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The development of digital technology has driven the  increasing use of e-modules as interactive learning media that support  independent and collaborative learning. The integration of pedagogical approaches and multimedia technology makes e-modules increasingly adaptive and effective in developing higher-order thinking skills. This study aims to map trends in the development and utilization of e-modules through a Systematic Literature Review (SLR)  of Scopus articles published in 2020–2024. From the selection process, 20 articles were analyzed based on their pedagogical approach, as well as the media and digital platforms used. The study results show that pedagogical approaches such as Problem-Based Learning, STEM, SETS, Discovery Learning, and Guided Inquiry have been consistently proven to improve critical thinking skills, learning outcomes, and 21st-century competencies. From a technological perspective, Android and flipbook platforms are the primary choices due to their flexible access and multimedia support such as video, animation, simulations, and interactive quizzes. These findings emphasize the importance of developing systematic, pedagogically-based e-modules supported by interactive multimedia.  Further research is needed to explore the integration of AR/VR, gamification, and artificial intelligence.   

Education is a comprehensive process aimed at developing human quality, in which the success of learning largely depends on the implementation of appropriate instructional strategies. Learning strategies serve as a guide for educators in managing the interaction between teachers, learners, materials, and the learning environment to achieve educational goals effectively and efficiently. This study aims to describe the objectives of learning strategies in improving learning quality and to explain how relevant learning models can be applied based on students’ characteristics and learning contexts. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method by analyzing various theories and previous studies related to learning strategies and educational quality improvement. The findings indicate that learning strategies play a central role in creating active, creative, and meaningful learning processes. The application of several models such as cooperative learning, inquiry learning, contextual teaching and learning, project-based learning, and discovery learning has been proven to enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and learning outcomes in cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. Therefore, systematically designed and adaptive learning strategies that focus on students’ potential are the key to improving learning quality and achieving comprehensive educational objectives.

This study explores the alignment between science learning practices and children’s cognitive development stages based on Jean Piaget’s theory. Ten academic publications were systematically reviewed to examine how Piaget’s framework can be applied in science education. The findings highlight that integrating cognitive development theory is highly relevant for improving the quality of teaching and learning in schools. At the concrete operational stage (approximately 7–11 years), children learn best through direct experiences, manipulation of real objects, contextual media, and experiments that connect concepts with daily life. These methods help foster curiosity and reinforce conceptual understanding. As learners progress to the formal operational stage (around 11 years and above), they begin to think abstractly, reason logically, and analyze critically. At this level, student-centered approaches, inquiry-based methods, and constructivist learning become more effective in enhancing problem-solving, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills. The review also indicates that adapting instruction to developmental stages supports more meaningful and sustainable learning outcomes. In the Indonesian educational context, this approach can address challenges such as limited classroom facilities, diverse student learning styles, and a curriculum that is often overloaded. By applying Piaget’s insights, teachers can design learning strategies that bridge abstract concepts with concrete understanding, thus increasing student motivation and engagement. In conclusion, aligning science education with Piaget’s cognitive stages is an effective way to improve student performance and ensure long-term academic growth. The study provides valuable input for teachers, researchers, and policymakers in developing innovative, student-centered science and mathematics education.

This research aims to analyze the influence of the problem based learning model with a differentiation approach to the topic of harmony in the ecosystem of grade 5 elementary school students. The population in this study was class V students at Wadungasri Elementary School, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, totaling 77 students and a sample of 29 students was taken. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. Data processing techniques with validity testing using expert judgment techniques. Reliability test uses Alpha Cronbach. The swimmer analysis test is the normality test and linearity test. The data analysis technique used is a simple regression test. Research results: the guided inquiry learning model had an effect on students' critical thinking skills by 3.7%. The research results show that the problem based learning model with a differentiation approach to the topic Harmony in ecosystems is significantly effective in increasing students' understanding of ecosystems.

This research was motivated by the lack of enthusiasm of class X MA Assalam Jambewangi Selopuro Blitar students in learning history. History learning is carried out in the classroom in a conventional way which seems monotonous and boring. This greatly affects students' way of thinking, creativity and understanding of the material and has an impact on learning outcomes that are less than optimal, therefore it is necessary to innovate learning methods so that the idea emerged from researchers to research the use of Penataran Temple as a source of historical learning. The problem formula in writing this inscription is 1. What are the steps for learning history, 2. What are the supporting and inhibiting factors, and 3. What are the implications of implementing history learning (by using the Penataran Temple Site as a source of history learning by applying to class X MA students Greetings). This research aims to find out the steps for learning history, what are the supporting and inhibiting factors, and what are the implications of implementing the use of the Penataran Temple Site as a source of history learning by applying the inquiry method to class X MA Assalam students. This research is a descriptive qualitative type of research with data collection techniques through observation, in-depth interviews and documentation.

The aim of this research is to delineate and elucidate the manner in which audiovisual media may be employed to enhance the academic achievements of students enrolled in dance in XI IPA 3 SMAN 1 Ulakan Tapakis. Classroom action research was the twice-repeated method of inquiry. Thirty students enrolled in class XI IPA 3 at SMAN I Ulakan Tapakis participated in the investigation. The data were acquired by consulting relevant documentation, observation logs, cognitive knowledge test outcomes, and psychomotor skills test results. The results of this study indicate that the integration of audiovisual resources into the dance curriculum at SMAN 1 Ulakan Tapakis's class XI IPA 3 had a substantial beneficial effect on the academic achievement of the students. This is supported by the substantial improvement in pupil learning outcomes during cycles I and II. In its totality, Cycle I exhibited a learner activity rate of 40%. In contrast, during the entire duration of the second cycle, student engagement increased by 83%. Cycle I yielded an overall pupil learning outcome of 63%. On the contrary, cumulative student learning outcomes exhibited a surge to 90% in cycle II. Therefore, the effective implementation of incorporating audiovisual materials into SMAN I Ulakan Tapakis, which is part of the XI IPA 3 course, has enhanced the results of dance education.

   This study aimed to investigate the effect of inquiry model on students' learning outcomes in social studies at the elementary school level. The study employed an experimental research design, using a sample of 23 sixth-grade students from SDN Trawas 1. The results showed that the use of the inquiry model in social studies significantly improved students' learning outcomes compared to the conventional method. In teaching social studies, the inquiry model can be applied by choosing topics that are interesting and relevant to students' daily lives. Thus, the use of the inquiry model in teaching social studies at the elementary school level can provide significant benefits to students, such as improving their learning outcomes and motivating them to learn independently and creatively.