entrepreneur involving work, wages, and orders. One outcome of this employment relationship is termination of employment. To create a just and prosperous society based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, the government has enacted laws concerning termination of employment, such as Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation, and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning Fixed-Term Employment Agreements, Outsourcing, Working and Rest Hours, and Termination of Employment. This research uses a normative legal method, namely examining the law as it exists or should exist, or the law in books. The research was conducted by analyzing applicable laws and regulations, using library materials or secondary data covering primary, secondary, and tertiary law. Termination of employment is the right of both parties, namely workers and employers. Both parties can terminate the employment relationship according to their respective situations or conditions. This issue often generates debate because each party has different perspectives and arguments regarding termination of employment. As a result, the amount of compensation workers receive in practice also varies. Comparing Law No. 13 of 2003, Law No. 11 of 2020, and Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021 concerning termination of employment, it is clear that the Employee Rights Act No. 13 of 2003 provides more compensation than the Job Creation Law. Therefore, in practice, many companies, including PT Kuoni Indonesia, seek ways to reduce their compensation obligations under the pretext of negotiating with employees.

This study aims to analyse the development and compare the legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia and Turkey. This study is library research with an interdisciplinary approach to historical-legal and comparative law research. This study presents a historical-legal perspective and a comparative analysis of the law to obtain similarities and differences in the legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia and Turkey. The legal politics of the Religious Court in Indonesia are divided into pre-Colonial, independence, and reform periods. In Turkey, the Religious Court is divided into three periods: before the Tanzimat, after the Tanzimat, and during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk's reforms. A comparative analysis of the law found that the Religious Courts in Indonesia and Turkey initially applied Islamic law. Still, later restrictions were placed on it in an attempt to abolish it. The difference is that the Religious Court in Indonesia still enforces Islamic law as a positive law in certain fields and regions. The Religious Court in Turkey was abolished and replaced by a regular Court based on European law. The existence of the Religious Court in Indonesia demonstrates the success of legal pluralism, while legal secularism has shifted legal pluralism in Turkey.

Background: The rapid development of blockchain technology and smart contracts has fundamentally transformed contractual relationships by shifting the role of human interpretation and enforcement toward automated, code-based, and decentralized systems. This transformation generates complex legal implications, particularly regarding the evolution of contractual liability, which is increasingly distributed and no longer centered on a single legal subject. Objective: This study aims to analyze the evolution of contractual liability in smart agreements and examine how such transformation affects the fundamental principles of traditional contract law within modern legal systems. Methods: This research employs a normative and conceptual legal approach, supported by an analysis of blockchain regulations across multiple jurisdictions, case studies of smart contract implementation, and a comparative legal analysis between civil law and common law systems, complemented by a multidisciplinary literature review. Results: The findings indicate that contractual liability in smart agreements has evolved from a centralized fault-based liability model to an algorithmic, distributed, and code-dependent liability structure within blockchain ecosystems. This evolution creates new legal challenges concerning the attribution of liability, legal certainty, and the limitation of judicial intervention in automated contractual arrangements. Furthermore, the study identifies a tension between technological efficiency and substantive legal justice, highlighting the need for adaptive legal frameworks capable of accommodating decentralized technologies while ensuring the protection of legal rights and accountability of involved parties.

Incest is a form of sexual violence that not only violates social and religious norms but also causes serious physical and mental health impacts on victims. In the context of Islamic law, incest is considered a heinous act that violates sharia and may be subject to hudud or ta'zir punishment. Meanwhile, in public health, incest is viewed as an issue that poses long-term risks, such as genetic disorders, psychological trauma, and socio-economic consequences. This study aims to examine prevention strategies for incest through a holistic approach combining Islamic legal principles and public health perspectives. The method used is qualitative research with a normative literature review and descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that incest prevention can be achieved through strengthening religious values within families, sharia-based sexual education, and improving mental health services and case reporting systems in the community. The implications of this study highlight the importance of synergy between religious institutions, healthcare professionals, and public policy in establishing effective and sustainable incest prevention systems.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code brought fundamental changes to the regulation of the crime of adultery in Indonesia. The expansion of the scope of criminalization, including regulations regarding extramarital relationships, has given rise to debate regarding its compliance with the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and its impact on criminal law enforcement. This study aims to analyze the provisions of the adultery article in the new Criminal Code from the perspective of the principles of the formation of laws and regulations and assess its implications for the effectiveness of the criminal justice system. This study uses a normative legal research method with a legislative and conceptual approach. Legal materials were obtained through literature studies and analyzed qualitatively and juridically. The results show that the regulation of the crime of adultery in the new Criminal Code has a clear normative purpose, but still leaves issues regarding the clarity of formulation, legal certainty, and potential human rights violations. Furthermore, the application of the adultery article has the potential to create obstacles in law enforcement practices, particularly related to evidence, caseload, and the legitimacy of the criminal justice system. Therefore, further evaluation is needed to ensure that these regulations align with the principles of sound legislative development and ensure legal justice.

The enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP Nasional 2023) has brought significant changes to the national penal system, particularly in the regulation of sanctions imposed on children who commit criminal offenses. Children as offenders constitute a special legal subject who require a sentencing approach oriented toward protection, guidance, and rehabilitation. This study aims to analyze the regulation and concept of sentencing for children under the perspective of the KUHP Nasional 2023 and to assess its conformity with the principles of child protection and the objectives of the juvenile justice system in Indonesia. This research employs a juridical descriptive method using statutory and conceptual approaches through a literature review of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that the KUHP Nasional 2023 normatively accommodates a more humane sentencing approach by emphasizing the objectives of punishment and providing non-custodial sanctions and rehabilitative measures. However, these provisions remain general and have not been explicitly integrated with restorative justice principles as stipulated in the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Act. Therefore, regulatory harmonization and consistent implementation are necessary to ensure that sentencing for children truly reflects the best interests of the child and the rehabilitative goals of the juvenile justice system.

The evolution of modern civil procedural law demands dispute resolution mechanisms that are responsive, efficient, and substantively just. In this context, Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) particularly mediation and arbitration has transformed from a supplementary option into a central instrument within Indonesia’s dispute resolution architecture. This study aims to analyze the development of ADR from the perspective of modern civil procedural law, focusing on the normative status and practical efficiency of mediation and arbitration as pre-litigation mechanisms. The research employs a normative-juridical approach, analyzing primary legal sources (legislation, Supreme Court Regulations [PERMA], court decisions) and secondary sources (scholarly journals, books, policy documents). The findings indicate that mediation has been mandatorily integrated into civil procedure through PERMA No. 1 of 2016, functioning as a court-facilitated pre-litigation stage, while arbitration operates as a consensual out-of-court mechanism under Law No. 30 of 1999. Both mechanisms demonstrate clear efficiency in terms of time (resolution within weeks to months), cost (minimal to predictable), and the ability to preserve parties’ relationships through collaborative processes and procedural confidentiality. Nevertheless, implementation challenges remain, particularly concerning the availability of qualified mediators and public perception of ADR. The study concludes that ADR is no longer a marginal alternative but an integral pillar of modern civil justice, aligning with principles of procedural efficiency and substantive justice.

This study analyzes the legal protection of children as perpetrators of rape within Indonesia’s national legal system and Aceh’s Qanun Jinayat, focusing on the Syar’iyah Court’s decisions that often fail to confirm the fulfillment of children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration. Although the principle of the best interests of the child requires comprehensive protection, the absence of clear implementing regulations has created uncertainty. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and case approaches, the research draws on secondary data enriched with primary data and qualitatively analyzed. The findings show that both national law and Qanun Jinayat emphasize child protection based on the best interests principle. National law mandates special procedures such as mentoring, closed hearings, psychological assessments, and diversion, while Qanun Jinayat, through Article 50, stipulates lighter and proportionate uqubat for children. These frameworks complement each other in ensuring education, psychological recovery, and social reintegration. However, several Syar’iyah Court decisions have not explicitly included recovery rights, resulting in ineffective protection and legal uncertainty. The study recommends that the Syar’iyah Court explicitly incorporate children’s rights to education, rehabilitation, and reintegration in its verdicts. Furthermore, the Aceh Government should issue Standard Operating Procedures or Governor’s Regulations to provide a clear legal basis for implementing child uqubat in line with the Juvenile Criminal Justice System.

The transfer of hajj quotas for deceased pilgrims is a legal and social issue that is relevant to the dynamics of the implementation of the hajj in Indonesia. This phenomenon arises as a consequence of the long waiting list for the departure of pilgrims, which causes many prospective pilgrims to die before having the opportunity to perform the worship. From the perspective of Islamic law, the hajj is personal (fard 'ain) and attached to individuals who have met the requirements of istitha'ah. However, in the context of state administration, the right to portion Hajj is seen as an administrative right that can be transferred to certain heirs in a regulatory manner. This study aims to examine the legal basis for the assignment of hajj quota based on the principles of sharia maqashid and review its implementation in the socio-anthropological context of the Indonesian Muslim community. The research method used is normative law with a conceptual and sociological approach, through the analysis of laws and regulations and developing social practices. The results of the study show that the transfer of the hajj quota does not contradict sharia principles as long as it brings benefits, guarantees justice, and avoids potential abuse. Socially, this policy reflects respect for the deceased's worship intentions, strengthens kinship values, and shows the adaptation of Islamic law in responding to the needs of contemporary Indonesian Muslim society.

Pancasila, as the foundational ideology of Indonesia, plays a fundamental role in shaping a democratic system and ensuring the protection of human rights based on justice. From Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s perspective, Pancasila is not merely a normative ideology but serves as a political and legal paradigm that integrates the values of divinity, humanity, unity, democracy, and social justice into the practice of governance. According to Yusril, Indonesian democracy cannot be equated with Western liberalism, which emphasizes individual freedom; rather, it is a constitutional democracy grounded in the moral and spiritual foundations of Pancasila. The values of Pancasila position human rights in a balanced relationship between rights and responsibilities, as well as between individual and collective interests of the nation. Thus, democracy and human rights, in Yusril’s view, are integralistic—citizens’ freedoms are directed toward realizing social j  ustice and order in national life. This article aims to examine Yusril Ihza Mahendra’s thoughts on the relationship between Pancasila, democracy, and human rights, and their relevance within the context of Indonesia’s contemporary constitutional system.

The development of information and communication technology has brought significant changes to various aspects of human life, including marriage practices. The implementation of marriage contracts conducted through online media such as video calls or digital conferencing platforms has emerged as a modern phenomenon. This development has sparked legal debates in Islam regarding its validity, particularly concerning the fulfillment of essential conditions and pillars of marriage, such as ittihād al-majlis (unity of the session) and the sighat ijab qabul (offer and acceptance). The purpose of this article is to examine the validity of virtual mge contracts from the perspective of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, and Hanbali). This study employs a qualitative research methodology using a literature review with a descriptive-analytical approach. The findings indicate that the Shafi'i School does not permit virtual marriage contracts due to the absence of physical unity in place. In contrast, the Hanafi, Maliki, and Hanbali Schools allow virtual marriage contracts, emphasizing unity in time and clarity in the sighat. Therefore, according to several schools of Islamic jurisprudence, virtual marriage contracts may be considered valid as long as the required conditions of marriage are fulfilled, including the presence of witnesses and the clarity of the ijab qabul.