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This study analyzes the practice of tender rigging, which is a dominant form of irregularity in government procurement of goods and services. The study focuses on identifying and analyzing the modus operandi, which includes the use of borrowing flags, document manipulation, leaking of the Self-Estimated Price (HPS), and price agreements between participants (tender arisan). The research findings reveal that the collusion occurs in two patterns: vertical between providers and the committee, and horizontal between providers. Both patterns fulfill the elements of unlawfulness as stipulated in Articles 2 and 3 of the Corruption Eradication Law. This practice of tender rigging causes significant state financial losses and undermines fair business competition. Therefore, the effectiveness of law enforcement depends heavily on accurate proof of state losses and good coordination between law enforcement officials and the Business Competition Supervisory Commission to ensure fair resolution in accordance with applicable legal provisions.

Oil and natural gas are vital resources for the state, and their management must be carried out carefully and transparently. However, the complexity of existing management is often exploited by irresponsible parties to commit corruption that harms state finances. This study aims to analyze how criminal law regulates the accountability of perpetrators in the oil management corruption case at Pertamina in 2025. The method used is normative juridical, by reviewing laws and regulations regarding corruption, state-owned enterprises (BUMN), and related legal literature. The results of the study indicate that criminal liability in this case is not only directed at individual officials, but also corporations or companies. This is because the element of mens rea (malicious intent) was found in the act. Therefore, law enforcement must focus more on recovering state losses and improving Pertamina's internal oversight system, rather than simply imprisoning the perpetrators.

Pancasila as the foundation of the state and the national ideology of Indonesia, has a very important function in shaping the moral values, ethics, as well as the attitudes and behavior of state officials. However, the reality of the persistent prevalence of corruption cases reflects a gap between the values contained in Pancasila and the practices of national and state life. This article aims to examine the implementation of Pancasila values in efforts to prevent and address corruption cases in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature review method, conducted through an examination of laws and regulations, scientific journals, and various relevant literary sources. The discussion results show that each principle of Pancasila contains anti-corruption values, such as belief in God that instills honesty, humanitarian values that uphold justice, the value of unity that rejects the interests of certain groups, democratic values that emphasize trustworthiness, and the value of social justice for all Indonesian people. However, the implementation of these values has not been carried out optimally due to weak law enforcement and low moral awareness. Therefore, efforts are needed to strengthen Pancasila education, improve the integrity of state officials, and build a collective commitment to realize clean and just governance.

This study focuses on analyzing the welfare index in the ASEAN region (covering six major countries) by comparing two perspectives: objective welfare (Human Development Index/HDI) and subjective welfare (World Happiness Index). Using a balanced panel dataset from 2015–2023, the research applies different econometric approaches for each model, namely the Random Effect Model (REM) for HDI analysis and the Common Effect Model (CEM) for happiness analysis. Empirical findings indicate a striking welfare paradox across the six sample countries. In the objective dimension (HDI), economic stability (GDP) and governance free from corruption (CPI) are proven to be the main positive and significant drivers, while government expenditure (GovExp) shows no meaningful impact, suggesting budget inefficiency. Conversely, in the subjective welfare model, the Easterlin Paradox emerges, as GDP and the corruption index have no significant effect on the happiness index. The happiness levels in these six countries tend to be more influenced by government expenditure. This study concludes that strong economic fundamentals and clean governance free from corruption are essential to building a high quality of human life, whereas citizens’ life satisfaction is more determined by the direct presence of the state through public spending.

This study seeks to unravel the complexities of applying the doctrine of culpa lata or gross negligence as the basis for criminal liability for state officials in corruption cases, an area that highlights gaps in the criminal law framework which tends to focus on intent. With the rise in corruption cases stemming from misguided strategic decisions that are difficult to prove as intentional, the urgency to explore alternative criminal liability grounds becomes crucial for establishing strong accountability in governance. This research specifically analyzes the application of culpa lata through an in-depth study of Decision Number 68/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN Jkt Pst. Adopting a normative-empirical qualitative case study method, the analysis focuses on the court decision as a single unit of analysis, supported by primary data from the decision document and secondary data from legal literature. Through documentary evidence tracking, it was found that the panel of judges successfully applied the doctrine of culpa lata by identifying elements of negligence such as the disregard for risks that should have been known, subjective asset valuation, and strategic decision-making without adequate study, which causally led to state losses. These findings substantively show that gross negligence can effectively serve as a basis for criminal liability, indicating a shift in the pattern of corruption law enforcement that goes beyond proving mere intent. In conclusion, this study affirms the effectiveness of culpa lata in expanding the scope of criminal liability for state officials, offering theoretical contributions to the understanding of fault elements and practical implications in strengthening public accountability and the potential for corruption prevention through enhanced standards of caution.

This study discusses the shift in the meaning of delinquency in Articles 2 and 3 of the Corruption Crime Law (Corruption Law) which has an impact on law enforcement for corrupt perpetrators. In practice, the element of state losses must be clearly proven so that the perpetrator can be held criminally responsible. However, there is a phenomenon of corrupt perpetrators who return state losses to obscure the elements of loss as stipulated in Article 2 of the Corruption Law, so that they have the potential to escape criminal snare. This research uses a qualitative method with a descriptive analysis approach, through literature studies and studies of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 25/PUU-XIV/2016. The results of the study show that the basis of the applicants' application in the decision is divided into four aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, the object of the application, and the reason for the application. The Constitutional Court judge in the decision considered three main aspects, namely the authority of the Constitutional Court, the legal standing of the applicant, and the subject matter of the application. The judge's legal considerations emphasized that the phrase "may" in Article 2 paragraph (1) and Article 3 of the Corruption Law caused legal uncertainty, so that the nature of the offense in the two articles changed to a formal offense. This has an impact on uncertain and fair legal protection for applicants and has serious implications for law enforcement of corruption crimes in Indonesia.

This journal examines the criminal act of corruption related to village treasury land (tanah kas desa) in Yogyakarta, with a specific focus on the District Court Decision No. 8/Pid.Sus-TPK/2023/PN Yyk. The objectives are to identify the underlying reasons behind corruption practices, analyze the application of substantive criminal law, and assess the state losses as well as possible preventive measures for future land management. The study employs a qualitative research method through interviews, documentation, and literature review, involving key informants from the judiciary, prosecution office, police sector, and village administration. The findings reveal that corruption in village treasury land is driven by internal factors such as personal motives, economic background, moral integrity, legal awareness, and authority, as well as external factors including non-transparent bureaucracy, ingrained corruption culture, weak supervision, ineffective legal systems, and socio-economic pressures. The application of substantive criminal law is reflected in the assessment of elements of corruption, judicial considerations, and the interplay between legal norms, social impacts, and local wisdom. Furthermore, the study highlights significant economic and social losses, and recommends strategies for prevention, governance improvement, and strengthening accountability to minimize corruption risks in village land management.

The Rp 300 trillion tin trade mega-corruption case is one of the largest corruption scandals in the history of Indonesian natural resource management. This study aims to analyze violations of Pancasila principles and ethical governance in the tin trade mega-corruption case, and to identify threats to Indonesian natural resource management. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were collected through documentary studies of law enforcement reports, government documents, media reports, and related literature. Data analysis was conducted thematically within the theoretical framework of Pancasila, good governance, and public ethics. The findings indicate that this case violates all of Pancasila's tenets, particularly the second (Just and Civilized Humanity) and fifth (Social Justice for All Indonesian People). There were violations of governance principles including transparency, accountability, participation, the rule of law, and effectiveness. The modus operandi involved collusion between business actors, state officials, and law enforcement officers. The mega-allegations reflect a systemic failure in natural resource management that contradicts the constitutional mandate and Pancasila values. Structural reforms are needed in mining governance, enforcement of the integrity of the apparatus, and public participation in supervision.

The return of state financial losses does not eliminate the criminal penalty for perpetrators of corruption. However, differences in the application of Restorative Justice in corruption cases have created legal uncertainty, especially in resolving corruption cases that involve relatively small state financial losses. This study aims to examine and analyze the implementation of Restorative Justice for perpetrators of corruption in the management of village funds, which are often caused by administrative errors, lack of understanding, or weak supervision rather than intentional acts of enrichment. This type of research is Doctrinal, using the statute approach, namely legal research that focuses on the application and interpretation of normative legal provisions (laws and regulations) as well as a theoretical concept approach to understand justice in a restorative framework. The resolution of village fund corruption cases with small losses should ideally prioritize recovery of losses and community restoration, but cannot eliminate the criminal aspect entirely, so clear legal guidelines are needed to ensure fairness and legal certainty.

Corruption in Indonesia has become a systemic and complex issue, posing a threat to economic, social, and political stability. Despite various efforts, including the establishment of the Corruption Eradication Commission and robust law enforcement, Indonesia’s Corruption Perception Index has remained stagnant or declined in recent years. This is primarily due to the inadequacy of conventional audit methods, which struggle to detect complex and hidden corruption schemes. This study examines how the role of investigative audits by the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) can be optimized through synergy with the Whistleblowing System (WBS) to enhance corruption eradication efforts in Indonesia. Investigative audits, which focus on detecting fraud, are crucial as they can convert audit evidence into legal proof in corruption cases. However, the BPK’s role is often hindered by limited human resources, independence, and weak coordination. Using qualitative research and a literature review, this study analyzes relevant documents, books, scientific journals, and official reports to identify and classify relevant data. The findings indicate that strong synergy between BPK's investigative audits and the WBS is essential. Optimizing these two instruments requires significant reforms, including strengthening whistleblower protection laws, improving inter-agency collaboration, and fostering a robust anti-corruption culture. The study concludes that BPK’s investigative audits are effective in uncovering state losses, but their success depends on follow-up actions and coordination with law enforcement. The WBS can detect corruption early, but its effectiveness is limited by weak whistleblower protection and lack of trust in internal reporting channels.

This study examines the crucial role of political ethics in anti-corruption efforts in Indonesia, focusing on Pancasila as the moral and philosophical foundation (Nasoha et al., 2024; Atqiya & Nasoha, 2024). Through a qualitative literature review, the research reveals that weaknesses in political ethics significantly contribute to corrupt practices among elites and state institutions. The study highlights that corruption often stems from a lack of adherence to ethical standards within the political system. Therefore, strengthening political ethics is essential to preventing corruption. The principles of justice, accountability, and public responsibility are critical to this effort, ensuring that government actions align with ethical values. Pancasila’s core values, especially social justice and gotong royong (mutual cooperation), provide a solid moral framework for fostering a transparent, fair, and integrated government system. By embedding these values into political practice, Indonesia can strengthen its anti-corruption efforts, improve public trust, and promote a more just and accountable political environment.

This research aims to examine the authority of the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) in handling connectivity corruption cases after the Constitutional Court Decision Number 87/PUU-XXI/2023. This research is a normative legal research with a statute approach and a case approach, using primary and secondary legal materials collected through literature studies. The results of the study show that the Constitutional Court interpreted Article 42 of the KPK Law constitutionally conditionally, so that the KPK remains authorized to handle connectivity cases as long as the handling begins from the beginning by the KPK. This decision provides legal certainty as well as strengthening legitimacy for the KPK in handling cases involving legal subjects from the general and military courts at the same time. This study also shows that structural barriers, multi-interpreted legal substance, and sectoral legal culture are serious challenges in connectivity law enforcement practices. Therefore, it is necessary to harmonize regulations and strengthen the legal structure and culture between institutions in order to realize a more effective, fair, and non-discriminatory eradication of corruption.

Early character education plays a fundamental role in shaping a generation that is not only intelligent but also physically healthy, emotionally balanced, and morally responsible. The cultivation of these values from an early age is crucial to equip children with the resilience needed to face various social challenges in the future. This community service activity was designed to increase awareness among elementary school students regarding three critical issues: the dangers of drug abuse, the practices of bullying, and the detrimental impact of corruption. The program was conducted at SDN 1 Citeluk with the participation of approximately 80 students from grades IV to VI. The educational materials were delivered through an interactive approach combining lectures, group discussions, role-playing, and quizzes. This approach was selected to ensure that the learning process was enjoyable, engaging, and easily understood by children at the elementary school level. During the sessions, students were introduced to the basic concepts of drugs, their harmful effects on health and life, and the importance of avoiding them. Additionally, the program emphasized identifying the various forms of bullying—whether physical, verbal, or social—and encouraged students to develop empathy and mutual respect. Another important aspect addressed was corruption, where students were guided to recognize the value of honesty and integrity through relatable examples in daily life. The results of the activity revealed that students were able to clearly understand the dangers of drugs, recognize the different forms of bullying, and provide examples of honest and moral behavior. This indicates that early character education delivered through interactive and participatory methods can effectively enhance children’s comprehension of healthy and moral values. It is expected that similar programs can be carried out sustainably in elementary school settings as part of continuous character-building efforts to support the development of a responsible and ethical young generation

The rise in corruption cases in Indonesia significantly hampers investment, impacts national economic growth, and undermines the integrity of public institutions. This study highlights the strategic role of public mobilization as guardians of transparency in preventing potential corruption at the Danantara Investment Management Agency (BPI). Using a normative legal research approach enriched by qualitative analysis of the regulatory framework and best practices, this study examines the legal basis supporting public participation and formulates an effective corruption prevention strategy in the digital era. The results show that optimizing the role of the public through information transparency and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in building accountability and detecting irregularities. Access to audit data, financial evaluations, and public information is an important instrument in strengthening oversight. The use of ICT allows the public to analyze anomalous patterns, assess institutional performance, and provide constructive feedback on investment management policies. However, this mobilization faces significant challenges. First, the complexity of financial and regulatory data often makes it difficult for the general public to interpret. Second, limited digital literacy hinders the public's ability to utilize oversight technology. Third, the urgent need for certainty of legal protection for whistleblowers or oversight participants is a determining factor in the success of the mobilization. Therefore, strengthening regulations that guarantee legal protection, increasing digital literacy capacity, and developing user-friendly public oversight platforms are necessary. Synergy between the government, investment management institutions, and the public is key to creating a transparent, responsive, and adaptive oversight system to technological developments. This way, the active role of the public can be optimized to strengthen the integrity of BPI Danantara and promote a healthy investment climate in Indonesia.

This community service program aims to educate students and adolescents at SMA Negeri 1 Medan about the importance of anti-corruption education. This activity is motivated by the increasing attention to preventing corruption from an early age, by instilling the values of integrity, honesty, and responsibility in the educational environment. The implementation method includes interactive counseling, group discussions, and case simulations relevant to students' daily lives. Participants consisted of 180 students from grades 11 and 12 who actively participated in each session. The results of the activity showed an increase in students' understanding of the basic concepts of corruption, types of corruption, and the important role of the younger generation in creating an anti-corruption culture. This education is expected to be the first step in shaping students' character with integrity and legal insight from an early age.

This study aims to analyze the development, effectiveness, challenges, and research gaps in the implementation of anti-corruption education globally during the 2015–2025 period. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, the study systematically identified, evaluated, and synthesized 37 peer-reviewed articles indexed in the Scopus database. The findings indicate a significant increase in both academic publications and the implementation of anti-corruption education programs worldwide. These programs adopt diverse approaches, including curriculum integration, the use of digital media, and participatory learning strategies. Evidence of program effectiveness is reflected in behavioral changes and long-term social impacts reported in several studies. However, the review also reveals persistent challenges: cultural (social norms tolerant of corruption), structural (absence of national standards or policy frameworks), and technical (limited access to technological infrastructure). Furthermore, the research landscape shows notable gaps, such as the lack of longitudinal studies, minimal focus on vulnerable groups (e.g., children with disabilities), and underutilization of emerging tools like artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics. Future research is recommended to adopt interdisciplinary perspectives, develop context-based learning modules, and leverage advanced technologies to enhance engagement and scalability. Overall, the findings highlight the urgency of implementing holistic and adaptive strategies to strengthen the role of education in combating corruption at various levels of society.

This study examines the application of material criminal law and the judge's legal considerations in two corruption cases: Central Jakarta District Court Decisions No. 3/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN Jkt.Pst. and No. 21/Pid.Sus-TPK/2025/PN Jkt.Pst. Conducted within the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia, the research uses literature review methods, including laws, court decisions, and related legal literature. The study adopts a descriptive approach to analyze and present findings. Results indicate differing views between the public prosecutor and the panel of judges. The Public Prosecutor believes the defendant is proven guilty under Article 2(1) of Law No. 31/1999 on the Eradication of Corruption (amended by Law No. 20/2001), in conjunction with Article 55(1) of the Criminal Code, Law No. 46/2009 on the Corruption Court, and Law No. 8/1981 on Criminal Procedure. However, a dissenting opinion emerged among the judges. One judge disagreed with the majority, arguing that Judex Facti incorrectly applied the law. The judge emphasized that in cases with alternative charges, the court must evaluate all charges collectively rather than selectively, as in subsidiary charges. Therefore, the judge believed that the charge meeting the legal elements revealed in court should be selected based on comprehensive evaluation. This dissent highlights the legal complexity and interpretive challenges in corruption trials under Indonesian law.

The “Aku Anak Jujur” campaign is an anti-corruption educational program aimed at elementary and middle school students to instill honesty and integrity from an early age. The program aims to shape young generations to be aware of the dangers of corruption and the importance of honesty in daily life. Conducted online via Zoom, the program involved 16 participants. Materials were delivered through presentations, animated educational videos, interactive discussions, and games such as word scramble and fill the blank. The results showed that the interactive approach effectively engaged participants, enhanced their understanding of anti-corruption values, and encouraged self-reflection on honest behavior. This initiative successfully increased students' awareness of honesty and contributed positively to character development. Similar programs are recommended to be expanded to strengthen an anti-corruption culture from a young age.  

This study was conducted with the aim of exploring how the influence of forensic accounting and whistleblowing system as a mechanism in detecting and revealing allegations of corruption in the company. This research uses a systematic literature review method by analyzing ten academic journal articles published in 2020-2025 that discuss fraud prevention and disclosure, especially in corruption cases. The results of this study state that forensic accounting has proven effective in detecting various forms of corruption fraud, such as conflicts of interest, gratuities, and abuse of authority, especially if applied by auditors or forensic accountants who have expertise in financial analysis and applicable regulations. Meanwhile, the whistleblowing system allows fraud reporting to be done anonymously with safe protection, and encourages transparency in the organization. However, this research also shows that the two are not always aligned. When the whistleblowing system is effective but forensic accounting is not well implemented, the investigation process is not maximized. Conversely, even if forensic accounting is strong, a weak whistleblowing system can hinder early detection and slow down action against corruption cases.

Law enforcement plays a vital role in building a just, reliable, and corrupt-free criminal system. The success of the criminal system is highly dependent on the integrity of law enforcement officers, from the police, prosecutors, to the judiciary. This article discusses how consistent, transparent, and accountable law enforcement can increase public trust and minimize the potential for abuse of power. Through a normative and legal approach, this paper emphasizes the importance of institutional reform and legal culture in order to create a clean and just criminal system. This article critically examines the strategic role of law enforcement officials in building public trust through a transparent, accountable and integrity judicial system. Using a normative juridical approach and analysis of empirical data, this research highlights various challenges faced, such as weak integrity of the apparatus, political intervention, and a legal culture that is permissive of violations. This paper also emphasizes the importance of institutional reform, strengthening protection for justice collaborators and whistleblowers, and utilizing digital technology in order to encourage legal accountability.