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This study examines the growing debate surrounding the possibility of granting legal personhood to artificial intelligence (AI) systems within contemporary legal frameworks. As AI technologies become increasingly autonomous in decision-making, innovation, and economic interactions, questions arise concerning accountability, liability, and ethical governance. Using a qualitative library research approach, this study analyzes scholarly literature, legal theories, and global regulatory developments related to AI personhood. The discussion explores historical precedents of non-human legal entities, including corporations and natural objects, and compares them with emerging proposals for electronic legal personality. The findings reveal that while functional legal recognition may offer practical solutions for liability and compensation, current AI systems lack consciousness, moral agency, and intentionality required for full legal personhood. Consequently, most jurisdictions prefer human-centered regulatory models emphasizing transparency, oversight, and institutional accountability. The study concludes that extending legal personhood to AI remains premature and that adaptive governance frameworks are more appropriate for managing future AI-related legal challenges

Human rights are fundamental rights inherent to every individual from birth and are guaranteed under statutory laws and regulations. These rights are universal in nature, inherent to every person, and must be respected, protected, and fulfilled by the state as well as all elements of society. However, in practice, various conditions continue to trigger human rights violations committed by both individuals and state officials. This phenomenon indicates that the protection of human rights still faces numerous challenges in its implementation. This study aims to examine the relationship between law enforcement officers and civilians, determine the extent to which the actions of law enforcement officers can be categorized as human rights violations, and analyze the mechanisms of oversight and accountability in handling cases of human rights violations. This study employed a qualitative approach using a case study method to obtain an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon under investigation. The data were analyzed descriptively to illustrate the relationship between law enforcement officers and civilians within the context of human rights protection. The findings reveal that power asymmetry is one of the main factors contributing to the abuse of authority by law enforcement officers. This condition subsequently increases the potential for human rights violations and underscores the importance of effective oversight and accountability in ensuring that law enforcement officers perform their duties and exercise their authority in accordance with applicable legal provisions.

The enactment of the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS) and the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS) represents a significant transformation in India’s criminal justice system. Although environmental protection in India has traditionally been governed by specialized environmental statutes, the newly enacted criminal laws also contain provisions capable of addressing environmental crimes and ecological harm. This article examines the role of the BNS and BNSS in promoting environmental accountability and strengthening green justice within India’s legal framework. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical legal research methodology based on statutory interpretation, constitutional analysis, and judicial precedents. The research finds that provisions relating to public nuisance, water pollution, atmospheric contamination, hazardous substances, and acts likely to spread disease collectively establish a broader criminal law framework for environmental protection. Judicial interpretation of Article 21 of the Constitution, together with principles such as the polluter pays principle, precautionary principle, and sustainable development, has further strengthened environmental jurisprudence in India. The article argues that the BNS and BNSS contribute toward mainstreaming environmental protection within criminal law, but effective enforcement, institutional coordination, and stronger implementation mechanisms remain necessary for achieving sustainable environmental justice.

This study analyzes how digital interface design (UI/UX) and system architecture are manipulated to unethically extract user consent, resulting in personal data commercialization and massive online loan (pinjol) spam marketing. Employing a mixed-methods approach, this research combines descriptive quantitative analysis of digital user perception surveys with qualitative observations involving UI teardowns, privacy policy evaluations, and extensive literature reviews. Initial findings indicate a profound crisis of genuine informed consent, exacerbated by the deployment of dark patterns such as pre-ticked checkboxes, disguised opt-out architectures, and information overload engineered into legal documents. This systematic manipulation facilitates unauthorized personal data distribution to third parties under the guise of legitimate agreement, directly triggering privacy intrusions and psychological distress, including severe anxiety among data subjects. Philosophically and morally, these practices constitute a severe breach of Information Technology Professional Ethics (EPTI). Consequently, this study highlights the urgent need for developer accountability and advocates for the implementation of proactive, transparent ethical design frameworks compliant with Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) standards to reclaim digital autonomy.

This study examines the alignment of Regional Regulation of Grobogan Regency Number 3 of 2022 concerning the Environmental Protection and Management Plan (RPPLH) 2022–2052 with higher-level legislation, particularly Law Number 32 of 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management, Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, and Government Regulation Number 26 of 2025 on RPPLH from the perspective of Rechtszekerheid (Certitudo Juris). The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal materials include environmental legislation and the Grobogan RPPLH Regulation, while secondary materials consist of scholarly literature, academic journals, and official reports. The findings reveal that the Grobogan RPPLH Regulation is generally consistent with the fundamental principles of environmental protection established in national legislation. Nevertheless, several technical and operational inconsistencies remain, particularly regarding monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, environmental carrying and assimilative capacity arrangements, environmental information systems, substantive public participation, and legal consequences for non-compliance with RPPLH provisions. These shortcomings may create regulatory conflicts, legal uncertainty, and ineffective environmental governance. From the perspective of Rechtszekerheid, environmental policy implementation in Grobogan Regency has not fully satisfied the requirements of legal clarity, procedural certainty, consistency of enforcement, and public accountability. Therefore, regulatory harmonization is required through limited revision of the RPPLH Regulation, preparation of implementing regulations, institutional strengthening, integration of RPPLH into regional development planning, and establishment of an integrated environmental information system. These measures are necessary to ensure sustainable environmental governance and strengthen legal certainty in environmental protection and management.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of good governance principles in digital population administration services in Medan Marelan Subdistrict from the perspective of Administrative Law. The background of this research is based on the importance of digital transformation in public services through the Electronic-Based Government System (SPBE) to enhance transparency, accountability, effectiveness, and efficiency. However, in practice, several obstacles are still encountered, such as limited infrastructure, network disruptions, and limited human resources. This research employs an empirical legal research method with both empirical and statutory approaches. Data were collected through field research, including interviews with subdistrict officials and the community, as well as library research involving laws, regulations, and relevant literature. The data were analyzed qualitatively to examine the conformity between the implementation of services and the principles of good governance and general principles of good administration (AUPB). The results show that the implementation of good governance principles in digital population services in Medan Marelan Subdistrict has not been fully optimal. This is indicated by challenges in information transparency, system effectiveness, and limitations in human resources and infrastructure. Nevertheless, digital services have provided convenience for the community in accessing population administration services. In conclusion, improvements in human resources quality, technological infrastructure, and the strengthening of supervision and evaluation mechanisms are necessary to achieve public services that align with good governance principles.

The use of firearms by the Indonesian National Police (Polri) to incapacitate criminals constitutes an exercise of state authority in maintaining public security and order. However, their use often raises legal concerns regarding the limits of police authority, the protection of human rights, and the legal accountability of officers. This study aims to analyze the position of Polri in the use of firearms and to examine the forms of legal responsibility arising from the abuse of such authority.This research employs a normative legal method using statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials were analyzed qualitatively. The study focuses on relevant regulations, including Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police, regulations governing the use of force in police actions, and human rights principles in law enforcement. The findings show that the authority to use firearms is an attributive power granted by law to support Polri’s functions of protection, public service, and law enforcement. Firearms may only be used in specific situations as a measure of last resort (ultimum remedium), while adhering to the principles of legality, necessity, proportionality, and accountability. Responsibility for misuse may involve administrative, criminal, and civil liability. Strengthening oversight, improving professionalism, and refining regulations are essential to balance effective law enforcement with human rights protection.

State officials implicated in corruption cases in Indonesia generally do not resign because there is no legal regulation that explicitly requires it. This study aims to analyze the ethics of government as the basis for the obligation to resign for state officials implicated in corruption cases and examine the form of legal regulation. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory, conceptual, and comparative approach. The results of the study indicate two things. First, the ethics of government is positioned as a legal principle derived from Pancasila and is worthy of being used as a basis for the obligation to resign because it contains the values ​​of honesty, integrity, accountability, and responsibility as moral prerequisites for public office. However, it does not yet have coercive power because it has not been transformed into a positive legal norm with sanctions. Second, existing legal regulations do not explicitly require resignation, so normativeization is needed in the law that covers all state officials with triggers starting from indications of corruption, strict sanctions, and guarantees of restoration of good name for those proven innocent.

The issuance of electronic identity cards (e-KTP) represents one of the most fundamental public services administered by the Population and Civil Registration Office (Disdukcapil). Nevertheless, various forms of alleged maladministration in this service delivery continue to be unresolved in many regions, including Gorontalo Regency. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB) in e-KTP issuance practices at Disdukcapil Gorontalo Regency and to identify forms of alleged maladministration. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, primary data were drawn from the 2025 Maladministration Assessment Report of the Ombudsman RI Gorontalo Province Representative and official institutional documents, supplemented by secondary data from scientific journals, legislation, and verified news sources. Findings reveal that Gorontalo Regency obtained a final score of 64.79 with a 'Moderate Quality Without Maladministration' rating the lowest among four evaluated local governments. Three critical areas were identified: (1) non-compliance with service completion time standards, (2) unofficial administrative burdens including out-of-office form purchases, contravening the principle of proportionality, and (3) low public trust levels reflecting accountability deficits. This study contributes by elaborating the legal dimensions of AUPB as a more structured maladministration evaluation framework compared to prior studies focused primarily on public service management dimensions.

The completeness of nursing care documentation serves as a primary indicator of hospital service quality and remains a critical component of patient safety, clinical communication, and legal accountability. Despite its importance, empirical evidence from various healthcare facilities indicates that nursing records are frequently suboptimal, incomplete, or inconsistent. This study aims to analyze the complex interrelationships between burnout and coaching on the completeness of nursing care documentation, specifically examining the role of nursing competence as a mediating (intervening) variable at the Dr. Chasbullah Abdulmadjid General Hospital in Bekasi City. Utilizing a quantitative research framework with a cross-sectional design, this study sampled practicing nurses stationed across inpatient and intensive care units. Primary data were gathered through a validated, structured questionnaire designed to measure psychological burnout, the frequency of clinical coaching, perceived professional competence, and the objective completeness of documentation. The data were subjected to rigorous analysis using Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) to test the hypothesized pathways within the conceptual model. The results demonstrated that burnout exerts a significant negative influence on both nursing competence and the quality of documentation, suggesting that emotional exhaustion hinders professional performance. Conversely, systematic coaching was found to have a significant positive impact, directly improving both competence levels and documentation adherence. Critically, the analysis confirmed that nursing competence acts as a vital intervening variable; it effectively mediates and strengthens the influence of both burnout reduction and coaching interventions on the overall completeness of nursing care records. This study concludes that proactive burnout management and the institutionalization of structured coaching programs are essential strategic priorities. By addressing these factors, hospital management can enhance individual nurse competence, thereby ensuring high-quality, comprehensive nursing documentation that supports patient safety and institutional integrity.

Industrial waste management is an essential part of environmental protection and management efforts in Indonesia. Industrial development contributes positively to economic growth, but it also creates risks of environmental pollution when waste is not managed properly and in accordance with legal regulations. This study aims to analyze legal regulations concerning industrial waste management in Indonesia, evaluate the compliance level of PT Selatan Jadi Jaya with applicable laws and regulations, and examine law enforcement efforts and accountability mechanisms for violations affecting the environment. The research applies an empirical normative method using statutory and field approaches. Data were collected through literature studies of legislation, scientific journals, and legal doctrines, supported by observations and interviews with related parties. The findings show that industrial waste management has been comprehensively regulated under Law Number 32 of 2009 and Government Regulation Number 22 of 2021. However, implementation still encounters obstacles such as weak supervision, limited legal awareness among business actors, and economic considerations affecting corporate compliance. PT Selatan Jadi Jaya has fulfilled several administrative obligations but still requires improvement in substantive waste management practices. Effective supervision, consistent law enforcement, and stronger corporate commitment to sustainability and environmental responsibility are therefore necessary to achieve optimal environmental protection.

This study analyzes the urgency of strengthening citizen lawsuit mechanisms in response to spatial planning failures from an environmental law perspective, using the 2025 floods in Bali as a case study. The study is motivated by the increasing frequency and intensity of floods, which can no longer be understood as merely natural phenomena, but rather as the result of structural failures in spatial planning management and weak government accountability. Normatively, spatial planning is regulated under Undang Undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2007 dan Undang Undang Nomor 32 Tahun 2009 however, its implementation reveals a gap between legal norms and actual practice. The methodology employed is a normative legal approach, involving an analysis of legislation, legal doctrine, and judicial practices related to citizen lawsuits. The study's findings show that land-use conversion and development in water catchment areas, which go against the precautionary principle, the polluter pays principle, and sustainable development, are examples of spatial planning violations that cause flooding in Bali. In this situation, citizen lawsuits increase public access to justice while acting as a legal tool to hold the state responsible for its carelessness. However, this mechanism's effectiveness is still limited by the absence of a clear legal foundation, the difficulty of the burden of proof, and the public's limited access to the litigation process. Therefore, in order for citizen lawsuits to serve as effective tools for environmental protection and accountability, it is imperative that clear regulations be established, procedures be streamlined, and public access and ability information be improved.

This study presents a systematic qualitative literature review examining regulatory, ethical, and organizational challenges in the adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) for letter of credit (LC) automation in trade finance. Synthesizing prior interdisciplinary research, the review finds that AI technologies—such as machine learning and natural language processing—offer substantial efficiency, accuracy, and transparency gains in documentary credit examination. However, these benefits are constrained by regulatory uncertainty stemming from legacy legal frameworks, ethical concerns related to algorithmic opacity, bias, and accountability, and organizational challenges involving trust, governance, and workforce readiness. The findings highlight that AI-driven LC automation constitutes a socio-technical transformation rather than a purely technological upgrade, requiring alignment between evolving regulation, responsible AI governance, and organizational change management. This study contributes to the trade finance and digital transformation literature by providing an integrated perspective on how transparency can be institutionalized without undermining trust in automated financial decision-making

The case of medical malpractice involving a toddler in Bima has attracted public attention and raised the urgency of evaluating legal accountability mechanisms in healthcare. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement process and the forms of legal responsibility that can be imposed on medical personnel and healthcare institutions suspected of involvement. Using a normative juridical approach, this study examines relevant laws, doctrines, and legal literature, including provisions in the Medical Practice Law, the Health Law, the Hospital Law, and the Criminal Code. The results indicate that law enforcement in malpractice cases can be pursued through administrative, civil, and criminal channels, depending on the level of negligence and the resulting consequences. Medical personnel can be held personally liable for violations of professional standards, while healthcare institutions can be held accountable based on the principle of vicarious liability. This study concludes that the case in Bima underscores the importance of strengthening regulations, improving medical service standards, and ensuring transparency in law enforcement to protect patient rights, particularly children.

Illegal logging is a serious environmental problem in Indonesia due to its direct impact on forest destruction, biodiversity loss, and increased carbon emissions. The Indonesian government has established various public policies and legal instruments to address illegal logging practices, such as the Forestry Law, the licensing system, and strengthening law enforcement agencies. However, the effectiveness of these policies remains a concern, given that illegal logging cases continue to occur in various regions. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of public policies in enforcing environmental law, focusing on illegal logging cases in Indonesia. The method used in this study is a normative juridical approach by examining regulations, government policies, and secondary data from reports from relevant institutions and previous research results. Analysis shows that despite comprehensive public policy design, its implementation still faces various obstacles, such as weak oversight, poor coordination between institutions, limited human resources, and corrupt practices. Furthermore, social and economic factors in communities surrounding forests also influence the success of environmental law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening law enforcement agencies, transparency and accountability, and active community involvement in forest management are essential. With these improvements, public policy is expected to be more effective in preventing and combating illegal logging for the sake of environmental sustainability in Indonesia.

The death of a Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) student allegedly linked to police action raises significant legal issues concerning the limits of the use of force and the construction of criminal liability. This study aims to reformulate the elements of assault resulting in death by integrating the objective element (actus reus) and the subjective element (mens rea) within the framework of the doctrines of dolus and culpa. It also seeks to develop a model of criminal liability analysis that is more transparent, accountable, and oriented toward the protection of a child’s right to life. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by a literature review of legislation, court decisions, and criminal law scholarship. Data are analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that proving the act and the resulting death alone is insufficient without clearly establishing the form of fault. The distinction between dolus eventualis and culpa lata constitutes a decisive factor in determining the classification of the offense and the degree of criminal liability. Ambiguity in identifying the spectrum of fault may lead to sentencing disparities and weaken the principle of geen straf zonder schuld (no punishment without fault). Therefore, this study proposes a reconstruction of the elements of the offense that places proof of mens rea at the center of assessing police accountability while ensuring the protection of the child’s right to life.

The provision of grants by local governments to vertical agencies of the central government often raises legal tensions over local fiscal autonomy. This study aims to examine the implications of such grant disbursements through the lens of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB) and the principles of good financial governance. Employing a normative legal research method, this study analyzes the coherence between the discretionary powers of regional heads and the standards of clean governance. The research findings indicate that grant policies for central government agencies often disregard the principles of prudence and utility, with local budget allocations instead used to fund matters constitutionally the responsibility of the central government (the State Budget). This practice has the potential to become a source of abuse of authority (detournement de pouvoir) if not grounded in objective parameters of local public needs. This study concludes that evaluating grant policies through the AUPB framework, particularly regarding transparency, accountability, and participation, is crucial to preventing local financial subordination. More restrictive regulatory reforms are needed to ensure that grant expenditures remain focused on improving the quality of public services and community welfare at the local level without compromising national fiscal stability.

The abuse of authority by public officials within Indonesia’s governmental administration has become an increasingly urgent issue to address. Such misconduct undermines the fundamental principles of good governance  including transparency, accountability, and justice which are essential for ensuring efficient and effective government operations. This study aims to conduct an in-depth analysis of the forms of abuse of authority by public officials, the factors influencing such behavior, and its impact on the effectiveness of governance and public trust. The research employs a normative approach with a prescriptive legal method, analyzing legislation related to the abuse of authority as well as a case-based approach to explore the implementation of authority by public officials in governmental practice.The findings indicate that abuse of authority may occur in various forms, such as exceeding the limits of granted power, conflating different authorities, or acting arbitrarily for personal or group interests  all of which contradict the principle of legality governing governmental actions. Moreover, such practices negatively affect the quality of public services and tarnish the image of governmental institutions. The study also finds that although Law No. 30 of 2014 on Government Administration provides a clear legal framework, its implementation remains hindered by weak internal and external oversight systems. Therefore, this research recommends strengthening more effective supervision mechanisms, enhancing transparency in administrative decision-making processes, and involving the public in monitoring efforts to ensure that public officials exercise their authority in accordance with established objectives in pursuit of a clean and just government.

This article examines the complex interactions between the military and civil society in regions affected by conflict, approached from a sociological-legal perspective. The study seeks to understand how military power influences civil society, the ways in which legal and social legitimacy are established, and how local communities respond to military presence and control. Employing a qualitative case-study methodology, the research utilized in-depth interviews with community members and military personnel, extensive field observations, and detailed analysis of relevant legal documents. The findings reveal that military power structures significantly impact civil rights, security, and social dynamics, with interactions ranging from cooperative engagement to open conflict. Furthermore, the legitimacy of military actions is closely linked to factors such as operational performance, transparency, accountability, and social acceptance by local populations. Based on these insights, the article argues for the importance of improving communication channels between military forces and communities, integrating formal legal frameworks with local norms and practices, and actively involving community members in security and governance programs. These measures are proposed as strategies to enhance the legitimacy of military operations, reduce conflict, and promote long-term social stability. The study contributes to the broader understanding of civil-military relations by highlighting the sociological and legal dimensions of military influence in conflict-affected areas.

This study examines the legal accountability of the Board of Directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi in relation to ultra vires conduct, with particular reference to Court Ruling No. 439/Pdt.G/2011/PN.JKT.SEL. Employing a normative-doctrinal legal methodology supported by statutory and comparative analyses, this research investigates the standard of director liability within Indonesian company law and contrasts it with the English ultra vires framework. Indonesia's Limited Liability Company Act (Law No. 40 of 2007) establishes that directors bear full accountability for corporate actions performed within the boundaries set by the Articles of Association and prevailing regulations; any action exceeding such boundaries constitutes an ultra vires act that is void ab initio and non-binding upon the company. Research findings reveal that the directors of PT. Humpuss Intermoda Transportasi overstepped their authority when they issued the Linsen Corporate Guarantee and the Nelson Corporate Guarantee without the mandatory written consent of the Board of Commissioners, thereby contravening Article 13(1) of the Company's Articles of Association and Articles 92(1) and 97(2) of Law No. 40 of 2007. The South Jakarta District Court consequently imposed joint and several personal liability on the said directors. A comparative review discloses that Indonesia maintains a more rigid application of the ultra vires doctrine relative to England, whose Companies Act 2006 introduced a good-faith-based flexibility that effectively confines ultra vires liability to situations where directors act dishonestly and cause demonstrable corporate harm. Notwithstanding this divergence, the directors' actions in the present case would equally qualify as ultra vires under English law given the verified prejudice inflicted on the company.