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This research aims to examine the management of environmental risks arising from the use of fossil energy and strategies for transitioning to green energy in the business sector. The main focus of the research is to analyze the managerial role in facing environmental regulatory challenges, as well as how leaders and managers can develop a culture of sustainability within the organization. This research uses a qualitative approach with in-depth interview techniques and document analysis on large companies in the industrial and manufacturing sectors that have adopted or are transitioning to green energy, in the period June-September 2024. The results show that companies that successfully reduce environmental risks have a clear and strong energy transition strategy, including investments in green technology and managerial training related to sustainability. The biggest challenges faced are government policy uncertainty and the high costs involved in green energy implementation. In addition, this study also highlights the important role of visionary leaders and competent managers in driving organizational culture change towards sustainability. The implication of this research is the importance of a proactive, innovative management approach and compliance with environmental regulations in the face of green energy transition.

  Government-regulated Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs are intended to reduce the impact on society and the environment, but CSR cannot be done without the support of good corporate governance (GCG). The purpose of this study is to ascertain and examine previous research on the impact of corporate governance and environmental and social responsibility, or CSR, on corporate value, financial performance, and profits. This research combines qualitative methods with a literature study strategy, which involves using data collected from publications published in national journals to support ideas. Twenty samples of indexed and non-indexed articles were selected by the researchers from Google Scholar. Based on the findings of previous research studies, this study found that the impact of corporate governance (GCG) and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on financial performance and firm value varies. By increasing stakeholder trust, CSR often improves profitability, however, these benefits are not always visible due to high implementation costs. The contribution of corporate governance, including audit committees and independent boards, to business efficiency and transparency varies. Researchers believe that a more thorough study of the impact of GCG and CSR on firm value, financial performance, and profits will be conducted in the future.    

Operational management is an important part of problem solving factors in manufacturing companies because they have to face changing environmental conditions. Marketing Strategy is a strategy designed to promote goods or services with the aim of generating profits. Especially in some contexts, consumers tend to focus more on brands than products when making purchases, choosing certain brands because they have a positive image. Qualitative research methods place more emphasis on observing phenomena that occur and more on examining the substance of the meaning of these phenomena. Descriptive qualitative research means that the researcher must describe an object, phenomenon, or social setting which will be outlined in narrative writing. Benefits and Objectives of Company Operational Management 1. Efficiency (increasing efficiency) 2. Productivity (increasing efficiency) 3. Economy (reducing costs) 4. Quality (improving quality) 5. Reduced processing time (reducing production process time) Suggestions for this research are that several objects can be added to determine product quality improvements.

Sunlight as a renewable energy source that produces heat energy from solar radiation. Radiation is the propagation of energy without an intermediary substance, so that solar energy can reach the earth's surface through radiation due to the vacuum between the Earth and the Sun. Radiation is the only energy that can propagate through a vacuum and reach the earth's surface through direct radiation, diffuse radiation, and total radiation. Solar panels are devices that can convert sunlight into electricity. The study aims to understand the effectiveness of solar panels in generating electricity, identify factors that affect the performance of solar panels in residential environments, and assess the utilization of Energy from Solar Panels that Can Reduce Monthly Electricity Costs at Home. The research methodology used is qualitative. The results of this study, the utilization of solar panels in residential environments shows varying effectiveness, Environmental factors such as temperature, lighting, cleanliness, and extreme weather conditions play an important role in the performance of solar panels in households, Utilization of solar panel energy in households can reduce monthly electricity costs.    

The results of the study show the application of environmental accounting (Green accounting) according to the Islamic perspective of waste management of PT. Sources of Graha Sejahtera (SGS) include Avoiding Air Pollution, Good Waste Management and Green Spaces.  PT incurs costs for environmental activities such as waste management, environmental monitoring costs, employee training costs, and environmental activity audit costs. All environmental costs, and allocating these costs based on cost types in a structured environmental accounting contribute well to environmental performance. The impact of the application of environmental accounting in waste management at PT. Sumber Graha Sejahtera (SGS) produces goodness and cleanliness because when a company carries out activities support environmental management, the management must wisely record every cost incurred related to environmental activity. These costs are referred to as environmental costs that must be charged to functions within the company appropriately, for example, production functions, marketing functions and other functions.

The construction industry is one of the sectors that has a significant impact on environmental damage due to high energy consumption, exploitation of natural resources, and carbon emissions. In response to these challenges, this study aims to analyze the potential for implementing sustainable construction materials to support the development of green infrastructure. Using qualitative methods through literature studies, documentation, observation, and in-depth interviews, this study evaluates the advantages, challenges, and economic and environmental impacts of various innovative materials, such as foam glass, green wall systems, bamboo composites, eco-cement, and mycelium-based blocks. The results show that these materials are able to reduce carbon emissions, increase building energy efficiency, and offer long-term cost savings. Mycelium-based blocks, in particular, are recorded as the most effective material in reducing construction costs by up to 25% and CO₂ emissions by 250 kg per project. However, the implementation of sustainable materials in Indonesia still faces obstacles such as cost, material availability, and technical regulations. Therefore, synergy is needed between the government, academics, and industry in encouraging research, preparing technical standards, and public awareness campaigns to expand the adoption of environmentally friendly materials in the national construction sector.

In recent years, demand for these products has increased along with awareness of the beauty and durability of bengkirai wood. Although SMEs contribute significantly to the Indonesian economy, they face challenges, including access to financing and production efficiency. This study aims to understand how Rumah Parquet accounts for costs related to maintaining environmental quality in its production process. The methodology used included interviews and regression data analysis to calculate Cost of Goods Manufactured (COGS), Operating Expenses (BOP), and profit and loss statements. The results show that Rumah Parquet has not fully integrated environmental quality costs in the COGS calculation, which has an impact on profitability and business sustainability. The findings provide insights for industry players on the importance of better cost management to improve product competitiveness. This research also contributes to the literature by highlighting environmental aspects in cost calculation in the SME sector.  

This study presents the development and evaluation of an automatic passenger counting system for public buses using the YOLOv8 algorithm based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Accurate passenger counting plays a crucial role in optimizing public transportation operations, as it enables effective capacity management, reduces operational costs, and improves overall passenger comfort. Conventional manual counting methods are often inefficient, time-consuming, and prone to human error, particularly in high-density urban transportation environments. Therefore, an automated and intelligent solution is required to support real-time monitoring and operational decision-making. The proposed system employs deep learning-based object detection to identify and count passengers from video streams captured by cameras installed inside buses. Two camera positions, namely front and rear views, were evaluated to assess system performance under different visual conditions. The experimental results show that the system achieves high detection accuracy in the front camera view, with a confidence score of 0.82, indicating reliable performance in scenarios with minimal object occlusion. In contrast, the rear camera view demonstrates slightly lower accuracy, with a confidence score of 0.76, mainly due to increased object overlap and variations in lighting conditions. These findings emphasize the importance of appropriate camera placement and environmental consideration in improving detection reliability. In addition, the implementation of the proposed system enables real-time monitoring of passenger flow, which supports dynamic scheduling, demand-based route planning, and efficient fleet management. Accurate passenger data allows transportation operators to optimize service allocation, reduce congestion, and enhance overall service quality. Overall, this study contributes to the development of intelligent transportation systems by demonstrating the practical applicability of deep learning-based passenger counting solutions. The proposed approach offers strong potential for real-world deployment in smart city environments, supporting the creation of more sustainable, efficient, and passenger-oriented public transportation services.

Every business requires effort to start thinking about its business. Most businesses have a primary goal of making a profit, but now, they must         shift to thinking comprehensively about other aspects beyond profit, namely people. Preparing a cost budget is a crucial component in a sustainable business, because this business does not only focus on financial profits, but also pays attention to social and environmental impacts. Challenges in budgeting for business sustainability include high initial costs for environmentally friendly technologies, measuring non-financial impacts, rapid regulatory changes, and limited resources. This article discusses these challenges and offers practical solutions, such as a phased approach, leveraging government incentives, and collaboration with sustainable partners. With the right strategy in place, businesses can strike a balance between profitability and immortality goals, building a strong foundation for the long term.

Energy efficiency has become a critical focus in manufacturing plants due to rising operational costs and increasing environmental concerns. The growing importance of energy management is driven by the need to reduce energy consumption, lower emissions, and enhance overall operational efficiency. Traditional maintenance practices, such as reactive and preventive maintenance, often lead to unnecessary downtime, high repair costs, and inefficient energy usage. In contrast, predictive maintenance (PdM), supported by Internet of Things (IoT)-enabled sensor networks, offers a proactive approach to minimizing energy waste by predicting equipment failures before they occur. This study develops a predictive maintenance framework using IoT-based sensor networks to optimize energy usage and reduce energy losses in manufacturing plants. The research begins with an overview of IoT sensor network architectures and their applications in industrial automation, including sensors such as temperature, vibration, and pressure sensors. It explores predictive analytics techniques, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, used for failure prediction, which are key to enhancing energy efficiency. The study emphasizes how predictive maintenance contributes to industrial sustainability by reducing carbon footprints and optimizing energy consumption. The research methodology involves the installation of IoT sensors in critical machinery, real-time data analysis using machine learning algorithms for failure prediction, and energy consumption measurement before and after implementing IoT-based interventions. The results show significant improvements in energy consumption efficiency and operational productivity. Predictive maintenance led to reduced unplanned downtime, increased equipment reliability, and a more sustainable manufacturing process. However, challenges such as sensor integration, initial setup costs, and data security concerns were identified. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating IoT-based predictive maintenance systems into manufacturing plants to further optimize energy usage and promote sustainability.

The plan for the construction of the Kra Canal has emerged since 1977, initiated by King Narai. The Kra Canal will connect the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea, making it an alternative to the congested and vulnerable Strait of Malacca. Despite its great potential and benefits and having been planned for a long time, the canal has yet to be built. This paper aims to discuss the reasons behind the difficulties in constructing the Kra Canal. The method used in this paper is qualitative descriptive by conducting library research. The theories applied are Security Dilemma and Maritime Diplomacy. The data used are secondary data sourced from books, journals, credible official news, and relevant trustworthy websites. The findings indicate that there are complex geopolitical and economic aspects. Major challenges include high costs, risks of damage, environmental concerns, and Thailand’s unstable internal political situation. The presence of the Kra Canal has the potential to complicate the security situation in the Southeast Asian region with the involvement of major powers such as China, India, and the United States.

Adopting the knowledge of total quality management, which is one of the vital factors in improving the quality of products and services by adopting continuous methodologies for development and improvement when integrating this knowledge with green costs, which focus on measuring the cost of the product while taking into account the environmental impacts, and the importance of the study lies in the fact that the phenomenon of environmental pollution and global warming has become a topic of global interest from the political, economic and financial aspects, and most industrial companies in Sudan do not care enough about measuring green costs. This study aims to provide a scientific theoretical framework by identifying the criteria and rules for determining and measuring green costs and obtaining practical results from the study for the possibility of applying them in Sudanese industrial companies. One of the most important results reached by the study is that adopting the culture of total quality management in measuring green costs improves the indicators of growth and continuity in industrial companies in Sudan.

The use of fossil energy in the maritime industry has become a major source of carbon emissions and vulnerability to fuel price fluctuations. In an effort to overcome these challenges and move towards a more sustainable future, the use of solar energy has emerged as a significant potential solution. Batam City, with its strategic location and rapidly growing maritime interests, has great potential to adopt solar energy in its maritime operations. This study aims to investigate the potential and challenges of developing solar-based sustainable electrical energy in the maritime sector in Batam City. We identify the most suitable locations for solar panel installations, explore efficient energy storage technologies, and analyze reliable maritime grid system integration. Additionally, we discuss personnel training and environmental awareness efforts necessary to support this transition. This study also reviews the role of policy and regulation in encouraging investment in solar energy and encouraging collaboration with relevant stakeholders. The research results show that the use of solar energy in maritime governance in Batam City can reduce carbon emissions, increase energy security and reduce operational costs in the long term. This study provides valuable insights for decision making and strategic planning for local governments, industry players and academic institutions interested in realizing sustainable and future-oriented maritime governance.    

Climate change is increasingly recognized as a significant financial risk factor, particularly in developing countries where financial systems are often less resilient to environmental shocks. This study explores the relationship between climate-related financial risks, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), and economic stability in developing nations. It highlights how both physical risks, such as extreme weather events (e.g., floods and droughts), and transition risks, including regulatory changes and shifts toward a low-carbon economy, deter FDI and contribute to economic volatility. The findings show that developing countries, which are more vulnerable to these risks, experience reduced FDI inflows due to the increased costs of adaptation and the potential for operational disruptions. Additionally, the study finds that countries with weaker financial institutions and governance structures are more susceptible to the economic instability induced by climate risks. The analysis suggests that climate risk mitigation strategies, such as strengthening financial sectors, improving governance, and implementing effective climate policies, can help reduce these risks and create a more stable investment environment. The research also identifies gaps in the literature, particularly the combined effect of climate risks and financial instability on FDI, which warrants further exploration. The study calls for more comprehensive research, particularly focusing on regional case studies and sector-specific impacts, to guide policymakers in fostering a climate-resilient economic environment that attracts sustainable foreign investment.

Purpose– The objective of this research is to develop an integrated operational management model for Smart & Green Villages (SGVs), combining the principles of smart villages and green villages to promote sustainable, inclusive, and adaptive rural development. This research emphasizes operational efficiency, environmental sustainability, digital technology utilization, and community participation as key pillars. Design/Methodology/Approach – A mixed-methods approach was adopted, involving surveys of villages in Indonesia that have begun adopting SGV principles, in-depth interviews with village officials and key stakeholders, and case studies of villages that have successfully implemented smart technologies and environmentally friendly practices. Data triangulation was applied to strengthen the validity of the findings. Findings – The study shows that integrating functional organizational structures, optimizing digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and village information systems, and building participatory community mechanisms significantly improve public service delivery, reduce operational costs, enhance environmental management, and strengthen socio-economic well-being. The study also identified new operational variables, including cost-effective innovation, digital local governance, inter-village shared resources, and socio-environmental audits as a multidimensional evaluation tool. Practical implications – These findings provide a practical framework for policymakers, local governments, and community leaders to implement and evaluate SGV. The multidimensional indicators proposed in this study enable continuous monitoring and adaptation of village operations to local conditions and resource constraints. Originality/Value – This study is one of the first to propose a concrete and replicable SGV operational management model by introducing new variables and multidimensional evaluation indicators. It enriches the theoretical discourse on smart and green village integration while offering actionable strategies for sustainable rural governance.

The development of digital technology and the need for energy efficiency are two important elements in advancing the village economy, especially through the Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector. The digitalization of MSMEs opens up great opportunities for village business actors to expand markets, increase productivity and integrate technological innovation in their operations. Meanwhile, electricity efficiency not only has an impact on reducing production costs, but also contributes to environmental sustainability. This research aims to analyze the impact of digitalization and electricity efficiency on village economic progress through the development of MSMEs. This study examines how digitalization can increase market access and competitiveness of MSMEs in villages, as well as how implementing energy efficiency practices can reduce the burden of operational costs faced by business actors. Apart from that, this research also discusses the challenges faced by MSMEs in villages in adopting digital technology and energy efficiency practices, as well as solutions that can be implemented to overcome these challenges. The research results show that the integration of digitalization and electricity efficiency can make a significant contribution to improving the performance of MSMEs in the village, which in turn has a positive impact on improving the overall village economy. Successful implementation requires strong support from governments, technology providers and local communities to ensure the sustainability of these initiatives

Waste is a serious problem in Indonesia, including in Medan Belawan Regency. The Waste Bank Program is presented as a solution for waste management and community economic empowerment. This study aims to determine the role of the Waste Bank in community income. The research method used is descriptive statistics presented in the form of frequency distribution tables, histograms, steam and leaf (stem and leaf diagrams) or box plots (box line diagrams). Data collection was carried out through interviews, questionnaires and observations. The data analysis technique used is statistical analysis. The Waste Bank Program in Medan Belawan Regency has provided economic, social and environmental benefits. Economic benefits include increasing community income, creating jobs, and saving waste transportation costs. Social benefits include increasing public awareness of the importance of good waste management, and increasing public concern for the environment. Environmental benefits include reducing rubber production, reducing environmental pollution, and preserving natural resources. The Waste Bank Program in Medan Belawan Regency is one example of the application of an effective and sustainable green economy concept. This program can be a model for other waste management programs in Indonesia.

This research aims to determine the application of environmental cost accounting in the Super Jaya tofu factory industry.   This research uses qualitative methods. In this research, the data sources used are primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique uses observation, interviews and documentation. By conducting direct interviews with the owners of the Super Jaya tofu factory industry. The data analysis technique uses data collection, data reduction, data presentation, conclusions and data verification. The research results obtained from the application of environmental cost accounting are still not effective because they have not prepared financial reports and have not implemented cost accounting in presenting financial reports because the costs traced are only general costs related to the tofu production process. Such as raw material costs, labor costs, general capital costs and special capital costs, while the costs for waste management are only labor costs for the filtering section and environmental cleaning equipment costs.

Garbage is a serious problem in Indonesia, including in Medan Belawan District. The Rubbish Bank Program is present as a solution for Rubbish management and economic empowerment of the community. This research aims to analyze the concept of green economy through the Rubbish Bank program in Medan Belawan District.The research method used is qualitatively descriptive with a case study approach. Data is collected through observation, interview, and documentation. The data analysis technique used is thematic analysis. The Rubbish Bank Program in Medan Belawan District has provided economic, social, and environmental benefits. Economic benefits include increased community income, job creation, and savings in Rubbish transportation costs. Social benefits include increasing public awareness about the importance of good Rubbish management, and increasing public concern for the environment. Environmental benefits include reducing Rubbish generation, reducing environmental pollution, and preserving natural resources. The Rubbish Bank Program in Medan Belawan District is an example of the implementation of an effective and sustainable green economy concept. This program can be a model for other Rubbish management programs in Indonesia.

The artisanal shipping industry in Indonesia, particularly in Batam and Tanjungpinang, has experienced significant stagnation and decline due to the aging fleet and fleet extinction. The background of this study is based on the importance of the artisanal shipping industry in supporting the local and national maritime economy, as well as the major challenges facing the sector in maintaining efficient and sustainable operations. The purpose of this research is to analyze the juridical factors that cause the non-development of the people's shipping industry in the area, as well as identify legal measures that can support the development of this industry.  The research method applied combines normative and empirical approaches through case studies in Batam and Tanjungpinang. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with boat owners, fishermen, government officials, and maritime law experts, as well as analysis of relevant documents. The research integrates John Austin's positive law theory, Lawrence M. Friedman's legal system theory, and systems theory to analyze interactions within the maritime legal system. The results show that burdensome regulations, lack of access to financing, declining competitiveness, as well as environmental impacts and socio-economic factors are the main causes of the underdevelopment of the community shipping industry. Strict regulations and high operational costs make it difficult for small boat owners to comply with regulations, while limited access to financing hinders fleet rejuvenation and upgrades. An aging and inefficient fleet lowers the industry's competitiveness, and environmental pollution from old vessels worsens operating conditions. Suggestions include revising regulations to simplify and reduce administrative burdens, providing accessible financing and subsidy schemes, improving port infrastructure, and training and certification programs for ship owners and crew. In addition, international cooperation is also needed to adopt technology and best practices in the shipping industry. The implementation of these recommendations is expected to support the development of the small-scale shipping industry in Batam and Tanjungpinang, improve competitiveness, and make a greater contribution to Indonesia's maritime economy.