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This research examines the impact of globalization on non-traditional security in Indonesia. Using a literature study approach, the research collects secondary data from various sources, including scientific journals, government reports, and publications from international institutions. Globalization has introduced several new challenges to Indonesia's non-traditional security, such as terrorism, transnational crime, environmental degradation, food and energy security, and cyber threats. This study explores different dimensions of non-traditional security risks, evaluates the effectiveness of current policy responses, and identifies potential strategies to strengthen Indonesia's national resilience in addressing contemporary security challenges. The research finds that globalization accelerates cross-border mobility, enhances extremist groups' access to the internet, and intensifies environmental damage. In response, the Indonesian government has implemented measures such as strengthening anti-terrorism laws, promoting deradicalization programs, enhancing border controls, fostering ASEAN regional cooperation, imposing a moratorium on land clearing, and supporting the REDD+ program. However, challenges remain, including limited resources, coordination issues between institutions, and low levels of digital literacy among the public, which hinder progress in improving non-traditional security in Indonesia.

Natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, and floods pose significant risks to critical infrastructure. AI-driven disaster response systems provide real-time analytics, predictive modeling, and automated response strategies to mitigate damage and improve recovery efforts. This paper explores how AI-powered drones, satellite imagery, and sensor networks enhance disaster monitoring and decision-making. Additionally, the study discusses the role of AI in optimizing emergency resource allocation and predicting infrastructure vulnerabilities. Through an analysis of past disaster management strategies, this research aims to propose AI-integrated frameworks that enhance disaster preparedness and resilience.

The 21st century has witnessed a rapid digital transformation in global education, reshaping traditional learning paradigms and creating new opportunities and challenges. This study explores the impact of digitalization on educational accessibility, teaching methodologies, and student engagement. The research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing current trends, technological advancements, and policy implementations in various educational systems. The findings highlight the benefits of digital transformation, such as increased accessibility, personalized learning experiences, and the integration of artificial intelligence in education. However, challenges such as the digital divide, cybersecurity concerns, and the need for teacher training persist. The study underscores the importance of strategic policies and investment in digital infrastructure to ensure equitable and effective educational transformation worldwide.

The cross – border fintech payment industry faces many cybersecurity issues, including the possibility of data theft, fraud and low efficiency due to reliance on conventional intermediaries. Based on decentralized and cryptgrahpic system, blockchain technology can improve the security and efficiency of cross – border payments. The purpose of this study is to see how the implementation of blockchain affects the transparency, speed and cost of transactions. Using literature studies and case analysis, it was found that blockhain technology can reduce the risk of fraud by making institutions transparent and immutable. In addition, it allows for automated payments through smart contracats, scalability, regulation and technology adoption are some of the challenges that still hinder its implementation. The results of the study show that blockchain is an innovation strategy that has the potential to transform payments across the fintech sector, but it requires synergy between technology, policy and industry players for optimal implementation.  

The exponential growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) introduces a multitude of security challenges, as a vast number of connected devices often operate with inadequate protection measures. This vulnerability heightens the risk of cyberattacks, data breaches, and hacking, exposing systems and sensitive information to increased threats. Ensuring security in the IoT ecosystem while considering this rapidly expanding technology's physical limitations and specific requirements is a complex task. This article comprehensively analyzes the primary vulnerabilities and risks associated with IoT, exploring innovative strategies and effective solutions to strengthen its security framework. The article highlights the critical role of secure device authentication, data encryption, regular updates, and continuous monitoring by addressing the intricacies of communication protocols and emphasizing the need for standardization. Ultimately, this work advocates for a holistic approach to IoT security, where robust, adaptable solutions are developed to safeguard against the evolving landscape of cyber threats.

Technological innovations in autonomous vessels developed by Japan, such as the MEGURI2040 project, have opened up great opportunities in improving maritime efficiency and strengthening economic ties with ASEAN countries. These technologies offer operational advantages through cost reduction, route optimization, and enhanced maritime safety, which can promote economic integration in the region. However, the adoption of autonomous ships also presents challenges, including the need for regulatory harmonization, port infrastructure improvement, and cybersecurity risk management. This study analyzes the impact of autonomous ship innovation on the logistics sector, workforce, maritime safety, and the potential for technological cooperation between Japan and ASEAN. The results show that the adoption of this technology can strengthen regional cooperation, but requires technical readiness, mature regulations, and multilateral collaboration to overcome emerging challenges. Therefore, the integration of autonomous ship technology in ASEAN requires not only a strategic approach, but also a shared commitment to create stability and sustainable economic growth in the region.

This study examines the phenomenon of Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) as a technological innovation that changes the landscape of the global monetary system. In the midst of the rapid development of digital technology and cryptocurrencies, central banks in various countries are starting to consider and develop their own digital currencies. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the aspects of CBDC implementation, including its potential benefits, challenges, and impact on financial system stability and monetary policy. Through a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature study method, this study explores various dimensions of CBDC, including technological architecture, implementation models, and its socio-economic implications. The results of the study show that CBDCs have significant potential in improving the efficiency of the payment system, encouraging financial inclusion, and strengthening the transmission of monetary policy. However, its implementation also presents serious challenges related to data privacy, cybersecurity, and the stability of the banking system. This study makes an important contribution to a comprehensive understanding of CBDCs and their implications for the future of the global financial system.

In the current digital era, cybersecurity of data and information systems. The threat of  attacks, or , is a form of threat that continues to grow along with advances in technology. This research aims to learn about cybersecurity strategies in dealing with . The method used in this research is a literature review. This journal was prepared based on an analysis of research results from various journals accessed through secondary data sources, namely the Google Scholar database, and e-resources from Springer, Cambridge, and Taylor and Francis. The research results show that implementing technology such as encryption, multifactor authentication, and user training, are some of the effective steps that have been proven to reduce risk. However, challenges in implementing this strategy remain, both from a technical and non-technical perspective, which require special attention from researchers and practitioners in the field of cyber security.

This study aims to compile an Information Technology (IT) Master Plan for SMK Ma'arif 1 Metro using The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) method. This method is applied to design a structured and integrated information technology infrastructure to support operations and learning in schools. The results of the study indicate that the main business processes in schools, such as student registration, curriculum management, and financial administration, are still carried out manually, making them prone to errors and inefficiencies. Through TOGAF, an information system architecture is designed that includes the development of the Academic Information System (SIAKAD) and other school management applications. In addition, improving network infrastructure and cybersecurity are priorities in the proposed technology architecture. Implementation strategies and change management are also formulated to ensure the success of the digital transformation. This IT Master Plan is expected to improve the efficiency of school operations and the quality of learning, as well as support the achievement of more optimal educational goals in the digital era.

The utilization of information technology in digital literacy education has become increasingly important due to the growing threat of cybercrime. This research aims to analyze the impact of digital literacy education on improving data security and preventing cybercrime within the community. Using a qualitative approach, this study identifies the role of information technology in raising public awareness and understanding of the importance of protecting personal data online. The findings reveal that digital literacy education, supported by information technology, can significantly reduce the risk of cybercrime. Communities that are educated in digital literacy are better equipped to face cybersecurity challenges and safeguard the integrity of their data. This education also provides practical guidelines for using digital devices safely and ethically.

This study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of cybercrime and to propose actionable strategies that strengthen law enforcement's response in an increasingly digital world. The study systematically analyzes existing legal frameworks and enforcement strategies to assess their efficacy in addressing these complex crimes. It highlights the gaps in legislation and the limitations of current technological capabilities that hinder effective law enforcement. By addressing these challenges collaboratively, law enforcement can enhance its effectiveness in safeguarding society against the evolving landscape of cyber threats. Enforcement agencies in combating it. It examines the types of cybercrimes prevalent in the digital era, including hacking, identity theft, and online fraud. The study evaluates the effectiveness of current legal frameworks and law enforcement strategies in addressing these crimes. Additionally, it proposes solutions to enhance collaboration between international agencies, improve technological capabilities, and raise public awareness about cyber threats, aiming to strengthen the response to cybercrime. Additionally, raising public awareness about cyber threats is crucial for prevention. The research advocates for educational campaigns that inform citizens about the risks and protective measures related to cybercrime.

Cloud-based systems are increasingly vulnerable to a range of cybersecurity threats, driving the need for advanced encryption methods. This paper investigates the potential of quantum cryptography in securing cloud environments, focusing on the use of quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols. By leveraging the principles of quantum mechanics, the study demonstrates significant improvements in data security, offering enhanced protection against eavesdropping and paving the way for more resilient cloud security frameworks.

This study aims to investigate the identification, assessment, and control of operational risks in the travel industry, with a focus on PT Yuk Kita Tour. Direct observation and interview methods are used to identify the risks faced by the company. Risk assessment is conducted by considering the likelihood of occurrence and its impact on the company's operations, followed by appropriate mitigation strategies. The analysis results show that risks such as online booking system disruptions, lack of staff training, currency exchange rate fluctuations, regulatory changes, natural disasters, disease outbreaks, transportation delays, and terrorism threats affect operational efficiency and customer satisfaction.To control these risks, PT Yuk Kita Tour implements a comprehensive mitigation strategy, including improved cybersecurity systems, staff training programs, currency hedging strategies, active regulatory monitoring, travel insurance, strict health policies, cooperation with transportation operators, and clear security information to customers. The implementation of these risk control strategies has had a positive impact on the company's performance, with year-on-year increases in revenue and customer satisfaction. This study provides insights into the importance of operational risk management in the travel industry and demonstrates that a proactive approach to risk identification, assessment, and control is possible. This study provides insight into the importance of operational risk management in the travel industry and demonstrates that a proactive approach to risk identification, assessment, and control can improve operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. The practical implication of this study is the importance of continuously monitoring existing risks, adapting control strategies, and involving stakeholders in risk management to ensure sustainable business continuity and superior customer service in a dynamic business environment.

The advancement of digital technology has brought about significant progress across various sectors, while simultaneously introducing new risks, particularly in the realm of cybersecurity. Cybersecurity has become a critical concern for companies, including energy giants like Pertamina. In the context of Indonesia, adherence to cybersecurity within Pertamina must align with relevant legal frameworks, such as the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945). This research aims to explore optimal approaches to implementing cybersecurity within Pertamina, with a focus on the legal underpinnings of the 1945 Constitution. Key attention is directed towards Article 27, paragraph (3) of the Constitution, which guarantees universal access to education, including information security training for employees—a crucial element in thwarting cyber threats. Furthermore, Article 28, paragraph (1) of the 1945 Constitution, safeguarding freedom of association, can be interpreted to endorse collaboration between Pertamina and external entities, like cybersecurity institutions and regulatory bodies, to bolster cyber defense capabilities. Integration of cutting-edge security technology is paramount, aligning with the principles outlined in Article 33, paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution, emphasizing the preservation of natural resources. This extends to safeguarding Pertamina's data and digital infrastructure through measures like encryption technology, robust network security protocols, and effective intrusion detection systems. By heeding the legal foundations provided by the 1945 Constitution, the implementation of cybersecurity at Pertamina must be comprehensive, encompassing employee education, technological upgrades, and collaborative efforts with external stakeholders. Such measures aim to mitigate cyber risks, safeguard operational interests, and shield sensitive information from evolving threats in today's digital landscape. Additionally, Law Number 11 of 2008 plays a crucial role in governing information technology and electronic transactions in Indonesia. This legislation grants legal validity to electronic documents, signatures, and transactions, while also ensuring information security and user privacy. It imposes criminal penalties for illicit activities in the realm of information technology, fostering a secure environment for electronic transactions and upholding user rights in the digital age.

The era of digitalization has brought significant changes in various aspects of life, including in security management. The wider application of digital technology requires an adaptive and innovative security approach to deal with evolving threats. In the context of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI), the implementation of national values in digital security management is very important. These values include unity, integrity, justice, democracy and diversity, which are the foundations of NKRI. This research aims to analyze the importance of security management in the digitalization era based on the NKRI's national values.The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with a literature study approach and document analysis related to digital security policies in Indonesia. The analysis focused on how NKRI national values are implemented in security management strategies and practices to face digital security challenges. The results show that the integration of national values in digital security management plays an important role in strengthening national resilience in the digital space. The implementation of national values helps in building a digital security system that is not only technically robust, but also responsive to Indonesia's social and cultural dynamics. This includes the development of inclusive cybersecurity policies, digital security education for diverse communities, and strengthening collaboration between sectors to strengthen the national digital security ecosystem.

The objective of this study is to assess the performance of the DANA application as an electronic wallet and analyse the effect of managing the application's securities on user decision-making when using the application in the setting of the digital economy based on the sovereignty of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). The study method employed was a qualitative literature review. The data was acquired by consulting relevant scholarly publications on Google Scholar to thoroughly comprehend the advancement of knowledge about the subject matter and identify areas of research that require further exploration. The hypothesis analysis revealed a significant correlation between the advantages of the digital economy, the growth of the digital economy, and the factors affecting the utilisation of E-Wallets or Dana apps within the Homeland. The development of the digital economy enhanced a nation's ability to withstand challenges by promoting economic sovereignty, cybersecurity and inclusive economic growth. Various factors, including data security and the rise of the digital economy, affected the utilisation of Dana applications. In addition, these factors affected the execution of national values. Utilising the Dana application as a digital wallet strengthened the nation's economic sovereignty and enhanced well-being and financial inclusivity across all segments of Indonesian society. Hence, comprehending the security management of the application and users' perspective regarding it is crucial in affecting users' trust and their decision to embrace the Dana application as their preferred E-Wallet for supporting the NKRI sovereignty-based digital economy.

In the constantly advancing era of digitalisation, ensuring cyber security has become essential in preserving the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of organisational data. The primary focus of this research is to emphasise the importance of cybersecurity awareness in safeguarding systems and information. The 1945 Constitution serves as the primary governing document for the government and legal system. The 1945 Constitution enacts legislation that ensures freedom of expression, a pertinent principle in cyber security. This research aimed to examine the role of security management in enhancing cyber security by applying principles in accordance with the 1945 Constitution. This research identified the factors affecting cyber security awareness and proposed strategies to enhance user awareness through a comprehensive literature review and examined recent findings. Security management is essential for guaranteeing the security of IT systems and infrastructure. Based on a literature review, this study determined the role of security management in assisting organisations in identifying, managing, and addressing security threats effectively. In addition, the hypothesised findings concluded that advancing cyber security in Indonesia is a fundamental aspect of state sovereignty, as stated in the 1945 Constitution and the principle of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). These findings demonstrated the significance of comprehending cyber security for users and organisations and the necessity of international cooperation in the realm of national security in cyber. By gaining a more comprehensive comprehension of the function of security management, it is anticipated that organisations can enhance security protocols and mitigate security vulnerabilities as they confront the challenges of the present digital age.

This study investigates how IoT (Internet of Things) technologies enable innovative business models in smart enterprises. By exploring use cases in manufacturing, healthcare, and retail, the research highlights opportunities for operational efficiency and new revenue streams. Challenges related to data management, interoperability, and cybersecurity are also discussed.

This article examines the growing cybersecurity challenges accompanying digital innovation and how strategic management can mitigate risks. Through case studies of cyberattacks on innovative technologies, the study outlines best practices for risk assessment, incident response, and integrating security into the innovation lifecycle. Findings emphasize the need for a proactive approach to cybersecurity in digital innovation strategies.

The rapid evolution of smart cities, driven by the integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, has brought about significant advancements in urban infrastructure and services. However, these developments also introduce new cybersecurity challenges. Introduction: Smart cities are increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to the extensive use of interconnected devices and systems. A key security concern is the management of digital identities, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of city services. Literature Review: Traditional centralized identity management systems face significant security issues, including a single point of failure, data breaches, and limited user control over personal information. In contrast, decentralized solutions, particularly blockchain-based systems, offer enhanced security through their distributed nature, eliminating vulnerabilities associated with centralized models. Materials and Method: This research focuses on blockchain technology’s application in smart city identity management. A decentralized framework is proposed, leveraging cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to ensure data security, integrity, and privacy. Results and Discussion: The implementation of blockchain for identity management significantly improves attack tolerance, data integrity, and transparency. The decentralized approach mitigates the risks associated with central authorities, ensuring that user data remains secure and verifiable. However, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory compliance challenges remain. Blockchain solutions must be optimized for large-scale smart city applications and aligned with legal standards to achieve widespread adoption. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges to create a more secure and resilient smart city infrastructure.