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The rapid growth of financial technology (fintech) Peer-to-Peer Lending (P2PL) in Indonesia has created both opportunities and challenges, particularly regarding debt collection practices by third parties (debt collectors). Such practices often result in violations of consumer rights, including intimidation, harassment, and breaches of privacy. To address these issues, the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (OJK) issued Regulation No. 22 of 2023 on Consumer and Public Protection in the Financial Services Sector, which establishes legal standards for protecting fintech P2PL consumers. This study aims to analyze the regulation of debt collection by third parties under OJK Regulation No. 22/2023, assess the forms of legal protection for consumers, and identify the obligations of fintech P2PL providers in managing collection practices. The research applies a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that OJK Regulation No. 22/2023 provides consumer protection through preventive mechanisms (mandatory transparency, prohibition of intimidation, and regulation of third-party involvement) and repressive mechanisms (complaint handling and administrative sanctions). However, challenges remain in implementation, such as low consumer literacy, outsourced collection practices, and weak on-site supervision. Therefore, stronger regulation, tighter controls by providers, and collaboration among regulators, law enforcement, and fintech associations are required to ensure optimal consumer protection.

Online loan-based financing services are increasingly attracting public interest because of the simplicity and rapidity of the procedure. However, in practice there are often violations of consumer rights, especially in the collection process by debt collectors who use violence and misuse personal information. This research seeks to assess the legal safeguards provided to consumers who use the Rupiah Plus application against such practices. By using a juridical-normative approach by examining applicable laws, regulations, and relevant case studies, this research reveals that although legal protection exists in a normative sense, its enforcement remains inadequate. Protective measures may be taken both preventively and repressively, while conflict resolution can be approached through judicial proceedings or alternative non-litigation methods.

This research examines the criminal liability of debt collectors involved in forcibly seizing motorized vehicles from consumers. Such actions, often conducted by third parties representing finance companies, frequently occur without proper legal procedures and involve violence, coercion, or violations of consumer rights. The study responds to ongoing incidents where debt collectors act with force, while legal enforcement remains insufficient. Utilizing an empirical normative legal approach, the study combines a review of relevant laws—such as the Criminal Code (KUHP), Consumer Protection Law, and Financial Services Authority regulations with field research, including interviews with victims and observations in Kayubulan Village, Limboto Subdistrict, Gorontalo Regency. The findings reveal that debt collectors who repossess vehicles without official documentation, prior notification, or through intimidation may be committing criminal acts under Article 368 of the KUHP (extortion) and Article 335 (unpleasant acts). These actions clearly conflict with legal norms and consumer protection principles. The study recommends that finance institutions strengthen oversight of third-party collectors and ensure all collection activities comply with legal and ethical standards. Additionally, raising public legal awareness is essential, particularly regarding consumer rights and available legal remedies against coercion or unlawful conduct during debt collection. This dual strategy enhancing institutional accountability and empowering consumers aims to bridge the gap between law and practice, ensuring justice and legal protection in financial transactions.

In the development of massive activities, transportation is needed to carry out mobility so as to facilitate each individual in carrying out his daily work and activities. The vehicle used by most people is a motorized vehicle, this vehicle is a vehicle that is used and obtained by purchasing it through cash or credit. In the case of buying on credit itself, there are many problems, namely the debtor who pays the installments is not necessarily smooth in making payments, this certainly creates losses for the creditor who provides the motorbike on credit. In an effort to minimize these losses and risks, the creditor cooperates and hires a third party, namely a debt collector to collect or withdraw the motor vehicle that is the object of the pre-credit agreement, now this research discusses the problems that arise in the community regarding withdrawal by debt collectors whether this action has criminal elements or not.    

The background of this thesis is that it starts from the rapid growth of information technology-based lending service providers, apparently not balanced with adequate education to the public, causing various effects / risks that arise from the many kinds of online loans and there are still many unregistered or illegal organizing companies found as well as the potential for leaking user personal data that can be misused by the organizing company or another party One of the platforms is the Smart Credit App.   The problems that the author raises in this study are How to Arrange Online Loans on the Smart Credit Application, How are the Losses arising from online borrowing of the Smart Credit Application and How is the Responsibility of the Smart Credit Application for Losses from Customers. The research method used by the author in answering problems is Normative Juridical Research where the author tries to examine problems with existing legal rules and uses the literature study method in collecting existing legal materials. The conclusion of this thesis research is that Online Loans through the Smart “Credit Application in the people of Semarang City are regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code which in essence stipulates thatagreements made online must still meet the legal requirements of an agreement. The implementation is regulated in POJK regulation 77/2016 concerning Technology-based Loan Services. Customer protection in online loan agreements can be found in the Consumer Protection Law in article 7 which regulates the Obligations of Business Actors, then Article 8 which regulates things that are prohibited from being done by Business Actors, and Article 18 which regulates the provisions of matters related to the Standard Clause. ITE Law, where in Article 11 and Article 17 of the ITE Law regulates matters related to the validity of electronic agreements, OJK Regulation Number 77 / POJK / 2016 concerning Services of a Loan in the form of Money Based on Information Technology which is regulated through article 18 concerning the Form and Structure of online loan agreements. The disadvantage that often arises from the Smart Credit Application is the dissemination of personal data carried out by the Smart Credit Application because the Debtor does not make payments on time, so the debt Collector uses techniques to use the dissemination of personal data to pressure the Debtor to immediately make payments, Juridical Responsibility The Kredit Pintar application for actions committed for defamation can be held civil liability through a Tort Lawsuit as stipulated in article” 1365 of the Civil Code filed by Customers who feel aggrieved because their identity is used in the misuse of personal data.   Keywords : Online Loans, Smart Credit Applications.

Salah satu produk bank yang berupa kredit tanpa agunan adalah kartu kredit. Kartu kredit merupakan alat pembayaran pengganti uang tunai yang dapat digunakan oleh konsumen untuk ditukarkan dengan barang dan jasa yang diinginkannya di tempat-tempat yang dapat menerima pembayaran dengan menggunakan kartu kredit (merchant). Pemakaian kartu kredit dengan tidak bijak dapat menimbulkan kredit macet. Apabila terjadi kemacetan kartu kredit, maka bank biasanya menggunakan jasa penagihan hutang yang dikenal dengan debt collector. Seringkali debt collector dalam melakukan jasa penagihan hutang bekerja secara tidak profesional bahkan kadang cenderung melakukan perbuatan melawan hukum, sehingga akan menimbulkan kerugian bagi nasabah maupun bank penerbit kartu kredit, karena tidak sesuai dengan yang diharapkannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yang bersifat yuridis empiris dengan spesifikasi penelitian secara deskriptif analitis karena penelitian ini menganalisis kesesuaian praktek penagihan kartu kredit dengan peraturan perundang-undangan.  Bank  dalam  melakukan  penagihan kartu  kredit  terhadap nasabah yang wanprestasi seringkali menggunakan jasa penagihan hutang atau yang  dikenal  dengan  debt  collector.  Permasalahan  dalam  sistem  penagihan nasabah pada pokoknya yaitu petugas penagihan tidak mematuhi pokok-pokok etika penagihan. Hal tersebut menyebabkan nasabah terganggu sehingga mengajukan  gugatan  ke  Pengadilan  guna memperoleh  kepastian  penyelesaian. Bank seharusnya membuat Standar Operasional Prosedur (SOP) mengenai apa yang harus dilakukan oleh debt collector di dalam menjalankan tugasnya dalam menagih hutang nasabah kartu kredit. Selain itu peraturan mengenai debt collector diperlukan untuk mengatur kewenangan debt collector di dalam melakukan pekerjaannya.