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This study aims to analyze Paul as an educator through an epistemological and methodological examination of his letters, as well as an examination of his teaching style within the context of the early church. This research approach is qualitative theological, employing exegetical and hermeneutic analysis of New Testament texts, particularly Paul's letters. This analysis reveals that Paul's educational epistemology is rooted in his encounter with Christ as the source of all truth and spiritual knowledge. According to Paul, knowledge of faith is not the result of human rationality, but rather God's revelation, understood through the work of the Holy Spirit (1 Corinthians 2:10–13). Methodologically, Paul demonstrates a dialogical, argumentative, relational, and transformative teaching approach. He uses logical and communicative rhetoric to guide the congregation in a reflective understanding of the Gospel and emphasizes the importance of living examples as a means of learning faith (1 Corinthians 11:1). Paul also developed a Christocentric and communitarian teaching style, where the church is seen as a living, mutually edifying space for learning about faith, centered on the love of Christ (Colossians 1:28; Ephesians 4:11–16). The results of this study indicate that education, from Paul's perspective, aims for life transformation, not merely the transfer of knowledge. Paul views education as a process of discipleship that produces new life in Christ (Romans 12:2; Galatians 2:20). Thus, Paul's educational model provides theological and practical contributions to contemporary Christian education, placing Christ at the center of epistemology and love as the primary method of teaching.

This study aims to comparatively analyze the concept of tawhid in Sunni and Shi'a Imamiyyah schools from a theological perspective. Using an exploratory qualitative approach and literature study method, this research examines the theological structures of both traditions, identifying points of convergence and key differences in their understanding of God's oneness. The findings reveal that although both traditions uphold tawhid as the core of faith, differing epistemological approaches and authoritative frameworks lead to significant distinctions. The Sunni tradition emphasizes three dimensions of tawhid—rububiyyah, uluhiyyah, and asma’ wa sifat—while the Shi’a Imamiyyah integrates the concept with the doctrines of imamah and walayah. The study further highlights that such theological diversity can enrich Islamic intellectual tradition and foster constructive inter-sectarian dialogue when managed inclusively. The research recommends promoting sectarian tolerance education and inter-traditional dialogue as key strategies to enhance Islamic unity.

This article explores a critical perspective on epistemology that has long been influenced by Western-centric biases, aiming to uncover its inherent discriminatory aspects. Employing a literature-based approach, the discussion centers on two primary concerns. First, the exclusionary nature of Western epistemology is inseparable from the ideals of modernity, which emphasize progress and innovation. These characteristics often marginalize alternative knowledge systems rooted in traditional or indigenous communities. Second, the discourse of development operates as a mechanism to perpetuate Western epistemological dominance, serving as a justification to reassert control over nations in the Global South or former colonies. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of fostering a critical mindset among scholars, encouraging openness to diverse epistemological frameworks that reflect local contexts, without entirely dismissing the scientific traditions of the West.

This research examines epistemology as a foundation in Islamic economics through the Ihtisaan, Maslahah, Murlahah, and Al-Urf approaches. Epistemology in Islamic economics does not only focus on technical aspects, but also explores the philosophical foundations underlying this system. With this approach, this research seeks to answer the challenges of implementing sharia principles in a modern economic system without ignoring basic Islamic values. The method used is qualitative with a literature study approach, which includes analysis of verses from the Koran, Hadith and the views of ulama. The research results show that these four values ​​complement each other, creating harmony between the normative principles of sharia and practical reality. This concept allows Islamic economics to remain relevant in facing global challenges, providing fair and sustainable solutions. It is hoped that this research can strengthen the position of Islamic economics as a system that is adaptive, inclusive, and remains rooted in the noble values ​​of sharia.

This research focuses on the application of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) based investments in Indonesia, which emerged in response to the increasing global awareness of environmental and sustainability issues. While ESG in Indonesia is growing, many companies have yet to fully adopt these principles effectively, and there are epistemological challenges in understanding and translating ESG standards into the local policy context. The purpose of this research is to deeply analyze the concept and implementation of ESG-based investment from an epistemological perspective in Indonesian public policy. This research wants to identify the extent to which the Indonesian government understands and utilizes ESG-related information in investment policy and evaluate the effectiveness of the policy. The type of research is descriptive quantitative using a philosophical approach with literature study as a secondary data source, including policy documents, government reports, and academic publications related to ESG. The data is explored using concept analysis and existing theories to assess the application of ESG in economic policy. The findings show that although Indonesia has ESG-related policies, their implementation is often influenced by international pressure and legitimacy needs rather than real impact on sustainability. ESG policies in Indonesia also risk becoming a tool of “greenwashing,” where companies use it for image without concrete actions. This research recommends increased transparency and accountability in ESG reporting for such policies to deliver substantial change.