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Notaris sebagai pejabat umum pemegang kewenangan atributif negara dalam pembuatan akta otentik menghadapi kerentanan hukum serius akibat penggunaan dokumen palsu oleh penghadap beriktikad buruk. Asas kepercayaan (vertrouwen) menempatkan notaris pada posisi paradoks: wajib melayani masyarakat, namun berisiko dikriminalisasi atas kejahatan pihak yang dilayaninya. Penelitian ini mengkaji tiga permasalahan: pengaturan hukum tanggung jawab notaris atas akta berbasis dokumen palsu, ketidakmemadaian regulasi dalam melindungi notaris, serta model perlindungan hukum ideal bagi notaris menghadapi pemalsuan dokumen penghadap. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan kasus, berbasis data sekunder yang dianalisis melalui content analysis dan divalidasi melalui triangulasi sumber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: Pertama, UUJN dan KUHPerdata membatasi tanggung jawab notaris pada kebenaran formal dan prosedural pembuatan akta, sedangkan kebenaran materiil dokumen merupakan tanggung jawab mutlak penghadap. Kedua, regulasi berlaku belum memadai karena UUJN tidak memuat klausul good faith immunity, mekanisme shifting of liability belum diatur secara rigid, kewenangan Majelis Kehormatan Notaris terbatas pada fungsi administratif tanpa daya ikat terhadap proses penyidikan, serta ketiadaan sistem verifikasi identitas digital terintegrasi. Ketiga, model perlindungan ideal adalah model tiga lapis: lapis preventif melalui verifikasi identitas digital real-time terintegrasi dengan Dukcapil dan BPN; lapis normatif melalui amandemen UUJN yang memuat klausul imunitas iktikad baik dan pengalihan tanggung jawab material kepada penghadap manipulatif; serta lapis represif melalui penetapan izin MKN sebagai syarat mutlak penetapan tersangka dan jaminan rehabilitasi bagi notaris yang dikriminalisasi secara tidak sah.

Perkembangan teknologi digital telah merevolusi mekanisme transaksi ekonomi dengan mendorong penggunaan kontrak elektronik sebagai instrumen utama dalam aktivitas e-commerce. Kajian ini menyoroti dominasi klausula baku yang disusun sepihak oleh pelaku usaha, yang mengakibatkan ketimpangan posisi tawar serta berpotensi menimbulkan kerugian sistemik bagi konsumen. Secara empiris, rendahnya literasi hukum masyarakat, kompleksitas bahasa kontrak, serta mekanisme persetujuan instan memperkuat kondisi kerentanan konsumen dalam memahami hak dan kewajibannya. Meskipun kerangka regulasi nasional seperti UUPK dan UU ITE telah memberikan dasar perlindungan, implementasinya masih menghadapi hambatan serius, termasuk lemahnya pengawasan, kesenjangan antara norma dan praktik, serta tantangan yurisdiksi lintas negara dalam transaksi digital. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif-empiris untuk menganalisis efektivitas perlindungan hukum serta mengidentifikasi faktor penyebab ketidakseimbangan dalam kontrak elektronik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan perlunya rekonstruksi model perlindungan konsumen berbasis keadilan kontraktual yang menekankan transparansi, keseimbangan, dan akuntabilitas dalam penyusunan klausula. Selain itu, integrasi aspek teknologi, desain sistem digital, dan peningkatan literasi konsumen menjadi elemen krusial dalam menciptakan ekosistem transaksi yang adil. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam pengembangan teori hukum digital sekaligus memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi pembentukan regulasi adaptif guna memperkuat kepercayaan publik terhadap ekonomi digital.

This study examines the phenomenon of fatherlessness in Indonesia and its relevance to Human security. Rather than limiting the concept to the physical absence of a father, this research highlights functional fatherlessnes s, where the father is present but does not perform his roles in caregiving, emotional support, and economic responsibility. Using a qualitative approach through literature review and conceptual analysis, this study explores how disruptions in family roles can generate broader social vulnerabilities. The findings indicate that fatherlessness is closely linked to various dimensions of human security, particularly personal, economic, and community security. The absence or dysfunction of paternal roles weakens the family as the primary unit of protection, potentially affecting individual well-being, social stability, and the overall quality of human resources. Furthermore, this study finds that existing state responses tend to be reactive and have not fully addressed the issue of functional fatherlessness as a structural social concern. Therefore, this research argues that fatherlessness should be understood not merely as a private family issue, but as a non-traditional security challenge that requires comprehensive policy attention to strengthen human security in Indonesia.

Coastal areas are highly dynamic and increasingly exposed to physical pressures such as coastal erosion, shoreline change, inundation, and sea-level rise. In Indonesia, most coastal vulnerability studies remain focused on physical mapping and have not been systematically integrated with spatial planning evaluation. This study aims to analyze physical coastal vulnerability using the Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) and integrate the results with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) in the coastal areas of Mangarabombang and Laikang Sub-districts, Takalar Regency. A quantitative spatial approach was applied using eight parameters, which were reclassified into vulnerability scores, transformed into CVI values, and classified using quartile methods. The results show that high and very high vulnerability classes dominate the coastal area. Spatial integration reveals that several development zones intersect with high vulnerability levels, indicating potential spatial mismatch. This study confirms that CVI can be operationalized as a spatial evaluation tool to support adaptive and risk-based coastal planning.

This study aims to analyze the level of flood hazard in Baturaja Barat District, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency, by applying a spatial approach using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) through the overlay method. The analysis was carried out by integrating six main physical parameters, namely rainfall, land use, elevation, slope, river density, and soil type. Each parameter was assigned a score and weight according to its influence on flood potential and subsequently processed spatially to produce a flood hazard map. The results indicate that the Baturaja Barat District area is classified into three hazard levels: low (3.25%), moderate (70.64%), and high (25.84%). Areas with high hazard levels are predominantly characterized by densely populated settlements situated at low elevations and in close proximity to river networks, particularly in Tanjung Karang, Air Gading, Talang Jawa, Karang Agung, and surrounding villages. These findings highlight that land-use changes, topographic conditions, and the distribution of river networks play significant roles in increasing flood risk. The results of this study are expected to serve as a foundation for spatial planning, the strengthening of disaster mitigation policies, and the enhancement of community preparedness against flood hazards in the region.

Bangunan yang berada di daerah rawan gempa dengan tanah lunak cenderung memiliki tingkat kerentanan yang lebih tinggi. Dalam merancang struktur bangunan bertingkat, beban gempa menjadi salah satu parameter utama yang sangat berpengaruh. Kekuatan sebuah bangunan ditentukan oleh elemen-elemen struktur yang menopangnya dan kolom merupakan elemen struktur yang memiliki peran penting dalam konstruksi. Jika kolom mengalami kegagalan, bangunan yang ditopangnya berpotensi runtuh. Oleh karena itu, rendahnya ketahanan konstruksi di wilayah ini tetap menjadi permasalahan yang sedang diteliti saat ini. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui seberapa jauh pengaruh variasi dimensi kolom terhadap struktur bangunan terhadap gempa, sehingga diperoleh ukuran dimensi kolom yang paling optimal. Pada penelitian ini, objek yang digunakan adalah bangunan 8 lantai yang terdiri dari lantai 1-3 merupakan kantor dan lantai 4-8 merupakan hunian. Pada perencanaan ulang bangunan ini berpedoman pada persyaratan beton struktural (SNI 2847:2019), perencanaan ketahanan gempa (SNI 1726:2019), dan beban minimum untuk perancangan bangunan gedung dan struktur lain (SNI 1727:2020), dengan pemodelan menggunakan software ETABS V.22. Redesain bangunan ini untuk mengetahui ukuran dimensi kolom yang paling optimal. Hasil penelitian perubahan dimensi kolom terhadap kekuatan struktur bangunan yakni dengan memperbesar dimensi kolom, kapasitas penampang bertambah yang dapat meningkatkan ketahanan kolom terhadap beban gempa. Selain itu, dimensi yang lebih besar juga membantu mengurangi tegangan aksial pada kolom, sehingga menurunkan risiko kegagalan akibat tegangan berlebih atau kelelahan material. Semakin besar dimensi kolom yang digunakan maka semakin kecil nilai simpangan yang dihasilkan. Artinya dengan dimensi kolom yang lebih kecil memiliki resiko yang lebih tinggi, sebab nilai simpangan lebih dekat dengan batas yang diijinkan. Akan tetapi hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa dimensi kolom dengan berbagai variasi masih aman dari pengaruh delta izin.

The Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) project in Batukuwung Village, Padarincang District, Serang Regency, has raised concerns among the community about the threat of environmental damage and disruption of the sustainability of the local agricultural system. So far, the community has depended on traditional agriculture that is closely tied to local social, cultural, and ecological values. PLTP projects, which are framed as part of the clean energy transition, actually create tensions between development and environmental conservation. This research aims to examine the social and ecological impact of the PLTP project on the lives of the village community. The method used is a qualitative approach with case studies. Data were collected through purposive sampling techniques for in-depth interviews with affected residents, community leaders, and environmental activists, as well as analysis of online media content and policy documents. The results of the study show that the presence of the project has created ecological and social vulnerability. Disruption to access to clean water, degradation of soil quality, and disruption of agricultural ecosystems are serious threats. In addition, the space for public participation in the project-related decision-making process is very limited, thus triggering resistance and horizontal conflicts. These findings show that the clean energy narrative does not always align with the reality on the ground. Therefore, it is important to consider the principles of ecological justice and the sovereignty of local communities in any energy development policy. This study recommends participatory dialogue and a thorough environmental evaluation before the project proceeds, so that development does not compromise the right of life of local communities and the ecological sustainability of the region. The active involvement of citizens as subjects, not objects of development, is the key to creating sustainable and equitable solutions for all affected parties.

Indonesia is prone to natural disasters because it is located at the confluence of three active tectonic plates. This condition causes high earthquake, volcano, and tsunami activity in Indonesia. Mount Kelud is the most active volcano in Indonesia with cycles that recur every 8 to 15 years. The community service method carried out is to collect data on the area, population, targets, capacity, vulnerability level, and empirical data on the 2014 eruption of Mount Kelud. Then conduct analysis, calculate estimates of health logistics needs, especially reproductive health, socialize the results of the analysis, and conduct disaster preparedness education. This activity was carried out for 6 weeks from March 12 to April 21, 2025. Based on the results of the risk assessment, the Ngancar District, Kediri Regency area has a score of frequent risk scale, severe impact scale, and priority and impact scale in the high category. To overcome the health crisis, a contingency plan is needed, especially for the reproductive health sub-cluster, which includes the preparedness of target data, existing capacity in the region, the level of vulnerability, and the estimated amount of health logistics needed to anticipate the eruption of Mount Kelud. Mount Kelud has a periodic eruption pattern in 8 to 15 years. The contingency plan for dealing with the health crisis of the eruption of Mount Kelud is very important for health service stakeholders because it can minimize the adverse impacts caused, increase rapid response, and ensure smooth coordination between related institutions in dealing with the natural disaster effectively and efficiently. It also supports disaster risk reduction efforts at the community level and strengthens the resilience of local communities.

Penelitian ini menganalisis pola ancaman siber global dengan menggunakan metode Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) berdasarkan dataset “Global Cybersecurity Threats (2015–2024)” yang disusun oleh Atharva Soundankar dan dipublikasikan di Kaggle. Dataset tersebut mencakup 3.000 insiden keamanan siber dari berbagai negara, dengan atribut seperti negara, tahun, jenis serangan, industri sasaran, kerugian finansial, jumlah pengguna terdampak, sumber serangan, jenis kerentanan, mekanisme pertahanan, dan waktu penyelesaian insiden. Melalui pendekatan EDA dan visualisasi interaktif dengan Tableau, penelitian ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi pola, tren, dan anomali dari serangan siber global serta menguji dua hipotesis utama: (1) jenis serangan DDoS dan phishing merupakan yang paling dominan secara global; dan (2) sektor teknologi informasi dan perbankan merupakan industri paling rentan terhadap serangan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa kedua hipotesis tersebut terbukti, di mana DDoS dan phishing menempati urutan teratas sebagai jenis serangan terbanyak, dan sektor IT serta perbankan paling sering menjadi sasaran. Temuan ini memberikan kontribusi penting dalam penyusunan strategi mitigasi serangan siber, khususnya pada sektor-sektor vital. Visualisasi data juga memberikan dukungan kuat dalam pemahaman pola ancaman dan pengambilan keputusan berbasis data. Kata Kunci: Ancaman Siber, DDoS, Phishing, Industri IT, EDA, Visualisasi Data

The Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) project in Batukuwung Village, Padarincang District, Serang Regency, has raised concerns among the community about the threat of environmental damage and the disruption of the sustainability of local agricultural systems. During this time, the community relies on traditional agriculture that is closely tied to local social, cultural and ecological values. This research aims to assess the social and ecological impacts of the PLTP project on the lives of village communities. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with a case study, through purposive sampling techniques for in-depth interviews with affected residents, as well as online media analysis. The results show that the presence of the project has created ecological and social vulnerabilities, especially disruptions to water and land access, and narrowed the space for community participation in decision-making. The findings show that the clean energy narrative is not always in line with the reality on the ground. This research emphasizes the importance of the principles of ecological justice and local community sovereignty in energy development policies, especially in areas that depend on natural sustainability.  

ah yang belum bersertifikat memiliki kerentanan tinggi terhadap sengketa, termasuk sengketa wakaf, karena tidak adanya bukti kepemilikan yang kuat secara hukum. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi perumusan masalah terkait sengketa tersebut yaitu, bagaimana perlindungan hukum pemilik hak atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat dalam sengketa kepemilikan wakaf, apa dasar pertimbangan hukum oleh hakim terhadap sengketa tanah wakaf dalam Putusan No. 456 K/AG/2007, bagaimana akibat hukum pemilik hak atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat dalam sengketa kepemilikan tanah wakaf. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan kasus yang mengkaji Putusan Mahkamah Agung No. 456 K/AG/2007 terkait sengketa tanah wakaf. Sumber data yang digunakan berupa data sekunder, meliputi peraturan perundang-undangan, doktrin hukum, serta putusan pengadilan yang dianalisis secara kualitatif. Tinjauan Pustaka dalam penelitian ini adalah perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik tanah yang belum bersertifikat berdasarkan ketentuan PP No. 24 Tahun 1997. Namun dalam penelitian kasus ini pemilik tanah tidak mendapatkan perlindungan hukum seperti yang tercantum pada PP No 24 Tahun 1997. Hasil Penelitian dan Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini Perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik hak atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat telah diatur dalam Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 1997 tentang Pendaftaran Tanah. PP ini memberikan landasan hukum yang menjamin hak-hak pemilik tanah. Dasar pertimbangan hukum oleh Hakim dalam Putusan No. 456 K/AG/2007 hanya mempertimbangkan bahwa penggugat tidak memiliki kapasitas sebagai penggugat. Hal ini merupakan kesalahan penerapan hukum karena penggugat jelas dirugikan. Akibat hukum pemilik hak atas tanah yang belum bersertifikat sangat rentan sekali terjadi pengakuan oleh pihak lain, karena tidak adanya kepastian dan perlindungan hukum.

The military judiciary, as regulated by law, has the authority to handle military criminal cases and general criminal cases committed by military personnel or persons deemed equivalent to military personnel according to the law. However, its closed and hierarchical nature creates the potential for criminal practices within the military justice system, such as conflicts of interest that could lead to new legal violations in the form of collusion. Therefore, a study is needed to analyse how vulnerable the military justice system is to collusion and the urgency of transparency and reform of the military justice system in order to formulate concrete and sustainable legal reform measures. This research uses a legal-normative approach with qualitative methods. The results of this study show that the military justice system comprises three important elements or bodies, namely Ankum, the Military Prosecutor, and the Military Judge. However, all three are part of the military (TNI) and are therefore subject to military hierarchy, which has the potential to cause conflicts of interest that can lead to new legal violations such as collusion and weaken the objectivity of the legal process, exacerbated by corps solidarity. Collusion practices have many negative impacts, especially when involving the public as victims. Given that the Military Court Act (HAPMIL) has not undergone changes in its legislation, there is a need for transparency and reform of the military court system that aligns with current legal standards.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) is a significant social problem in Indonesia, where women and children are often victims. This study aims to analyze economic factors that increase vulnerability to GBV and evaluate the effectiveness of existing legal protection. The research method used is empirical legal with a qualitative approach, involving interviews, focus group discussions, and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that poor economic conditions, patriarchal norms, and limited access to education and legal services contribute to high levels of vulnerability. Although there are laws that protect victims, such as Law No. 23 of 2004, its effectiveness is still in doubt due to the lack of socialization and understanding of the law in the community and law enforcement officers. Many victims do not report because of social stigma and lack of information about their rights. The researcher suggests that there are concrete steps in increasing legal socialization, providing integrated services for victims, and policy reform so that legal protection can be more effective and responsive to the needs of GBV victims, as well as to reduce the rate of violence.

Penelitian ini mengungkapkan sejumlah contoh nyata pelanggaran privasi konsumen di Indonesia akibat pemanfaatan Big Data. Pelanggaran ini meliputi kebocoran data pribadi di platform e-commerce, pengumpulan data tanpa persetujuan melalui aplikasi mobile, pemasaran berbasis data yang agresif, penjualan data kepada pihak ketiga tanpa izin, serta kebijakan privasi yang tidak transparan. Kasus-kasus tersebut menyoroti kerentanan data pribadi konsumen terhadap serangan siber dan penyalahgunaan, serta perlunya regulasi yang lebih ketat dalam perlindungan data. Sebagai respons terhadap tantangan ini, perusahaan di Indonesia mulai mengadopsi langkah-langkah strategis, termasuk implementasi kebijakan perlindungan data yang transparan, peningkatan kesadaran konsumen melalui edukasi, penggunaan teknologi keamanan mutakhir, dan kepatuhan terhadap regulasi, seperti Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi. Selain itu, perusahaan bekerja sama dengan pihak ketiga dan melakukan audit risiko secara berkala untuk memperbaiki sistem keamanan mereka. Langkah-langkah ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kepercayaan konsumen dan memastikan perlindungan privasi dalam era digital. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya kolaborasi antara pemerintah, perusahaan, dan konsumen dalam menciptakan ekosistem data yang aman dan bertanggung jawab di Indonesia.

Website security is a crucial aspect, especially for educational institutions that manage sensitive data. Udayana University has over 500 subdomains, but not all have undergone security evaluation, potentially posing significant risks. This study aims to identify security vulnerabilities, assess risk levels, and provide mitigation recommendations. The subdomain ee.unud.ac.id was selected as a sample because it uses a template similar to many other university websites. The method employed is Vulnerability Assessment using white box testing, with tools such as OWASP ZAP, Nessus, RapidScan, and the Snort Intrusion Detection System (IDS). The analysis is based on the OWASP Top 10 (2021) and the CIA Triad principles. The results revealed 25 types of threats across three risk levels and 24 alerts from Snort, indicating potential internal and external threats. Recommended mitigations include strengthening security configurations, implementing firewalls, and regularly updating systems. This study emphasizes the importance of routine security testing and the use of IDS to safeguard systems against cyberattacks.    

Exploitation is an activity carried out to gain benefits by harming others arbitrarily without responsibility. Exploitation is a threat in the field of Cyber Security that not only poses risks but also jeopardizes an individual's security and privacy. According to data from the Institute of Internal Auditors, financial losses due to cybercrime exploitation worldwide reached 8 trillion US dollars in 2023. In Cyber Security, one exploitation technique involves using Remote Access methods to take over access rights and enable remote system control. Based on this issue, the author conducts research on Remote Access using three different target models based on the Windows operating system. These three targets will demonstrate how vulnerabilities in an operating system can be exploited to gain Remote Access. The method for testing Remote Access involves identifying the vulnerabilities available in the target system. The study employs three techniques: exploiting the ms17-010 vulnerability, utilizing the SmbGhost vulnerability, and using a backdoor. The results show that all three approaches successfully penetrated the target system and made modifications.

SDN 1 Bumi Waras merupakan sekolah yang memiliki kerentanan bencana yang tinggi sehingga perlu dilakukan pelatihan pertolongan pertama, evakuasi, dan penanganan darurat secara berkala dalam membangun sekolah yang aman bencana. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah membentuk kesiapsiagaan terhadap tingginya risiko bencana sehingga dapat meminimalisir dampak negatif bencana terhadap kehidupan di lingkungan sekolah, baik secara individu maupun kolektif. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini yaitu Community Capacity Building atau Peningkatan Kapasitas Komunitas dalam meningkatkan kemampuan dan kapasitas masyarakat mengatasi masalah yang mereka hadapi. Dari observasi langsung pada kegiatan ini mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan, kemampuan dan kapasitas warga SDN 1 Bumi Waras dalam pertolongan pertama, evakuasi, dan penanganan kedaruratan, cara penggunaan peralatan P3K yang umum, membentuk karakter siswa yang tangguh, mandiri, dan peduli. Dengan mengikuti pelatihan pertolongan pertama, siswa dan warga sekolah dapat menjadi agen perubahan dalam masyarakat dan berkontribusi dalam meningkatkan keselamatan di lingkungan sekitar.

This study aims to analyze the community's preparedness in facing natural disasters in Tegaltirto Village through indicators that include preparedness, vulnerability, and social resilience. Based on data collected through surveys and field observations in several hamlets, the analysis is conducted using data on preparedness values, vulnerability, and social resilience to provide an overview of how ready the community is to face natural disasters. The results of this study are expected to provide recommendations for improving community preparedness for natural disasters and contribute to disaster mitigation planning in the field of civil engineering.  

This study examines cases of corruption in Indonesia’s financial sector and state-owned enterprises (SOEs), focusing on PT A, PT B, and PT C. The research aims to analyze and compare the modus operandi and system vulnerabilities that enable corruption in these companies. Data were collected through analysis of investigation and financial audit reports, legal literature, and relevant regulations, specifically the Anti-Corruption Law (UU TIPIKOR) and the Anti-Money Laundering Law (UU TPPU). Findings reveal that weak internal controls and limited forensic accounting practices are key factors facilitating corruption, including embezzlement at PT A, procurement specification manipulation at PT B, and fictitious transactions at PT C. The application of forensic accounting and strengthening of internal control systems are essential in detecting and preventing financial manipulation, which can be detrimental to the state. This study recommends implementing forensic accounting, reinforcing internal oversight, conducting stricter procurement audits, and fostering interagency cooperation to enhance effective anti-corruption measures.

This study aims to analyze security vulnerabilities and mitigation on the crowdo.co.id website using the OWASP Zed Attack Proxy (ZAP) tool, which is a web application security testing tool. High-level security attacks have increasingly risen alongside the advancement of information technology, making vulnerability testing crucial to ensure the integrity and security of information systems. This research involved scanning the crowdo.co.id website to identify various vulnerabilities, including those listed in the OWASP Top 10. The research process encompassed active and passive scanning, data analysis from the scans, and the formulation of mitigation strategies for each identified vulnerability. The findings revealed that the website had 14 detected vulnerabilities, consisting of 1 high-priority vulnerability, 3 medium-priority vulnerabilities, 7 low-priority vulnerabilities, and 3 additional informational alerts. The security dimensions tested included potential XSS attacks, SQL Injection, and other deficiencies that could jeopardize user data. Based on these results, recommended mitigations include code improvements, enhanced security configurations, and the implementation of additional preventive measures. This study concludes that while the website’s security is in the medium category, further improvements are necessary to reduce vulnerability risks. Through this approach, the study provides significant contributions to enhancing web application security.