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Abstract:

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Ngombakan Village, Polokarto District, Sukoharjo Regency. Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam.) are known as a superfood plant with nutritional content far exceeding conventional food ingredients, including protein, vitamin A, calcium, potassium, iron, and vitamin C, making them highly potential as a functional food for stunting prevention. This community service activity aims to improve the knowledge of mothers at the Posyandu of Ngombakan Village about stunting and the benefits of moringa leaves, while also introducing the innovation of moringa leaf pudding as a nutritious supplementary food for toddlers. The activity was carried out from August 13 to September 6, 2024 through 6 meetings at the posyandu using lecture methods, leaflet distribution, and pudding-making demonstrations. The results showed a significant increase in mothers' knowledge about stunting and the nutritional content of moringa leaves, as well as positive enthusiasm from participants in accepting moringa leaf pudding as an affordable and nutritious supplementary food alternative for toddlers.

Tape ketan putih merupakan produk pangan fermentasi tradisional yang dibuat melalui proses fermentasi beras ketan menggunakan ragi tape. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh jenis kemasan daun dan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) terhadap karakteristik fisikokimia dan organoleptik tape ketan putih. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial dengan dua faktor, yaitu jenis kemasan daun (K) (daun pisang, daun jati dan daun jambu air) dan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga telang (B) (0,5%; 1%; dan 1,5%) dengan tiga kali pengulangan. Parameter yang dianalisis meliputi kadar gula, pH, serta uji organoleptik warna, aroma, rasa dan tekstur. Data analisis menggunakan ANOVA pada taraf kepercayaan 95%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan jenis kemasan dan konsentrasi ekstrak bunga telang berpengaruh terhadap karakteristik tape ketan putih. Perlakuan terbaik diperoleh pada kemasan daun pisang dengan penambahan ekstrak bunga telang 0,5% yang menghasilkan pH dan kadar gula yang sesuai dan tingkat penerimaan panelis tertinggi.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a high-value horticultural commodity in Indonesia, yet its cultivation is frequently disrupted by leaf diseases that are difficult to distinguish visually. Diseases such as Bacterial Spot, Early Blight, and Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus often present overlapping visual symptoms, making early and accurate diagnosis a significant challenge for farmers. The manual identification methods currently in use are inefficient and error-prone, ultimately leading to reduced crop yield  and quality. The general objective of this study is to develop software capable of automatically classifying tomato  leaf diseases. Specifically, this research aims to implement the MobileNetV3 Small architecture based on Convolutional Neural  Network (CNN) with ImageNet pre-trained weights to classify 10 types of tomato leaf diseases. The research methodology encompasses dataset collection from Kaggle comprising 10,000 images (1,000 per class), image pre-processing through resizing to 224x224 pixels, and normalization, as well as hyperparameter optimization (optimizer, learning rate, epoch, batch size) via scheduler. Model performance is evaluated using a confusion matrix encompassing accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Regional Original Revenue (PAD), General Allocation Fund (DAU), Special Allocation Fund (DAK), and Tax Revenue Sharing Fund (DBHP) on Regional Expenditure, as well as to analyze whether the flypaper effect phenomenon occurs in Regencies/Cities in Jambi Province during the 2017-2023 period. The data used in this study is panel data that combines time series data for 7 years and cross-section data from 11 Regencies/Cities in Jambi Province. The analysis method used is panel data regression with the selected model Fixed Effect Model (FEM). The results of the study show that simultaneously (F Test), the variables PAD, DAU, DAK, and DBHP have a significant effect on Regional Expenditure. Partially (t Test), PAD and DBHP do not have a positive and significant effect on Regional Expenditure, while DAU and DAK show a positive and significant effect on Regional Expenditure. This study also found a flypaper effect in regencies/cities in Jambi Province. This indicates that regional governments in Jambi Province tend to be more responsive in increasing regional spending using transfer funds from the central government rather than optimizing their own potential Regional Original Revenue (PAD).

Early marriage remains a significant issue in Indonesia, particularly among adolescents, and has serious implications for reproductive health. This community service activity aimed to increase students' knowledge about the impact of early marriage on reproductive health. The activity was conducted at Etislandia Senior High School Medan with 43 participating students. The method used was counseling through lectures, discussions, and question-and-answer sessions, accompanied by pre-test and post-test evaluations. The results showed a significant increase in students' knowledge, with the average pre-test score of 54.2 rising to 85.6 in the post-test. Students showed high enthusiasm during the session and were able to identify various risks of early marriage, including reproductive tract infections, cervical cancer risk, and maternal mortality. This activity has implications for the importance of reproductive health education as a preventive effort against early marriage

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol 60% daun trembesi (Samanea saman) terhadap larva Artemia salina melalui penentuan nilai LC₅₀ menggunakan metode Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Larva Artemia salina digunakan sebagai organisme uji dan dipaparkan pada berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak, yaitu 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm, dan 10.000 ppm. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah kematian larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kematian larva meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan konsentrasi ekstrak, yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan dosis-respons. Perhitungan nilai LC₅₀ dengan metode Reed-Muench diperoleh sebesar 351,07 ppm, sedangkan analisis probit menghasilkan nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 468,05 ppm. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), nilai LC₅₀ tersebut termasuk dalam kategori toksik (30–1000 ppm). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 60% daun trembesi memiliki aktivitas toksisitas sedang terhadap larva Artemia salina. Dengan demikian, ekstrak ini berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut, namun diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif serta mengevaluasi keamanan pada sistem biologis yang lebih kompleks.

Lead (Pb²⁺) contamination in wastewater is a major environmental concern due to its toxicity, persistence, and ability to accumulate in living organisms. Adsorption using biomass-based materials has been developed as an alternative treatment method because it is efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly. This study aimed to analyze the effect of bioadsorbent dosage and contact time on Pb²⁺ removal efficiency and evaluate Pb²⁺ mass distribution using mass balance analysis in a batch adsorption system. Ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) was utilized as a bioadsorbent due to its lignocellulosic content, which provides active sites for metal ion adsorption. The research was conducted experimentally through bioadsorbent preparation, chemical activation, and batch adsorption using artificial Pb²⁺ solutions with variations in bioadsorbent dosage and contact time. Pb²⁺ concentrations before and after adsorption were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The obtained data were used to determine removal efficiency and Pb²⁺ distribution between the liquid phase and bioadsorbent. The results showed that ramie leaf bioadsorbent effectively reduced Pb²⁺ concentration, with the optimum condition obtained at 4 g/L bioadsorbent dosage and 90 minutes contact time, achieving 98.46% removal efficiency. Mass balance analysis indicated that Pb²⁺ ions were successfully transferred from the solution phase onto the bioadsorbent surface. These findings demonstrate that ramie leaf bioadsorbent has potential as a sustainable alternative material for heavy metal removal in wastewater treatment.

Lead (Pb²⁺) is a hazardous heavy metal commonly found in industrial wastewater and poses serious risks to human health and the environment due to its toxic and non-biodegradable nature. Therefore, an effective and environmentally friendly treatment method is required to reduce Pb²⁺ concentration in wastewater. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration on the adsorption capacity of ramie leaf (Boehmeria nivea) bioadsorbent activated with NaOH. The adsorption process was conducted using a batch system with pH variations of 4, 5, and 7 and initial Pb²⁺ concentrations of 20, 25, and 30 mg/L. The residual Pb²⁺ concentration was analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), and the adsorption performance was evaluated based on removal efficiency and adsorption capacity (Qe). The results showed that pH and initial Pb²⁺ concentration significantly affected the adsorption performance. The optimum adsorption condition was obtained at pH 5, with a maximum removal efficiency of 99.20% and a total adsorption capacity of 18.56 mg/g. The increase in pH from 4 to 5 enhanced adsorption performance due to reduced competition between H⁺ and Pb²⁺ ions for active sites on the adsorbent surface. Increasing the initial Pb²⁺ concentration tended to increase adsorption capacity, although removal efficiency remained relatively stable due to the limited number of active adsorption sites. The Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values ranged from 1.56% to 3.37%, indicating good precision and repeatability of the experimental data. These findings demonstrate that NaOH-activated ramie leaves have considerable potential as an effective, low-cost, and environmentally friendly bioadsorbent for Pb²⁺ removal from wastewater.

Daun prasman (Euphatorium triplinerve Vahl) merupakan tanaman herbal yang diketahui mengandung berbagai senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi memberikan aktivitas biologis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai LC₅₀ dan mengklasifikasikan tingkat toksisitas ekstrak metanol daun prasman menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) terhadap larva Artemia salina Leach. Ekstrak diperoleh melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut metanol. Uji toksisitas dilakukan pada konsentrasi 10, 100, 500, 1.000, 5.000, dan 10.000 ppm dengan masing-masing perlakuan diamati selama 24 jam. Data kematian larva dihitung dalam bentuk persentase mortalitas dan dianalisis menggunakan metode probit untuk menentukan nilai LC₅₀. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kematian larva meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak, yaitu 0% (10 ppm), 2,94% (100 ppm), 7,69% (500 ppm), 31,81% (1.000 ppm), 52,38% (5.000 ppm), dan 80,95% (10.000 ppm). Analisis probit menunjukkan bahwa nilai LC₅₀ ekstrak metanol daun prasman berada pada rentang 1.000–10.000 mg/L lebih tepatnya 2.103 ppm. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas, ekstrak metanol daun prasman termasuk dalam kategori sedikit beracun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak metanol daun prasman memiliki aktivitas toksik terhadap larva Artemia salina serta berpotensi menjadi sumber senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut melalui penelitian farmakologi dan toksikologi lanjutan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan nilai LC₅₀ ekstrak etanol 70% daun trembesi ( Samanea saman ) serta mengklasifikasikan tingkat toksisitasnya menggunakan metode Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Uji toksisitas dilakukan terhadap larva Artemia salina sebagai organisme uji dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak yaitu 10, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, dan 10.000 ppm. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah kematian larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan persentase kematian larva, yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan dosis-respons yang jelas. Perhitungan menggunakan metode Reed-Muench dan analisis probit menghasilkan nilai LC50 sebesar 100,46 ppm. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), nilai tersebut termasuk dalam kategori toksik sedang (moderatelytoxic). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 70% daun trembesi memiliki aktivitas biologi yang signifikan terhadap organisme uji. Dengan demikian, ekstrak ini berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif, namun tetap memerlukan kajian lebih lanjut terkait keamanan dan aplikasinya.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol daun trembesi (Samanea saman) terhadap larva Artemia salina menggunakan pendekatan Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada pentingnya pengujian toksisitas sebagai tahap awal dalam mengevaluasi keamanan dan potensi bioaktivitas senyawa bahan alam. Metode yang digunakan adalah uji toksisitas BSLT dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak diikuti dengan pengamatan jumlah kematian larva, kemudian dihitung nilai LC₅₀ menggunakan dua pendekatan tersebut. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan dosis-respons dimana peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak menyebabkan peningkatan mortalitas larva. Nilai LC₅₀ yang diperoleh sebesar 332,86 ppm dengan metode Reed-Muench dan 384,7689 ppm dengan analisis probit. Berdasarkan nilai tersebut ekstrak etanol daun trembesi tergolong dalam kategori toksik sedang (moderat). Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak memiliki aktivitas biologis yang nyata dan berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif di bidang farmasi khususnya sebagai kandidat agen sitotoksik.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi (Samanea saman) terhadap larva Artemia salina melalui penentuan nilai LC₅₀ menggunakan metode Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Larva Artemia salina digunakan sebagai organisme uji dan dipaparkan pada berbagai konsentrasi ekstrak, yaitu 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm, 5000 ppm, dan 10.000 ppm. Parameter yang diamati adalah jumlah kematian larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase kematian larva meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan konsentrasi ekstrak, yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan dosis-respons. Perhitungan nilai LC₅₀ dengan metode 823 ppm. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), nilai LC₅₀ tersebut termasuk dalam kategori toksik moderat / sedang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi memiliki aktivitas toksisitas sedang terhadap larva Artemia salina. Dengan demikian, ekstrak ini berpotensi sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif yang dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut namun diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa aktif serta mengevaluasi keamanan pada sistem biologis yang lebih kompleks.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkarakterisasi tingkat toksisitas ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi (Samanea saman) terhadap larva udang (Artemia salina) menggunakan metode Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) dengan pendekatan Reed-Muench dan analisis probit. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimental dengan rancangan post-test only control group design. Larva Artemia salina digunakan sebagai organisme uji karena memiliki sensitivitas tinggi terhadap senyawa toksik dan sering digunakan sebagai indikator awal aktivitas bioaktif. Ekstrak diuji pada berbagai konsentrasi bertingkat untuk mengamati persentase mortalitas larva setelah 24 jam perlakuan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan konsentrasi ekstrak berbanding lurus dengan peningkatan jumlah kematian larva, yang mengindikasikan adanya hubungan dosis-respons yang jelas. Nilai LC₅₀ yang diperoleh dengan metode Reed-Muench adalah sebesar 567,02 ppm, sedangkan dengan analisis probit diperoleh nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 581,0319 ppm. Perbedaan nilai ini disebabkan oleh perbedaan pendekatan analisis, di mana metode probit dinilai lebih akurat karena melibatkan transformasi statistik yang lebih kompleks. Berdasarkan klasifikasi toksisitas BSLT, nilai LC₅₀ sebesar 581,0319 ppm termasuk dalam kategori sangat toksik (LC₅₀ < 30 ppm). Tingginya tingkat toksisitas ekstrak diduga berkaitan dengan kandungan metabolit sekunder seperti flavonoid, saponin, dan tanin yang memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol 90% daun trembesi memiliki potensi bioaktivitas yang tinggi dan berpeluang untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai sumber senyawa bioaktif dalam bidang farmasi maupun bioteknologi.

The frequent breakage of saw blades and the use of blades that are not suitable for beginner saw operators present a significant problem in metal sawing activities. This study aims to produce a double-sided sharp steel saw blade with dimensions of 310×30×0.8 mm. The production process consists of several stages, namely designing the double-sided sharp saw blade, cutting high-carbon steel material to size, drilling 4 mm diameter holes at both ends with a 310 mm distance between holes, forming sharp edges on both sides of the blade, hardening only the two cutting edges, followed by labeling, packaging, and quality and dimensional standard inspection. The production output is a double-sided sharp steel saw blade measuring 310×30×0.8 mm made from medium carbon steel. The manufacturing cost is Rp. 3,500 per unit with a processing time of 3 minutes per unit. These results indicate that the saw blade can be mounted on a general saw handle and has improved resistance to breakage, making it more suitable for beginner users whose sawing motion is not consistently aligned on a single flat plane.

This study aims to identify the pragmatic failures of Large Language Models (LLMs) and the biases of Anglophone-based AI moderation algorithms in detecting Indonesian hate speech expressed through sarcasm, satire, euphemism, and local cultural metaphors. It also examines the extent to which AI systems understand and interpret the pragmatic meanings within the corpus. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach with a comparative design. Data were collected through the documentation of hate speech expressions on social media containing elements of local cultural hatred. The data were analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods with pragmatic and thematic approaches. The findings show that all corpus data contain political satire and indirect hate expressed through irony, sarcasm, absurd metaphors, and popular culture wordplay. Testing with Claude AI showed that the system was capable of identifying the data as implicit criticism and recognizing the pragmatic functions of emoticons and contextual meanings in the utterances. However, the analysis also demonstrated limitations in understanding local sociocultural contexts, particularly the metaphors “daun nangka” and “daun sawit,” which were interpreted merely as absurd humor. These findings indicate that AI detection accuracy does not necessarily reflect a deep pragmatic and cultural understanding within the Indonesian context.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to various complications and decreased quality of life. Moringa oleifera leaves contain bioactive compounds, including flavonoids, vitamins A, C, and E, as well as selenium, which possess antioxidant properties and are believed to help reduce blood glucose levels. This study aims to determine the effect of Moringa leaf decoction on reducing blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus in Padaleu Village, Kambu District, Kendari City. The study employs a quantitative pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The population consists of 35 diabetes mellitus patients, with 17 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Blood glucose levels are measured before and after the administration of Moringa leaf decoction using a glucometer and observation sheets. Respondents receive 200 ml of Moringa leaf decoction daily for five consecutive days. Data analysis is conducted using paired statistical tests to determine differences in blood glucose levels before and after the intervention. The findings of this study are expected to provide scientific evidence regarding the effectiveness of Moringa leaf decoction as a non-pharmacological therapy for controlling blood glucose levels among diabetes mellitus patients. Furthermore, the results may contribute to nursing science development and serve as a reference for healthcare providers and future researchers in implementing complementary therapies for diabetes management.

California papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) are known to contain various active compounds that have the potential to stimulate appetite and boost metabolism, making them a promising candidate for development as a pharmaceutical formulation. This study aims to design a capsule formulation of California papaya leaf extract with appropriate excipients and to evaluate its ability to increase body weight through preclinical testing using a zebrafish (Danio rerio). The extract was obtained via maceration with 96% ethanol and formulated into capsules using the wet granulation method in four variations (F0–F3). Physical evaluations included organoleptic properties, flowability, angle of repose, loss on drying, disintegration time, weight uniformity, and stability testing using the cycling test method. The results indicated that all formulas met the physical requirements, with disintegration times of 3–4 minutes and loss on drying <15%. Formula F2 exhibited the most optimal physical characteristics; however, stability testing revealed a decline in physical properties after extreme temperature treatment. Efficacy tests showed a significant increase in zebrafish weight (p < 0.05), with F3 yielding the best results. A high survival rate (≥80%) suggests the formulation is relatively safe. In conclusion, California papaya leaf extract capsules demonstrate significant potential as an agent to promote weight gain.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is typically the cause of cervical cancer, one of the cancers with a high death rate among women. Despite their widespread use, conventional therapeutic approaches still have drawbacks, such as the emergence of cancer cell resistance and severe side effects. Natural compounds are now used as safer alternative treatments as a result. Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) are one plant that has been shown to have anticancer potential. Through phytochemical screening, compound identification using GC-MS, cell viability testing using the MTT Assay, and BCL2 gene expression analysis using qPCR, this study attempts to examine the potential of soursop leaf extract as an anticancer agent against cervical cancer cells (HeLa cells). The results of the phytochemical examination showed that steroids, phenolics, and alkaloids were present. Ostole, bisacumol, and ricinoleic acid were found to be the predominant components when the active chemicals were identified by GC-MS. With an IC²₀ value of 5.01 μg/mL, the MTT experiment demonstrated that soursop leaf extract could decrease cell viability as the concentration rose. Furthermore, BCL2 gene expression was significantly reduced, especially in treatments with doses of 500 and 1000 μg/mL, according to the results of qPCR gene expression analysis. The overall findings suggest that soursop leaf extract may be used as a natural anticancer treatment against HeLa cells by lowering the expression of the BCL2 gene.

Cutaneous fungal infections caused by Malassezia furfur remain a significant health concern in tropical regions, highlighting the need for safe and effective alternative therapies. Moringa oleifera L. leaves are reported to contain various secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, tannins, and saponins, which exhibit potential antifungal activity. This study aimed to develop a topical suspension formulation of Moringa oleifera leaf extract and to evaluate the effect of varying extract concentrations on the physical characteristics of the preparation. An experimental method was employed using four formulations: F0 as the control, and F1, F2, and F3 containing 9%, 10%, and 11% extract, respectively. Evaluation parameters included organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, viscosity, and adhesiveness, as well as stability testing using a cycling test method for 12 days. The results demonstrated that all formulations exhibited good organoleptic characteristics, homogeneity, and viscosity. The pH values remained within the acceptable range for skin preparations, although slight fluctuations were observed during storage. Adhesiveness also showed variations across several testing cycles. Overall, the formulations met acceptable physical quality criteria and demonstrated potential for further development as topical suspensions; however, formulation optimization is still required to enhance stability during storage.