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Samuel's role as Israel's final judge, a leader who carried out the dual function of political and spiritual leader with integrity. Using critical historical interpretation analysis methods. Through in-depth analysis of these verses, this paper identifies Samuel's Faithful Leadership, Active and Inclusive Ministry, Worship as a Life Priority and God as a Just Judge. This article also highlights the relevance of these principles in a modern context, such as the importance of responsible leadership, consistent service, and a God-centered life. By making worship of God the basis of life, Samuel provides an example of leadership that not only brings people to justice, but also maintains a spiritual relationship with God. This paper concludes that true leadership must be based on obedience to Allah and timeless dedication.

Ethnic and cultural diversity in modern society has become increasingly complex due to the influences of globalization, urbanization, and migration, resulting in multicultural communities. This diversity, while offering opportunities for mutual understanding, often gives rise to tensions, prejudices, and even conflicts between groups, especially when cultural identities are contested. In such circumstances, religion plays a significant role as a social pillar that can embrace differences. However, if applied exclusively, religion also has the potential to become a source of conflict. Therefore, inclusive theology, which prioritizes acceptance of differences without compromising religious teachings, becomes a relevant solution to bridge these tensions. Inclusive theology not only encourages intercultural dialogue but also promotes peace and solidarity by emphasizing love, tolerance, and respect for the dignity of every individual. In the context of the church, inclusive theology serves as an agent of peace actively addressing issues of ethnic discrimination and cultural injustice. This study aims to explore the application of inclusive theology in responding to ethnic and cultural conflicts in multicultural societies, using a qualitative approach and Ricoeur's hermeneutic analysis. It is expected that this research will contribute to fostering harmony and reconciliation amidst existing diversity.

The purpose of this study is to understand Romans 12:-2 from a hermeneutic point of view, especially in relation to the concept of "renewal of the mind" as the key to spiritual transformation in the Christian life. Paul emphasizes the importance of a profound inner change in order to be in harmony with God's will, which is not only a change in behavior, but also a change in mindset influenced by God's Word. Paul's letter to the church in Rome, written to the church in Rome, teaches about salvation through faith and the relationship between the Law and faith in Christ. In Romans 12:2, Paul exhorts believers not to follow worldly values, but to have experiences that renew their minds so that they understand God's will. This hermeneutic interpretation suggests that the renewal of the mind leads believers to live differently from the norms of the world, which affects all aspects of daily life, including relationships with others. However, challenges arise from cultural influences, world customs, and personal weaknesses that hinder change. The results of this study show that the transformation of the heart and mind that Paul teaches is an ongoing spiritual journey that requires dedication, discipline, and patience. This change enables believers to live according to God's good, pleasing and perfect will and bear witness to the world in the truth.

This research aims to explore the hermeneutical thought patterns of the Koran; Prof. Sahiron Syamsuddin uses descriptive qualitative methods with literature analysis. The research results show that the ma'na-cum-maghza hermeneutic method developed by Prof. Sahiron Syamsuddin is a development of various previous interpretive theories with no genuinely new elements. The proposed methodology must be more thorough, and the solutions and proposals are still general and ambiguous. Criticism of classical ulama's thinking is more dominant, and the absence of the word "Hermeneutical Tafsir of the Koran" shows that this method is impractical and can only be applied in a limited way. The implication is that this hermeneutics is unsuitable for studying the Koran because it can cause confusion and doubt. This approach is based on an attitude of skepticism and relativism, which places the Koranic text on par with other texts, resulting in uncertainty in meaning and interpretation that is relative and temporary. The use of the ma'na-cum-maghza hermeneutic method can result in the deconstruction of Islamic laws in the Koran and disrupt the structure of Islamic epistemology.

the aim of this research is to describe the meaning contained in the lyrics of the song celengan rindu by fiersa besari through the analysis of erlebnis, ausdruck, and verstehen of wilhelm dilthey's hermeneutical study. This type of research is descriptive using a qualitative research design. The data from this research are the lyrics of the song celengan rindu by fiersa besari. The theory that is the basis of this research uses wilhem dilthey's hermeneutics which focuses on three concepts, namely erlebnis (lived experience), ausdruck (expression), and verstehen (understanding). The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The data were analyzed using listening, note-taking and documentation techniques. The results of this research using wilhem dilthey's hermeneutics show (1) the erlebnis concept includes: (a) fiersa besari's life experience (b) the history of the song celengan rindu as viewed from fiersa besari's life experience. (2) the concept of ausdruck in this song is fiersa besari's expression about long distance relationships. (3) the verstehen concept includes: (a) long distance relationships described by fiersa besari through the song piggy bank rindu (b) excessive jealousy that can occur in long distance relationships described by fiersa besari through the song piggy bank rindu.