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This article explores legal accountability for flood disasters occurring in several regions of Sumatra, which are widely alleged to result from large-scale logging activities. The analysis is conducted within the framework of the Indonesian legal system, with particular emphasis on contract law. This study adopts a literature-based research method by examining statutory provisions, legal doctrines, and relevant scholarly publications. The analysis demonstrates that flood events should not be understood solely as natural occurrences, but rather as ecological consequences arising from the failure to fulfill contractual obligations embedded in forest utilization permits. From a contract law perspective, forestry concessions establish binding legal relationships that impose environmental protection duties on permit holders in accordance with the principle of pacta sunt servanda. Logging activities that exceed authorized limits may therefore be classified as contractual default (wanprestasi) and, at the same time, constitute unlawful acts that cause harm to the state and affected communities. Accordingly, this study underscores the necessity of strengthening environmental protection clauses within concession agreements and applying strict liability principles to enhance legal responsibility and prevent recurring environmental harm.

Flooding is one of the most recurrent natural disasters in Central Java Province, particularly during the rainy season. Diverse geographical characteristics, high rainfall intensity, and rapid urban development contribute to the region’s high vulnerability to flood hazards. According to the Central Java Statistics Agency, a total of 414 flood events and 407,784 affected victims were recorded between 2019 and 2021. This study aims to develop a web-based Geographic Information System (GIS) capable of mapping the spatial distribution and impact levels of floods across Central Java. The methodology includes collecting flood event data from the Central Java Statistics Agency, processing spatial data such as administrative boundary shapefiles, performing attribute integration between spatial and non-spatial datasets, and creating thematic maps using QGIS. The visualization outputs were exported into an interactive web format using the qgis2web plugin and subsequently integrated into a website developed with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The results show that the GIS system successfully visualizes flood-prone areas, identifies regions with high flood intensity, and enables users to explore detailed information through interactive digital maps. Additional website features—such as historical flood data, statistical summaries, and descriptive impact indicators—enhance the system's usefulness for disaster analysis. This study demonstrates the crucial role of GIS in supporting disaster mitigation, spatial planning, and policy evaluation related to flood management. Future research is recommended to incorporate more recent datasets and additional non-spatial variables such as rainfall intensity and floodwater depth to improve the system’s analytical accuracy and comprehensiveness.

Human resource development is the process of preparing individuals to take on higher or different responsibilities within an organization, including enhancing intellectual abilities to support efficient task performance. This study aims to determine the extent to which human resource development contributes to improved employee performance at the East Lombok Regency Health Office. The qualitative, descriptive approach involved eight informants, consisting of officials familiar with the implementation of human resource development and staff who had participated in the program. The results indicate that education and training conducted by the East Lombok Regency Health Office have supported improved employee performance, as evidenced by more structured task implementation, public health monitoring surveys, and a decrease in maternal and infant mortality rates. However, in terms of human resource management, there are still shortcomings, with an average of 28 health workers per health facility, both civil servants and non-civil servants, reflecting an imbalance in workforce needs. Furthermore, the implementation of human resource development is supported by leadership commitment, inter-agency collaboration, and budget support from the provincial and central governments. However, it is hampered by limited qualified personnel, frequent policy changes, and the impact of natural disasters.

Indonesia is highly susceptible to natural disasters owing to its geographical location at the intersection of three major tectonic plates. Effective disaster mitigation requires active community participation through education and tangible environmental conservation measures. This community engagement initiative aimed to strengthen community capacity for disaster mitigation and environmental preservation through cross-sectoral collaboration involving the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD), the Faculty of Agriculture at Pattimura University, and the Sagu Salempeng GPM Foundation. Implementation methods comprised disaster mitigation education, extension services on conservation plant cultivation, memorandum of understanding (MoU) signing, and seedling distribution to 12 representatives from 6 villages in Ambon City, Maluku region. Outcomes revealed enhanced community comprehension of disaster mitigation concepts and strengthened commitment toward planting productive species for environmental conservation purposes. This initiative contributes to community resilience development and reinforces Indonesia's Disaster Resilient Village program.

Wildfires in Los Angeles are a phenomenon that can be analyzed from two main perspectives: science and religion. From a scientific standpoint, these fires are triggered by a combination of natural factors, such as the Santa Ana winds that bring hot and dry air, and climate change, which extends drought periods and increases temperatures. However, human activities, including environmental exploitation, deforestation, and inadequate fire mitigation efforts, have exacerbated the situation. From an Islamic perspective, natural disasters can be seen as tests, warnings, or consequences of human negligence in maintaining environmental balance, as mentioned in the Qur'an (Surah Ar-Rum: 41). This study highlights that wildfires are not merely natural occurrences but also have spiritual dimensions. Islam emphasizes that humans are entrusted as stewards of the earth, responsible for preserving nature rather than passively accepting disasters. Therefore, the best approach to addressing wildfires is to integrate scientific understanding with religious values. Proposed solutions include science-based prevention efforts, such as sustainable forest management and fire mitigation policies, as well as spiritual awareness to appreciate and safeguard nature as a divine trust. By understanding the relationship between science and religion, humanity can take greater responsibility in disaster response and establish a more balanced and sustainable way of life.

The Info BMKG application is a digital platform developed by the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) to provide information on weather, earthquakes, air quality, and early disaster warnings. This application is expected to enhance public preparedness in facing potential natural disasters. However, in its implementation, the Info BMKG application still encounters several issues, one of which is delays in delivering weather and disaster information. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Info BMKG application in providing weather and disaster information. The research applies Budiani's (2007) theory, using four indicators: Program Target Accuracy, Program Socialization, Program Objectives, and Program Monitoring. This study employs a qualitative descriptive method with data collection through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings indicate that the Info BMKG application has made a significant contribution to supporting public preparedness for disasters. While the application is relatively effective in providing weather and disaster information in North Jakarta, further development is still needed. Improvements in information accuracy, notification speed, and enhanced public socialization will help improve the quality of the application’s services in the future.

Nabire Regency, located in Central Papua Province, is among the regions highly vulnerable to flooding due to persistent and intense rainfall throughout the year. Flood disasters generate multifaceted impacts, including economic losses caused by property damage and business disruptions, social issues such as health problems and psychological distress, and environmental degradation in the form of erosion and water pollution. This study aims to formulate mitigation and adaptation strategies for flood disasters by analyzing community perceptions and evaluating existing measures. The research employs the Likert Scale method to assess public perception and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach to determine the most effective strategies for mitigation and adaptation. The findings reveal that the community possesses a solid understanding of flood events and acknowledges the necessity of implementing mitigation and adaptation efforts. The AHP analysis indicates that the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) plays a crucial role in executing flood management strategies, particularly within the environmental management domain. The primary recommended strategy is environmental planning and management. Through an integrated and sustainable approach, flood risks are expected to be mitigated more effectively, minimizing adverse impacts on both the community and the environment in Nabire Regency.

This research analyzes land cover changes in the Langge Sub-watershed, Tapa District, Bone Bolango Regency, over five years from 2019 to 2023. Population growth and increasing land needs are driving significant land use changes. The method used in this study is a quantitative approach with spatial analysis using Sentinel-2 satellite imagery. The analysis results show significant changes in land cover, with water body areas decreasing from 28.50 ha to 21.69 ha, settlements dropping from 55.45 ha to 52.02 ha, and secondary forests experiencing a drastic decline from 462.83 ha to 319.13 ha. Meanwhile, dryland areas increased from 172.24 ha to 227.17 ha, and shrubland experienced a significant increase from 121.07 ha to 247.91 ha. The decline in secondary forest cover is a significant concern because it negatively impacts environmental quality and potentially increases the risk of disasters such as floods and erosion. This research underscores the importance of sustainable management for maintaining ecosystem function and minimizing the negative impacts of land cover change.

Floods are the most frequent natural disasters and cause material and non-material losses. One of the problems faced is the lack of early warning when floods occur. This problem can be overcome with a flood early warning system. This paper discusses the solution to this problem, namely by designing and implementing a real-time flood early warning system using IoT-based Internet of Things (IoT) technology ESP32 MQTT and APK Kodular. The objective of this research, compared to previous studies, shows a gap in the methods used. While previous studies used an IoT-based flood warning system that sends data via SMS or an HTTP server, this study applies real-time monitoring with the MQTT protocol, which allows sending water level data with low latency to the Kodular application for faster and more responsive warnings. The method used is to connect hardware with IoT where ESP32 is a client that sends data to MQTT and will display it in the Kodular APK. This flood early warning system consists of: ultrasonic sensors, ESP32, MQTT cloud, OLED, buzzer, LED, and APK on the phone to receive notifications through a mobile application created using Kodular. This IoT-based system is installed in the Kudu Regency river and can monitor water levels in real-time. Based on a predetermined threshold, the system can activate the LED indicator or buzzer and send an early warning message to the user via the APK on the phone. Test results show that this system functions effectively in providing flood warnings with an accuracy of 1-2 cm and in a timely manner, making it suitable for community-based flood monitoring solutions

Indonesia’s position along the Pacific Ring of Fire makes it highly vulnerable to natural disasters, highlighting the urgent need to integrate disaster mitigation into school learning. Geography, as a discipline that examines Earth’s physical and human phenomena, holds strategic potential for strengthening students’ disaster awareness and preparedness, especially in high-risk regions such as Ambon. The Merdeka Curriculum provides instructional flexibility that enables the incorporation of disaster-related themes into learning processes. This study aims to design and develop a disaster-mitigation-based geography teaching module for senior high schools in Ambon City. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving classroom observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis to explore existing teaching practices and needs. The study producede a comprehensive design for a disaster-mitigation-integrated geography module. The findings demonstrate that integrating disaster mitigation into geography learning through a structured module enhances the relevance, applicability, and effectiveness of instruction. This research contributes to strengthening disaster-responsive geography education within the Merdeka Curriculum and supports efforts to improve student preparedness in disaster-prone areas.

This research discusses the development of a donor module on the SiKembar (Barang Entry and Exit Information System) web-based application, designed to optimize the management of donor data and donation aid during natural disasters. The module is developed to facilitate the donation submission process from the public, ultimately aiming to improve coordination between the community, government, and BPBD (Regional Disaster Management Agency) of Cianjur Regency in managing and distributing post-disaster aid. The development method used in this module is web-based, utilizing PHP programming language and the CodeIgniter framework. The CodeIgniter framework was chosen for its ease of use in building structured and flexible web applications. The donor module developed is integrated into the existing SiKembar platform, allowing for more efficient and organized donor data management. The main feature introduced in this module is the donation submission, which enables the public to directly donate and track the status of their submitted donations through the platform. The results of the research indicate that this module facilitates a more structured and responsive donation submission process. Both donors and administrators can easily access and manage information related to the aid needed and the status of received donations. This enhances transparency and efficiency in donation data management while minimizing the potential for errors in aid distribution. The donor module on the SiKembar application is expected to increase the effectiveness of managing donor data and handling aid following natural disasters. With this system, the aid distribution process will be more organized and faster, while also facilitating better coordination among the involved parties. Ultimately, this module can contribute to accelerating post-disaster recovery and ensuring that aid reaches those in need in a timely manner.

This study analyzes the role of the Manado City Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in managing natural disasters and examines the challenges faced, along with efforts to overcome them. A qualitative descriptive approach was used, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving key informants, such as the Head of BPBD Manado City. The data were processed using Miles et al.’s (2014) interactive analysis model, which includes data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that BPBD plays three primary roles in disaster management. First, as a coordinator, BPBD acts as a command center, ensuring effective collaboration between government agencies, military (TNI), police, NGOs, and volunteers during disaster events. Second, as a regulator, BPBD formulates administrative and technical policies, including disaster management plans based on risk assessments and stakeholder-driven frameworks. Third, as an executor, BPBD directly implements activities in disaster management, including preparedness, emergency response, and post-disaster recovery, with an Incident Commander maintaining operational control during emergencies. Challenges faced by BPBD include low public discipline, limited awareness of disaster risks, inadequate equipment, and insufficient human resources in both quality and quantity. To address these issues, BPBD has initiated several efforts, including capacity building through training programs, promoting community-based disaster management, and establishing partnerships with national and international institutions such as UNDP and FAO. These efforts highlight the significance of an integrated, participatory, and coordinated disaster management system at the local government level. The study underscores the need for continued improvement in disaster management capabilities and community involvement.

Manado City is highly vulnerable to hydrometeorological disasters due to its geographical conditions, rapid and uncontrolled urbanization, and the intensifying impacts of climate change. These risks underline the importance of effective disaster mitigation strategies that go beyond government intervention and involve active participation from communities and non-governmental organizations. In this context, collaboration among various actors becomes a crucial foundation for developing an adaptive and participatory disaster governance system. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of actor collaboration in disaster mitigation efforts in Manado City, with particular emphasis on patterns of interaction, role distribution, and structural as well as cultural barriers that influence the effectiveness of multi-stakeholder synergy. Employing a qualitative case study approach, this research relies on secondary data gathered from official documents, government policy reports, and relevant academic publications. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and relational dynamics among stakeholders. The findings reveal that although strong driving factors exist—such as a high level of disaster risk, increasing public awareness, and the availability of institutional frameworks—collaboration remains largely procedural and government-dominated, with limited engagement from non-government actors. Challenges such as weak trust among stakeholders, insufficient substantive dialogue, and the absence of an integrated disaster information system continue to hinder the realization of effective collaborative practices. The study concludes by highlighting the urgency of adopting a collaborative governance model that emphasizes equality, mutual trust, and meaningful participation. Theoretically, this research contributes to the discourse on disaster governance by providing insights into actor relations in a disaster-prone urban context. Practically, it proposes an adaptive collaboration framework that can be replicated in other cities facing similar disaster vulnerabilities, thereby strengthening resilience and community preparedness.

Extreme weather events in Bintan Regency increased from 34 incidents in 2023 to 45 incidents in 2024, marked by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused damage to residential homes and disrupted community activities. This study aims to determine the mitigation strategies of the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Bintan Regency. This research uses a descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The study is based on Fred R. David’s theory (2016). The results of this study show that the Strategy Formulation has been fully implemented in formulating the vision and mission of BPBD Bintan regarding disaster mitigation. However, the identification of internal and external environments has not been optimal due to issues such as the wide geographical coverage of Bintan Regency and the lack of transportation facilities. The Strategy Implementation indicates that the execution by BPBD Bintan is not yet fully optimal, as some community members have not received the planned activities. The Strategy Evaluation shows that BPBD Bintan's performance has been optimal, as evidenced by the Government Institution Performance Report (LAKIP), which states that the agency has achieved 100% of its service targets for those who received services. However, field findings reveal that community understanding and preparedness are still lacking due to the absence of outreach and training programs, which are hindered by factors such as the unestablished Disaster-Resilient Villages (Destana/Katana). Nevertheless, the community perceives BPBD Bintan’s response in providing aid during disasters as satisfactory.

Indonesia is prone to natural disasters because it is located at the confluence of three active tectonic plates. This condition causes high earthquake, volcano, and tsunami activity in Indonesia. Mount Kelud is the most active volcano in Indonesia with cycles that recur every 8 to 15 years. The community service method carried out is to collect data on the area, population, targets, capacity, vulnerability level, and empirical data on the 2014 eruption of Mount Kelud. Then conduct analysis, calculate estimates of health logistics needs, especially reproductive health, socialize the results of the analysis, and conduct disaster preparedness education. This activity was carried out for 6 weeks from March 12 to April 21, 2025. Based on the results of the risk assessment, the Ngancar District, Kediri Regency area has a score of frequent risk scale, severe impact scale, and priority and impact scale in the high category. To overcome the health crisis, a contingency plan is needed, especially for the reproductive health sub-cluster, which includes the preparedness of target data, existing capacity in the region, the level of vulnerability, and the estimated amount of health logistics needed to anticipate the eruption of Mount Kelud. Mount Kelud has a periodic eruption pattern in 8 to 15 years. The contingency plan for dealing with the health crisis of the eruption of Mount Kelud is very important for health service stakeholders because it can minimize the adverse impacts caused, increase rapid response, and ensure smooth coordination between related institutions in dealing with the natural disaster effectively and efficiently. It also supports disaster risk reduction efforts at the community level and strengthens the resilience of local communities.

Land use changes in the watershed (DAS) area of Tebing Tinggi City have increased the risk of flooding and contributed to the development of slum settlements in vulnerable zones. Uncontrolled urbanization and economic pressures have driven residential expansion along riverbanks, forcing communities to live in substandard environmental conditions. This study aims to analyze the integration of watershed land use change management with slum rehabilitation strategies to enhance regional resilience against flood disasters. The research employed a mixed methods approach, combining qualitative phenomenological studies with quantitative descriptive statistical analysis. The findings indicate that collaboration among spatial planning, environmental policy, and community participation is crucial in creating a sustainable and disaster-responsive watershed management model. Strategic recommendations are centered on strengthening cross-sector coordination and implementing policies based on spatial and social data.

Gorontalo Province is an area with a high level of disaster vulnerability, both from hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides, as well as geological disasters such as earthquakes. This condition requires an integrated, modern, and sustainable disaster training facility. Unfortunately, until now Gorontalo does not have a representative disaster management education and training center to support community preparedness. This research aims to design a Disaster Management Education and Training Center that not only functions as an education and simulation place, but also integrates green architecture principles to create an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient learning environment. The method used is qualitative descriptive with primary data collection through observation, interviews with stakeholders, and field documentation. Secondary data were obtained from literature studies, disaster architectural precedents, and spatial planning regulatory studies. The design site was chosen in Limboto District with considerations of accessibility, development potential, and geographical conditions. Analysis is carried out on spatial, functional, and climatological aspects to produce an optimal zoning concept and the orientation of building masses according to the tropical climate. The design results show that an area of 19,371 m² can accommodate all space needs with the utilization of KDB of 25.4%. The application of green architecture is realized through the use of environmentally friendly local materials, natural lighting, cross ventilation, solar panels, and rainwater management systems. The simulation facilities for floods, landslides, earthquakes, and fires are designed based on experiential learning so that participants can experience disaster scenarios firsthand. This design is expected to be a model of sustainable tropical disaster architecture, replicate in other disaster-prone areas, and encourage the creation of a disaster-aware culture. This research also opens up further research opportunities related to energy performance evaluation and the application of digital technology in disaster education.

A landslide disaster is a life-threatening event that can result in loss of life, environmental damage, and property loss, so it is necessary to have self-evacuation capabilities. Self-evacuation capabilities can be improved with the DEMASI method (Video Animation and Simulation). The aim of this research is to determine the effect of DEMASI (Video Animation and Simulation) on the ability to self-evacuate landslides in class X students at SMA Negeri 1 Dongko. Pre-experimental design research design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach without control. The purposive sampling technique obtained 34 respondents from 170 populations. The research instrument used an observation sheet on self-evacuation capabilities for landslide disasters. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test statistical test with α 0.05. The results of the research before being given DEMASI intervention (Video Animation and Simulation) were that all (100%) respondents had poor abilities, and after the intervention almost all (85.3%) respondents had good abilities. Results: The statistical analysis showed that the p-value was 0.000 < α 0.05, so there was an influence of DEMASI (Video Animation and Simulation) on students' self-evacuation ability for landslide disasters. The DEMASI method (Video Animation and Simulation) combines two methods that are more interesting, effective, and interactive because audiovisuals recorded by optic and auditory nerves are sent to the occipital lobe and temporal lobe to be described and processed, which involves many brain regions and the frontal lobe so that they can influence the respondent's abilities. The DEMASI method can be used as an educational medium for students and other school residents in an effort to improve their ability to self-evacuate in landslide disasters.

Illegal logging is one of the leading causes of environmental degradation, triggering natural disasters such as floods, landslides, and droughts. Children of Generation Alpha, who are still in the cognitive development stage, are considered vulnerable due to their limited understanding and preparedness for such disasters. This community service program aimed to enhance elementary school students’ awareness and knowledge of disaster mitigation through educational media in the form of printed comics. The activity was conducted by the KKN Team of Universitas Ivet Semarang at SDN Plalangan 02, involving 24 students from grades 3 and 4. The procedure consisted of preliminary observation to assess school needs, comic development on the theme of illegal logging-related disaster mitigation, delivery of the material through comic reading sessions, interactive discussions, and evaluation through pretest and posttest. The pretest results showed that most students were in the "moderate" knowledge category (45.8%). After the intervention, 75% of students reached the "good" category. The Wilcoxon test yielded a significance value of p = 0.001 (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant difference in students’ knowledge before and after the intervention. Printed comics proved effective in conveying complex disaster mitigation content in a visually engaging and narrative-driven format. The approach aligns with the characteristics of Generation Alpha, who are highly responsive to visual media. It is recommended that printed comics be further developed and integrated into disaster education programs in elementary schools, especially those located in disaster prone areas.

This study examines landslide disasters through a scientific interpretation approach to the verses of the Qur'an, focusing on the landslide incident at the Cilowong Final Waste Disposal Site (TPSA), Banten. Landslide disasters are not only viewed as natural events, but also as a form of divine warning reflected in QS. Ar-Rum verse 41. This study was conducted using the thematic method (maudhu'i) and a qualitative approach through literature and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that the verses of the Qur'an contain scientific signs that can be aligned with contemporary science, but still require a careful interpretation method so as not to deviate from their original meaning. The landslide case in Cilowong reflects the negative impacts of unwise environmental management and emphasizes the need for synergy between religious values ​​and scientific knowledge in disaster management efforts. This study emphasizes the importance of collective awareness in preserving nature while making the Qur'an a spiritual guide in understanding and responding to natural phenomena.