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This study analyzes the juridical transformation of freedom of expression after the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2024 as the second revision of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law). The main focus of the research is the reconstruction of defamation offenses from Article 27 paragraph (3) to Article 27A, as well as its implications for constitutional guarantees in Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution. The method used is normative juridical with legislative, conceptual, and case approaches. The case study of the case of Haris Azhar and Fatia Maulidiyanti is used as a limited empirical analysis. The results of the study show that even though Law No. 1 of 2024 has narrowed insults to absolute complaints, the formulation of norms that are still multi-interpreted, especially in the phrase "attacking honor", still has the potential to threaten freedom of expression and create a chilling effect in the digital space. In addition, the lack of clear parameters regarding public criticism and personal insults creates legal uncertainty. Therefore, consistent interpretation guidelines and harmonization with human rights principles are needed so that the protection of citizens' constitutional rights is guaranteed.

This study examines the implementation of religious freedom in Indonesia, focusing on the case of the sealing of the POUK Tesalonika House of Prayer in Teluknaga, Tangerang Regency, in April 2026. This incident reflects the tension between administrative regulations, specifically the Building Permit, and the constitutional right to freedom of religion as guaranteed in Article 28E and Article 29(2) of the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study employs a normative legal method with legislative,conceptual, and case-based approaches. The analysis reveals that the sealing action fails to meet the principle of proportionality in administrative law, and results in legal discrimination that contradicts the principle of equality before the law and the spirit of Pancasila. These findings affirm that the right to worship is a non-derogable right that cannot be diminished by technical permitting regulations. Therefore, the state must prioritize a facilitative and protective approach in regulating places of worship, to guarantee freedom of religion and uphold Indonesia’s integrity as a democratic and tolerant rule of law state.

Classroom management is an important aspect of creating a conducive learning environment and supporting the achievement of learning objectives. This study aims to analyze the permissive approach and the cookbook approach in classroom management based on the results of an interview with a teacher. The research employed a descriptive qualitative method, with interviews used as the primary data collection technique. The findings indicate that the teacher does not fully implement either the permissive approach or the cookbook approach. The teacher provides students with freedom within limits that support the learning process while still enforcing agreed-upon classroom rules. In addition, the teacher does not rely on rigid procedures but instead adapts classroom management strategies to students' characteristics and the situations encountered in the classroom. The study reveals that the teacher tends to adopt an adaptive classroom management approach by combining firmness, empathy, and flexibility, thereby creating an orderly, comfortable, and effective learning environment that supports the achievement of educational objectives.

The development of social media has significantly changed human communication patterns. On the one hand, digital media provides a space for freedom of expression, but on the other hand, it has also given rise to digital judgmental cultural phenomena such as Cancel culture and cyberbullying. These phenomena often give rise to verbal violence, public humiliation, and massive social exclusion in cyberspace. This article aims to analyze the phenomena of Cancel culture and cyberbullying from a Christian ethical perspective. The research method used is a literature review with a theological-ethical approach. The results of the study indicate that the digital judgmental culture contradicts the principles of love, respect for human dignity as the Imago Dei, and Christian communication ethics taught in the Bible. Christian ethics views every individual as having value before God, so the practices of humiliation, digital bullying, and public judgment are unjustifiable. The church and believers are called to present constructive, loving, communication in the digital space.

The imbalance in bargaining position between business actors and consumers frequently places consumers in a vulnerable position to economic exploitation through the inclusion of standard clauses and unfair trade practices. This study aims to analyze the fulfillment of rights and obligations of the parties, identify the comprehensive boundaries of prohibited acts for business actors, and examine the legal binding force of standard clauses in commercial transactions under Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK). The method employed in this research is a normative juridical legal approach with statutory and conceptual analysis, utilizing qualitative analysis of secondary data obtained from library research combined with a deductive reasoning method. The findings underscore two pivotal aspects. First, the weak standing of consumers in the market is driven not only by economic imbalances but also by low legal awareness and minimal information transparency regarding quality standardization. Second, the inclusion of standard clauses that unilaterally transfer liability (exculpatory clauses) is strictly prohibited by Article 18 of UUPK and declared null and void, which aligns with the progressive judicial stance in the landmark Supreme Court Civil Judicial Review Decision Number 124/PK/PDT/2007. The theoretical implication of this study urges a reconstruction of the freedom of contract doctrine bounded by distributive justice, while its practical implication recommends the government, YLKI, and BPKN to tighten preventive oversight through auditing draft standard agreements in public spaces and formulating adaptive regulations toward digital contract disruptions.

This study aims to analyze the use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) among theology students and its ethical and theological implications for theological education in the Society 5.0 era. The study employs a light mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, involving theology students as survey and interview participants. The findings show that GenAI is primarily used as a tool to understand course materials, seek initial explanations, develop ideas, and complete academic assignments. Although students demonstrate awareness of potential bias, dependency, plagiarism, and other ethical risks, practices of transparency, information verification, and critical reflection have not been carried out consistently. The concept of imago Dei is relevant as a theological lens for evaluating technology use because it affirms human dignity, responsible freedom, and moral accountability in academic practice. This study concludes that GenAI can support theological learning constructively when used wisely, integrated with Christian faith-based ethical literacy, and strengthened through clear institutional policies, lecturer guidance, and an academic culture that upholds integrity, discernment, and accountability.

Communication within the family, especially between parents and children, is an important foundation for the development of a child's personality, emotions, and social skills. The purpose of this writing is to identify the types of parental communication styles, analyze the factors that influence them, examine their impact on child development, and provide practical recommendations to improve the effectiveness of communication patterns within the family. The method used in writing this paper is a literature study. The discussion results show that there are three main types of parental communication styles: permissive, authoritarian, and democratic. The permissive style tends to give the child unlimited freedom, the authoritarian style emphasizes control and obedience, while the democratic style encourages openness and mutual respect. The choice of communication style is influenced by various factors such as educational background, culture, past experiences, and the socio-economic conditions of parents. Each communication style has a different impact on the emotional, social, and cognitive development of children. The democratic style is considered the most effective in optimally supporting child development. This article provides recommendations to parents to increase knowledge about dialogical-based parenting, practice assertive communication skills, give children space to express their opinions, and build a family culture that is open and mutually respectful.

This article examines the moral philosophy of Saint Augustine, focusing on the concept of free will and its implications for human sinful actions. The study aims to provide a philosophical and theological understanding of Augustine’s concept of free will and to analyze its correlation with human acts of sin. Augustine conceives of free will as a rational capacity inherent in human beings, enabling them to make conscious choices. In its essence, this freedom is oriented toward the good. However, due to the fallen condition of humanity, the will becomes disordered and is directed toward things that are lower than the highest good. Therefore, there exists an inherent correlation between free will and sinful action, wherein sin is understood as the manifestation of a misused will. Accordingly, the thought of Saint Augustine of Hippo affirms that free will is an essential gift that enables human beings to make conscious choices, including the choice to commit sin. Free will does not stand apart from moral reality; rather, it serves as the foundation for explaining that sin occurs as a result of the deviation of the human will from the highest good, namely God. Thus, it can be asserted that there is a clear, close, and inseparable correlation between Augustine’s concept of free will and human sinful action.

This article examines the dialogue between John Calvin’s educational thought and the Merdeka Curriculum within the context of Christian Religious Education (PAK) in Indonesia. Employing a qualitative-comparative approach with descriptive analysis, this study traces the points of convergence and tension between Calvin’s educational principles particularly the concept of imago Dei, holistic education, and the God-centered purpose of education and the principles of the Merdeka Curriculum such as flexibility, differentiated learning, and the Profil Pelajar Pancasila (Pancasila Student Profile). The analysis reveals significant convergence in terms of respect for the potential and uniqueness of learners, holistic educational orientation, and the role of teachers as facilitators and character formers. However, fundamental tensions also exist regarding Calvin’s theocentric theological foundation vis-à-vis the secular Pancasila foundation, the concept of discipline and authority versus student freedom, and the ultimate goal of education glorifying God versus forming the Pancasila Student Profile. Based on these findings, this article offers practical recommendations for PAK curriculum design based on the Merdeka Curriculum, a Kingdom of God-nuanced project-based learning approach, holistic assessment, and Christian character formation within the Profil Pelajar Pancasila framework. This research contributes to filling the gap in studies that dialogue the Reformed theological tradition with contemporary Indonesian national education policy.

This study explores the acceptance of the Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) at SD Inpres Gere through William of Ockham's negative rights framework, focusing on freedom from external interference. As a positive rights policy (the right to services), the MBG has the potential to conflict with the principles of individual subjective rights (negative rights). Ockham emphasized that every individual has a personal sovereignty that must be free from interference from external authorities. Using qualitative research methods through literature studies and interviews, this article analyzes the risk of standardizing consumption that can reduce individual autonomy in determining their private needs. The analysis shows that although the MBG has a noble aim to fulfill the right to life, its implementation risks becoming a form of state paternalism that harms citizens' negative freedoms if not accompanied by strict limits on power. This paper concludes that to align with Ockham's principle of individual subjective rights, the MBG program must continue to respect the private space and diversity of individual choices without creating dependency that erodes the sovereignty of legal subjects.

Tourism in Bali, as the backbone of the regional economy, absorbs more than 50% of the workforce and gives rise to complex labor dynamics. Although Law No. 13 of 2003 on Manpower and Law No. 21 of 2000 on Trade Unions guarantee worker protection and freedom of association, the reality on the ground is still marked by the misuse of fixed-term employment contracts (PKWT), violations of outsourcing regulations, and both structural and cultural barriers to union formation. This article employs a normative juridical approach, using statute, conceptual, and case-based methods to analyze the regulatory framework and the responses of workers, employers, and government actors in addressing industrial relations disputes within Bali’s tourism sector. The findings reveal a significant gap between written legal norms and actual practice: repeated extensions of PKWT, outsourcing of core tasks such animal caretaking, union-busting through dismissal of union members, and weak law enforcement at regional level. Trade unions play a role in mediation and advocacy, but their performance is hindered by employer intimidation, low legal literacy among workers, and limited institutional support. Bridging this gap requires strict oversight, legal education for workers, as well as the strengthening of union capacity and the authority of local governments.

The book on the City of God and the City of Man is a masterpiece by St. Augustine that is very influential in the history of philosophy and theology. This book contains the background of Augustine's philosophical and theological reflections on the accusation of the destruction of the Roman Empire against Christianity. The City of God described in Augustine's perspective is a city that prioritizes love for God. While the City of Man is a city that reflects self-love. The implications of both types of cities in Augustine's perspective are very relevant to be discussed in the discourse on the concept of statehood. This paper also aims to analyze the relationship between democracy and capitalism in the perspective of Augustine of Hippo's thought, especially through the concept of civitas Dei (City of God) and civitas terrena (World City). This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The results of this study show that democracy and capitalism, although providing space for freedom, are vulnerable to deviations when not guided by the correct moral orientation. In light of Augustine's thought, the crisis in modern democracy such as; Money politics, media manipulation, and anarchic demonstrations reflect the dominance of self-love (amor sui) that characterizes the civitas terrena. Therefore, democracy can only operate fairly if it is rooted in moral values ​​that lead to the common good (Bonum communae).

The proliferation of hoaxes in the era of information transparency, committed not only by the public but also by journalists, forms the background of this research. This phenomenon raises legal concerns because journalists are required to provide accurate, balanced, and responsible information in accordance with Law Number 40 of 1999 concerning the Press. This study aims to examine the legal implications for journalists who engage in false reporting and to analyze how the law regulates the dissemination of false news by journalists. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. Data were obtained from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials and analyzed qualitatively using a deductive approach. The findings reveal that Law Number 40 of 1999 does not specifically regulate criminal sanctions for false reporting by journalists, but instead prioritizes settlement through the Press Council and the Journalistic Code of Ethics, including the right of reply and correction. Nevertheless, journalists may still face legal responsibility under the Indonesian Criminal Code and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law if false reporting fulfills criminal elements. Therefore, law functions both as a protector of press freedom and as a limitation to prevent abuse, with ethical, administrative, and criminal sanctions applicable to journalists and press institutions.

The book on the City of God and the City of Man is a masterpiece by St. Augustine that is very influential in the history of philosophy and theology. This book contains the background of Augustine's philosophical and theological reflections on the accusation of the destruction of the Roman Empire against Christianity. The City of God described in Augustine's perspective is a city that prioritizes love for God. While the City of Man is a city that reflects self-love. The implications of both types of cities in Augustine's perspective are very relevant to be discussed in the discourse on the concept of statehood. This paper also aims to analyze the relationship between democracy and capitalism in the perspective of Augustine of Hippo's thought, especially through the concept of civitas Dei (City of God) and civitas terrena (World City). This study uses a qualitative method with a library research approach. The results of this study show that democracy and capitalism, although providing space for freedom, are vulnerable to deviations when not guided by the correct moral orientation. In light of Augustine's thought, the crisis in modern democracy such as; Money politics, media manipulation, and anarchic demonstrations reflect the dominance of self-love (amor sui) that characterizes the civitas terrena. Therefore, democracy can only operate fairly if it is rooted in moral values ​​that lead to the common good (Bonum communae).

Amidst the rapid development of digital technology today, copyright plays a complex role as an instrument for protecting works and at the same time as a potential inhibitor of innovation. Protection of exclusive rights granted by the copyright protection system aims to provide economic incentives or financial benefits to the creator. However, in practice, it often creates limitations on creative freedom, especially in the context of derivative works, remixes, parodies, and other creative uses that are developing rapidly in the digital realm. This study aims to examine how the copyright legal system, both normatively and implementatively, affects the scope of movement of creative actors in producing innovation. Through a normative legal approach with a review of international and national literature, this study found that copyright protection is too strict and has the effect of freezing reactivity, especially if it is not balanced with clear fair use provisions. However, on the other hand, loose regulations will also risk ignoring the moral and economic rights of the original creator. Thus, a balance is needed between the protection of individual rights and the public interest within the framework of a legal system that is adaptive and inclusive of digital culture. The study recommends strengthening open licensing frameworks such as Creative Commons, as well as updating national copyright policies to ensure that legal systems do not hinder, but rather encourage, the growth of innovation and creative expression in the digital age.

This study aimsmto examineiin depthvthe perspective of information technology law and human rights on the phenomenon of political buzzers on social media within the context of digital development in the era of globalization. This research is motivated by the rapid advancement of information technology, which has brought significant changes in various aspects of society, including the political sphere that increasingly utilizes social media as a means of communication and information dissemination. The phenomenon of political buzzers has become a controversial issue, particularly during election periods, as it is often associated with the spread of inaccurate information, defamation, hate speech, and the manipulation of public opinion that may harm society and disrupt social stability. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The results indicate that political buzzers generally operate under the justification of freedom of expression as part of human rights. However, such freedom is not absolute and must be limited to prevent violations of others' rights and to maintain public order. In this regard, information technology law in Indonesia, particularly through regulations governing digital activities, plays an important role in controlling deviant buzzer practices. Nevertheless, the absence of specific regulations explicitly governing political buzzers has resulted in less optimal law enforcement. Therefore, strengthening regulations and increasing public awareness in the wise use of social media are necessary to create a healthy, responsible, and sustainable digital ecosystem.

Social change in the context of liquid modernity has significantly influenced how people understand interpersonal relationships, love, and commitment. Contemporary relationships tend to be flexible, temporary, and oriented towards the fulfillment of subjective needs, making loyalty and long-term commitment often viewed as a threat to personal autonomy. Based on Zygmunt Bauman's analysis of liquid modernity and liquid love, this study examines the crisis of modern relationships as an anthropological and theological crisis of meaning. Specifically, the study focuses on the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro as the Catholic Church's theological response to these relational dynamics. Using a library research method with a qualitative and analytical-hermeneutical approach, this study interprets magisterial texts in critical dialogue with the sociological theory of liquid modernity. The research findings show that the Nota Doktrinal Una Caro offers an integrated anthropological-theological vision by affirming Catholic marriage as a permanent, monogamous, and indissoluble communion of life and love. Fidelity is understood as the highest actualization of freedom, while sexuality is seen as an expression of total self-giving, offering an alternative to the fragmentation of modern relationships. The study also emphasizes the importance of a dialogical and formative approach in family counseling.

Freedom of expression is one of the fundamental rights that serves as the primary foundation of modern democratic systems. This right is not only recognized in international legal instruments such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) Article 19, but is also explicitly guaranteed in the constitutions of democratic states, including Article 28E paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the position of freedom of expression as an essential pillar of democracy within the human rights framework, examine constitutional protection mechanisms and applicable limitations, and evaluate its implementation in the Indonesian legal system. The research method employed is normative legal research with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and comparative approach. The findings indicate that freedom of expression is not merely an individual right, but a collective instrument that enables meaningful public participation in democratic processes. Restrictions on this freedom must fulfill the requirements of legality, necessity, and proportionality as established by the Siracusa Principles. In Indonesia, the primary challenge lies in regulatory plurality that potentially creates overlapping provisions and the risk of criminalizing legitimate expression, particularly through the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE).

In this study, advocates are guaranteed legal protection to implement the right to defence in criminal cases.   to learn how criminal advocates are protected if they enforce the law.   The privilege of immunity shields advocates from civil or criminal litigation for good faith work inside and outside the court.   This study uses normative juridical research, which examines current laws and regulations.   Analysis of relevant legislation is needed for this research.   According to the study, Article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates does not adequately describe advocates' immunity rights.   Lack of clear explanations of protection types, rights constraints, and good faith between advocates and other parties may lead to power abuses.   More extensive norms that are in keeping with other articles of the law are needed to apply advocates' immunity rights proportionately, guaranteeing freedom in performing their profession while maintaining society's and justice's legal interests.

This study aims to analyze e-commerce strategies in selecting applicable law and jurisdiction to avoid conflicts of jurisdiction in cross-border transactions. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze the selection of applicable law and jurisdiction in cross-border e-commerce transactions. The data used consists of primary and secondary legal materials collected through a literature review. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical and legal interpretation methods, as well as deductive reasoning to formulate strategies for minimizing jurisdictional conflicts. The research findings indicate that the application of the principle of freedom of contract, combined with international instruments and digital technology, can serve as an effective strategy for e-commerce actors to minimize jurisdictional conflicts and litigation risks. This strategy not only provides legal protection, particularly for SMEs, but also enhances the trust of global partners and competitiveness in the international market through the use of clear contract clauses, hybrid forums, and technological support such as blockchain and ODR.