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This study examines the urgency of foreign nationals' (WNA) legal status and visa compliance in the vehicle rental business in Bali, as well as its impact on business disputes involving local entrepreneurs. The increasing number of international tourists visiting Bali has spurred the growth of vehicle rental services, yet it has also given rise to illegal practices by foreign nationals such as misuse of tourist visas for commercial purposes, tax evasion, and unfair business competition. This research adopts a normative juridical method using statute, conceptual, and case approaches, referring to key legal documents including Law No. 6 of 2011 on Immigration, Law No. 6 of 2023 on Manpower, Ministerial Regulation No. 21 of 2016, and Bali Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2016 on Tour Guiding. The findings highlight the vulnerability of rental contracts under Article 1548 of the Indonesian Civil Code, risks of breach of contract, and widespread violations of the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) system, the penalties of which are imposed on rental owners. Nationality disparities and weak immigration oversight further undermine the effectiveness of law enforcement. This study concludes that legal protection for local business actors relies heavily on the legal clarity of WNA status, the appropriateness of 1 visa categories, and strong inter-agency coordination. The novelty of this research lies in integrating legal analysis of WNA legitimacy with a dispute resolution framework specific to the vehicle rental sector in Bali’s tourism landscape a perspective that has been largely overlooked in prior studies. The recommendations include strengthening rental contracts, enhancing coordinated supervisory mechanisms, and harmonizing civil and criminal law to establish a stronger deterrent effect.

This study examines the implementation of Indonesia’s Visa on Arrival (VoA) policy in DKI Jakarta as both an instrument of tourism-driven economic recovery and a component of non-military national defense management under Law No. 23 of 2019 on the Management of National Resources for National Defense. While VoA has significantly contributed to the rebound of international tourist arrivals—surpassing 11 million visits nationally in 2023—it simultaneously generates governance challenges at strategic entry points such as Soekarno–Hatta International Airport, where facilitation of mobility intersects with risks including overstaying, transnational crime, human trafficking, and potential infiltration by non-state actors. Existing scholarship largely emphasizes economic impacts and regulatory frameworks, leaving limited analysis of VoA as part of an integrated civil defense infrastructure. Addressing this gap, the study aims to analyze how VoA implementation in DKI Jakarta is managed within a non-military defense perspective, particularly regarding institutional coordination, immigration intelligence, and risk mitigation mechanisms. Employing a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews with immigration officials and security stakeholders, document analysis of relevant laws and ministerial regulations, and review of official immigration statistics, followed by thematic analysis. The findings indicate that although VoA effectively supports economic and diplomatic objectives, its function as a non-military defense instrument remains constrained by fragmented inter-agency coordination, uneven intelligence integration, and limited adaptive governance capacity at the local level. Strengthening collaborative surveillance systems, data-sharing mechanisms, and strategic policy alignment between immigration authorities and national defense institutions is therefore essential. The study concludes that reframing immigration governance as part of Indonesia’s broader non-military defense strategy is crucial to balancing openness with security in high-density international gateways.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Digital Leadership and Digital Culture on Organizational Performance thru the mediation of Technowork Engagement at the Immigration Office Class I Special TPI Semarang. Digital transformation in public organizations requires a comprehensive understanding of leadership mechanisms, culture, and technology engagement in improving service performance. The research method uses a quantitative approach with Partial Least Squares-Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data was collected through a survey of 65 Immigration Office employees using a structured questionnaire. The research instrument has met the standards of validity and reliability. The analysis results show that Digital Leadership significantly influences Organizational Performance and Technowork Engagement. Digital Culture significantly influences Technowork Engagement but does not directly affect Organizational Performance. Technowork Engagement was proven to have a significant impact on Organizational Performance. The findings indicate that digital leadership is a crucial factor in the digital transformation of public organizations, while digital culture requires mediation through technological engagement to impact performance. The practical implications emphasize the importance of developing digital leadership capacity and strategies to enhance technowork engagement in optimizing the performance of immigration services.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of the SOSEK MALINDO (Malaysian-Indonesian Socio-Economic) regional collaboration program in addressing human trafficking, coordinated by the Regional Border Management Agency (BPPD) of the Riau Islands Province (Kepri). The Riau Islands Province, which borders Malaysia and Singapore, is a strategic entry point vulnerable to transnational crimes, including human trafficking. The main factors driving the people of Kepri to choose illegal routes to become Indonesian Migrant Workers (TKI) to Malaysia are economic pressure, limited job opportunities, attractive promises from brokers (tekong), complex and expensive official bureaucracy, and a lack of accurate information about official procedures. This situation is exploited by human trafficking networks through hidden routes, illegal ports, and methods of illegal labor and sexual exploitation. Although SOSEK MALINDO aims to improve the socio-economic welfare of communities in border areas and indirectly functions to reduce vulnerability to human trafficking, this program does not specifically make human trafficking its main focus. The BPPD plays a very important role as a liaison in cooperation with the Indonesian National Police, Immigration, and BP3MI for prevention and supervision. However, the BPPD faces challenges such as limited funding, overlapping authority between institutions, and a lack of accurate data on human trafficking. Strategic recommendations include making human trafficking a primary focus of the SOSEK MALINDO forum agenda, establishing a dedicated cross-border human trafficking task force, strengthening the BPPD's role in coordination and information gathering, and involving local communities, NGOs, and international organizations in mitigation efforts.

This study aims to analyze the effect of workload on employee loyalty at the Class I TPI Immigration Office in Jambi, with performance allowance policies acting as a mediating variable. The research employed a quantitative approach involving 88 respondents selected from the total employee population. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and analyzed using statistical methods to examine both direct and indirect relationships among variables. The results indicate that employees generally perceive their workload as being at a moderate level; however, workload has a significant negative effect on employee loyalty. In contrast, performance allowance policies demonstrate a significant positive influence on loyalty. Furthermore, the findings reveal that performance allowance policies partially mediate the relationship between workload and employee loyalty, indicating their role in mitigating the negative impact of workload. These results suggest that effective performance allowance policies can enhance employee loyalty despite increasing workload demands. Therefore, organizations should balance workload management with fair and performance-based compensation policies to maintain employee loyalty.

Human trafficking constitutes a transnational crime that inflicts physical, psychological, and economic suffering upon its victims. This research aims to analyze the fulfillment of restitution rights for victims of human trafficking and examine preventive efforts from the immigration perspective. According to Law Number 21 of 2007 concerning the Eradication of Human Trafficking, every victim has the right to restitution as compensation for losses suffered. However, implementation in practice still encounters numerous obstacles, including weak law enforcement, limited understanding among law enforcement officers, and insufficient technical regulations. This normative legal research employs statutory and conceptual approaches to examine primary legal materials, including Law Number 21 of 2007, Law Number 6 of 2011 on Immigration, and various implementing regulations. The findings indicate that legal protection for victims of human trafficking has not been optimal, with challenges including difficulties in proving immaterial losses, dual procedural systems between the Human Trafficking Law and Criminal Procedure Code, and weak coordination among law enforcement agencies. The Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK) often cannot guarantee restitution payments as determined by judges. From the immigration perspective, the Directorate General of Immigration plays a strategic role in preventing human trafficking through travel document control, implementation of the Integrated Border Control Management (IBCM) system, education for prospective migrant workers, and cross-sectoral collaboration. However, challenges persist, including complex and evolving modus operandi, limited resources in remote border areas, and inter-agency coordination obstacles. The study concludes that synergy between institutions and improvements in education and regulation are required to ensure victims' restitution rights are fulfilled effectively.  

This research examines law enforcement against immigration violations and the factors influencing the effectiveness of border crossing inspection at the Immigration Checkpoint (TPI) of Tanjung Perak, Surabaya. Immigration inspection plays a vital role in safeguarding national sovereignty and monitoring cross-border human movement. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory and conceptual approaches, the findings demonstrate that enforcement procedures include document verification, identification of violations, administrative actions, and deportation in accordance with Law Number 6 of 2011 concerning Immigration. Common violations found include misuse of stay permits, travel document forgery, unauthorized border crossers, and illegal activities by foreign nationals beyond visa provisions. However, implementation still faces challenges such as limited human resources, inadequate infrastructure, and weak inter-agency coordination. Several factors affect the effectiveness of inspections, including personnel quality, technological support, legal frameworks, infrastructure capacity, traveler volume, inter-agency cooperation, political and international relations factors, socio-cultural dynamics, financial and logistical support, as well as internal supervision and accountability systems. The research concludes that institutional capacity building, policy integration, regulatory harmonization, and strengthened internal supervision are essential to ensure optimal immigration control at TPI Tanjung Perak in facing global challenges.

This study examines the implementation of Good Governance principles in passport and residence permit services at Ngurah Rai Immigration Office, Bali. Employing a qualitative case study approach, the research evaluates how digital transformation enhances transparency, accountability, efficiency, participation, and the rule of law in immigration services. Findings demonstrate that digital systems such as the M-Paspor application and the Integrated Residence Permit System have improved procedural transparency, reduced illegal levies, and strengthened public trust. Efficiency has increased through automation, which reduces processing times and human errors. Digital audit trails reinforce accountability by ensuring decisions are traceable and regulation-based. However, challenges exist in substantive accountability and responsiveness. Decision-making in non-standard cases lacks transparency, with limited explanation of the legal bases. Response times through formal channels such as hotlines often exceed standards due to lengthy cross-divisional coordination. Whilst digitalisation has brought significant improvements, further reforms are necessary to strengthen substantive accountability and responsiveness, thereby enhancing public trust and institutional legitimacy in accordance with good governance standards. Continuous improvements in integrated digital systems, staff training, and process streamlining remain essential for full compliance.

This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the performance of the Travel Document Section at Tanjung Perak Immigration Office within the framework of Public Administration. Employing a qualitative, case-study approach, the research investigates the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of immigration services, emphasising the application of New Public Management (NPM) principles and Good Governance practices. The findings reveal that while technological innovations such as digital systems (M-Passport and SIMKIM) have successfully improved operational efficiency and reduced physical queues, challenges persist regarding procedural transparency, accountability, and system reliability. Human errors and inconsistent discretion in handling complex documents highlight the need for enhanced capacity building and resource allocation. Moreover, issues of bureaucratic transparency and integrity undermine public trust, underscoring the importance of strengthening internal controls and communication strategies. The study also underscores that service quality is multidimensional, encompassing physical facilities, interpersonal professionalism, and procedural clarity, all of which influence public satisfaction. Despite improvements, the gap between technological efficiency and service effectiveness suggests that further efforts are needed to integrate digital innovations with robust procedural protocols. The research concludes that sustainable performance improvement requires a balanced focus on technological, human, and systemic factors, fostering a culture of transparency, accountability, and continuous development. These insights offer valuable policy recommendations to enhance the robustness and responsiveness of immigration services, ultimately strengthening the legitimacy and trust of government institutions in delivering public services.

This research aims to analyse the implementation of digital innovation in passport services at the Class I Immigration Office Tanjung Perak as part of bureaucratic reform and Good Governance initiatives. The study employed a qualitative case study approach, involving in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis, to assess the successes and challenges of digital systems such as SIMKIM and M-Paspor. The findings reveal that digital innovation has successfully improved operational efficiency and generally provided transparency into costs and application status, whilst reducing queuing times and increasing service speed, thereby enhancing public satisfaction and trust in immigration services. However, the innovation has not fully addressed structural and cultural bureaucratic barriers, as field officers tend to become passive when systems experience errors or delays, struggling to provide detailed explanations about issues, which results in information ambiguity and potentially undermines procedural transparency and performance accountability principles. The study concludes that bureaucratic reform in the immigration sector requires internal cultural updates and enhanced human resource competencies to support comprehensive transparency and accountability. Digital infrastructure instability and officers' discretionary authority significantly influence the effectiveness of digital innovation. Whilst digital innovation offers substantial benefits in efficiency and transparency, its success depends heavily on strengthening systems, improving human resource skills, and fostering organisational cultural change, with continuous efforts essential for achieving effective, transparent, and accountable public service.

This study aims to explore the institutional governance and collaboration mechanisms at Indonesia's entry points, emphasising both formal arrangements, such as Memoranda of Understanding, and informal communication channels that facilitate daily operations among Immigration, Customs, Port Authorities, Law Enforcement, and Health Agencies. The research employed qualitative methods, including interviews, observations, and document analysis, grounded in Policy Network theory, to analyse the dynamics of institutional collaboration at entry points. The findings highlight that border oversight effectiveness hinges on inter-agency synergy quality, trust, and the ability to overcome technical and procedural barriers, whilst significant challenges include technological disparity, particularly incompatible data platforms hampering real-time information sharing, and silo mentalities driven by security concerns that impede operational harmonisation, resulting in delays and inefficiencies. Trust mechanisms such as informal communication groups, regular meetings, and leadership support significantly improve coordination and operational performance. The study concludes that sustainable and adaptive governance models characterised by mutual trust, effective communication, and technological integration are essential for enhancing border security and facilitating legal movement. The research underscores the importance of integrating technological systems to ensure interoperability, developing clear cross-agency SOPs, and fostering a collaborative culture that prioritises shared goals over organisational ego. Strengthening institutional collaboration at border crossings will bolster Indonesia's national security, economic growth, and international reputation, and contribute to resilient, efficient border management systems capable of addressing contemporary threats.

This study aims to explore the implementation of Standard Operating Procedures for immigration services at TPI Tanjung Priok Port and examine its impact on service effectiveness in Indonesia's maritime sector. The research employed a qualitative approach to analyse the gap between formal SOP guidelines and on-the-ground practices, examining internal and external factors, including resource limitations, technological constraints, and inter-agency coordination issues. The findings reveal significant disparities that lead to both positive and negative discretion amongst frontline Immigration officers, influencing service consistency, efficiency, and transparency. Negative discretion results in procedural deviations that compromise reliability and potentially foster corruption, delays, and inefficiencies. In contrast, positive discretion emerges as adaptive responses indicating weaknesses in SOP design or infrastructure. The study concludes that enhancing frontline officers' competence, motivation, and accountability is essential for achieving desired outcomes, whilst integrating technological solutions such as digital documentation and real-time monitoring is vital for streamlined, transparent, and accountable procedures. Improving SOP adherence, coupled with better resource allocation and inter-institutional cooperation, can significantly reduce vessel turnaround times, lower logistics costs, and bolster maritime competitiveness. The research advocates for dedicated training programmes, supervisory systems, and technological innovations to ensure SOP compliance, minimise discretion-driven deviations, and promote accountability, thereby optimising maritime service delivery and supporting Indonesia's strategic maritime development objectives.

This study aims to examine the implementation of bureaucratic reform at the Immigration Document Section of Ngurah Rai Immigration Office, focusing on digital transformation through the M-Paspor application to realise a dynamic immigration management system. The research employed qualitative analysis to evaluate service efficiency, transparency, accountability, and staff capacity in the context of digital innovation aligned with Dynamic Governance principles. The findings reveal that digitalisation has significantly enhanced service efficiency through automated procedures, reduced physical queues, and improved transparency, whilst facilitating a shift from manual tasks to core verification and problem-solving activities, though challenges persist regarding human resources capacity and organisational culture, as staff exhibit rule-bound mindsets and defensive communication styles when addressing service delays, thereby undermining public trust and satisfaction. The study concludes that technology alone is insufficient to achieve truly responsive and citizen-centric services, as institutional culture and personnel mindset require continuous strengthening through soft skills training, ethical enforcement, and cultivation of service-oriented, empathetic work culture. Holistic reform approaches that combine technological innovation with human resource development and cultural change are essential for building effective, adaptive, and transparent immigration management systems. The integration of digital systems complemented by professional human resources can foster seamless, efficient, and trustworthy immigration services aligned with good governance principles, whilst sustainable improvements depend on balancing technological advances with organisational culture development and staff professionalism.

The Port Clearance Certificate (PCC / SPB) is a mandatory state document issued by the Harbor Master (Syahbandar) as proof of the ship's seaworthiness and the fulfillment of all administrative obligations before leaving the port. In the clearance process for foreign-flagged vessels, the role of the shipping agent is crucial as the representative of the ship owner to coordinate all required permits and documents with various related government agencies (Harbor Master's Office/KSOP, Customs, Quarantine, and Immigration). PT. Dalian Putra Maritim Belawan Branch utilizes an integrated digital system (Inapornet) to manage ship agency services for both incoming and outgoing vessels. This study aims to comprehensively analyze and describe the role and effectiveness of the ship agent, PT. Dalian Putra Maritim Belawan Branch, in expediting the process of issuing the Port Clearance for foreign ships at the Harbor Master and Port Authority Office (KSOP) in Belawan. This research employs a qualitative-descriptive method supported by: 1) Library Research to collect theoretical data and regulations; and 2) Field Research, which involves direct observation of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) and the collection of accurate data within the Belawan Port environment. The research results indicate that the ship agent plays a central and vital role in the entire Port Clearance issuance process. The success of issuing the Port Clearance is heavily dependent on the speed, accuracy, and efficiency of the coordination carried out by the agent, ensuring that the vessel meets all safety, security, and maritime environmental protection requirements before being permitted to sail.

This study aims to determine the effect of work motivation and work discipline on employee performance at the Class I Non TPI Depok Immigration Office. The background of the study is based on the importance of the role of human resources in increasing organizational productivity. The method used is quantitative with data collection techniques through questionnaires to the entire population of 83 respondents using a saturated sampling method. Data analysis was carried out using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 21. The results of the T-test of the study obtained showed that work motivation has a positive and significant effect (T count > T table), work discipline has a positive and significant effect (T count > T table) indicating that work motivation and work discipline have an important role in improving employee performance. The results of the F test show that work motivation and work discipline have a simultaneous effect on employee performance (F count > F table) at the Class I Non TPI Depok Immigration Office. The coefficient of determination test of 0.264 employee performance is explained by work motivation and work discipline.

This study aims to examine the effect of information technology and competence on employee performance with leadership style as an intervening variable at the Class I Special Immigration Office Soekarno Hatta. This research uses a quantitative approach with a sample size of 210 employees. Data collection techniques involved document studies and questionnaires, and data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25. The results of the study indicate that: (1) Information technology significantly affects employee performance with a t-value of 2.812 > t-table of 1.972 and a significant value of 0.012 < 0.05. (2) Competence also significantly affects employee performance with a t-value of 1.982 > t-table of 1.972 and a significant value of 0.0026 < 0.05. (3) Information technology significantly affects leadership style with a t-value of 2.009 > t-table of 1.972 and a significant value of 0.039 < 0.05. (4) Competence significantly affects leadership style with a t-value of 2.391 > t-table of 1.972 and a significant value of 0.040 < 0.05. (5) Leadership style significantly affects employee performance with a t-value of 2.364 > t-table of 1.972 and a significant value of 0.048 < 0.05. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the direct effect of information technology on employee performance is greater (0.50) than the indirect effect through leadership style (0.08), indicating that leadership style as an intervening variable is not effective. The same applies to competence, with the direct effect (0.95) being greater than the indirect effect (0.152).

This study evaluates the effectiveness of M-Passport service management at the Immigration Office Class I TPI Cirebon using the ITIL V3 framework, focusing on Service Strategy and Service Operation. A quantitative approach was applied through observation, structured interviews, and questionnaires distributed to applicants and staff. Data were analyzed using Maturity Level assessment and GAP Analysis. The findings indicate that the M-Passport service has reached Level 4 (Managed) with an average score of 3.77, showing that processes are measurable, controlled, and consistently implemented. However, Incident Management remains at Level 3 (Defined) with the largest deviation from the expected level, while Problem Management, Request Fulfillment, and Business Relationship Management also show minor gaps. The study recommends strengthening incident handling procedures, enhancing communication strategies, improving applicants’ digital literacy, and increasing staff competencies. These improvements are expected to optimize ITIL V3 implementation and enhance technology-based public service delivery.

Multiculturalism is a view that recognizes and respects cultural diversity in social life, politics, and community values. This concept emphasizes the importance of recognizing differences in cultural identity as the basis for creating a harmonious, peaceful, and inclusive society. Historically, the idea of ​​multiculturalism emerged as a response to the melting pot paradigm in countries with high immigration rates, which tend to assimilate minority cultures into the dominant culture. Conversely, multiculturalism seeks to maintain the cultural identity of each group while building social cohesion within the framework of shared life. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach to examine the definition, history, and basic ideas of multiculturalism from various literature sources. The results of the study show that multiculturalism has a strong foundation in the principles of respect, tolerance, equal rights, and social justice in a pluralistic society. A deep understanding of this concept is very important in the context of a complex and diverse modern society, because it is able to strengthen mutual respect, build social solidarity, and maintain national unity amidst cultural, religious, and ethnic differences. Thus, multiculturalism is not only a social concept but also a cultural strategy for realizing a just and harmonious life together.

This paper discusses the quarantine clearance out handling process through the SSM Single Submission System for the issuance of the Port Health Quarantine Certificate PHQC on the MT Jupiter Star ship managed by PT Semesta Sejahtera Lestari, Lampung Branch. Quarantine clearance out is an important stage in ensuring that ships departing from the port meet all health requirements and are free from the threat of diseases that can be transmitted to other areas. This process begins with the submission of an application by the ship's agent through the SSM System, which is designed to facilitate interaction between various related agencies, including the KKP Port Health Office, Customs, Immigration, and Ksop. After the application is submitted, quarantine officers will conduct a health inspection of the ship, including an examination of the crew and other health documentation. The results of this inspection are then recorded in the system and, if all requirements are met, a PHQC will be issued. This paper also identifies the challenges faced in the process, such as data integration between agencies that is sometimes less than optimal, and the importance of improving coordination between related parties to ensure a smooth clearance out process. Ultimately, the implementation of the SSM system is expected to increase efficiency and transparency in the process of issuing port health certificates, which in turn supports the smooth running of international shipping and trade activities. In writing this paper, the author used field research and library research methods.

The management of national border areas is a strategic issue in the modern international system, directly linked to sovereignty, national security, and regional stability. This study aims to examine the role of international law in border management through a qualitative literature-based approach. Findings indicate that core principles of international law, such as uti possidetis juris, state sovereignty, and non-intervention, serve as the normative foundation for boundary formation, recognition, and dispute resolution. Current challenges such as illegal immigration, infiltration, and territorial claims demand the strengthened implementation of international law within national policy. Local government involvement and economic diplomacy also play vital roles in building adaptive and responsive border governance. In Indonesia’s case, land and maritime border dynamics highlight the need for a comprehensive strategy that integrates legal, diplomatic, and regional development aspects. This study underscores the importance of synergy among state actors to safeguard territorial integrity and foster sustainable cross-border cooperation.