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General education at Islamic Religious Higher Education Institutions (PTKI) plays an important role in developing students’ critical thinking skills so they can analyze religious and social issues reflectively and contextually. However, learning practices in PTKI are still dominated by teacher-centered approaches and low cognitive achievement, which limits the development of analytical, evaluative, and problem-solving abilities. Meanwhile, studies show that integrating digital media, particularly video, can improve conceptual understanding, motivation, and cognitive engagement, yet a digital video-based meaningful learning model specifically designed for the PTKI context remains limited. Therefore, this study aims to formulate a Digital Video-Based Meaningful Learning Model (MPBBVD) to enhance students’ critical thinking skills. This research employed a literature review method by analyzing books, scientific articles, research reports, and digital sources related to meaningful learning, constructivism, multimedia learning, digital video use, and critical thinking development. Data were analyzed descriptively and qualitatively to identify the theoretical foundations, learning syntax, and design principles of the model. The findings indicate that MPBBVD integrates Ausubel’s Meaningful Learning theory, constructivist perspectives from Piaget, Vygotsky, and Bruner, Mayer’s Multimedia Learning theory, and the critical thinking framework of Facione and Ennis. The model uses digital video as the main learning medium and applies the ACTIVE stages (Attend, Connect, Think, Interpret, Verify, Evaluate) to promote contextual and interactive learning. Integrating pre-, during-, and post-video activities supports knowledge construction, reduces cognitive load, and increases student engagement, contributing theoretically and practically to improving critical thinking in PTKI in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era.

The current practice of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning in schools still faces the challenge of the dominance of conventional methods that tend to be teacher-centered, so that the aspect of internalization of values by students is often not optimal . This article aims to describe the characteristics and conceptual relationships between the Social Interaction and Personal learning models in the context of PAI, while also examining the relationship between the two models with constructivist and humanistic learning theories . Through a literature study, the analysis shows that the Social Interaction model based on constructivist theory emphasizes the construction of knowledge through group dynamics, collaboration, and social interaction . Meanwhile, the Personal model based on humanistic theory is oriented towards the development of individual potential, self-awareness, and spiritual reflection . The results of the study conclude that the integration of these two models offers a holistic learning approach, where students not only understand PAI material cognitively, but are also able to actualize religious values through real social experiences and deep personal appreciation .

The inquiry learning strategy is a pedagogical approach that positions students as active agents in the process of seeking and discovering knowledge. This paper explores the definition, characteristics, underlying principles, advantages, limitations, and implementation stages of the inquiry strategy in learning processes. Rooted in constructivist theory, it emphasizes the value of direct experience and critical thinking in constructing understanding. The analysis reveals that inquiry-based learning enhances students’ critical thinking skills, independence, active participation, motivation, and self-confidence. However, successful implementation requires teachers to be well-prepared in designing meaningful and adaptable instruction. This article recommends applying the inquiry strategy selectively and contextually, especially within Islamic Religious Education, to foster reflective reasoning and character development among students.

Abstract. Pedagogical competence is the main ability that educators must have to manage learning effectively. This research aims to discuss the meaning of pedagogical competence, the application of learning theories, and the role of information and communication technology in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning. The research method used is literature analysis and theoretical study. The research results show that pedagogical competence includes the ability to understand student characteristics, design learning, and carry out comprehensive evaluations. The application of learning theories, such as behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist and humanistic, has been proven to support the effectiveness of PAI learning. Behavioristics helps build positive habits, cognitive improves deep understanding, constructivists encourage active participation, and humanistics develops students' potential holistically. Apart from that, the use of information and communication technology, such as e-learning, video conferencing and multimedia, is able to encourage learning that is innovative, interactive and in line with the needs of students in the digital era. Thus, the development of PAI teachers' pedagogical competence needs to continue to be improved through targeted training, optimal use of technology, and strengthening learning strategies to produce learning that is relevant to the needs of the times Abstrak Kompetensi pedagogik adalah kemampuan utama yang harus dimiliki oleh pendidik untuk mengelola pembelajaran secara efektif. Penelitian ini bertujuan membahas pengertian kompetensi pedagogik, penerapan teori belajar, serta peran teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis literatur dan kajian teoritis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kompetensi pedagogik mencakup kemampuan memahami karakteristik peserta didik, merancang pembelajaran, serta melakukan evaluasi secara komprehensif. Penerapan teori belajar, seperti behavioristik, kognitif, konstruktivistik, dan humanistik, terbukti mendukung efektivitas pembelajaran PAI. Behavioristik membantu membangun kebiasaan positif, kognitif meningkatkan pemahaman mendalam, konstruktivistik mendorong partisipasi aktif, dan humanistik mengembangkan potensi siswa secara holistik. Selain itu, pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, seperti e-learning, video konferensi, dan multimedia, mampu mendorong pembelajaran yang inovatif, interaktif, dan sesuai dengan kebutuhan peserta didik di era digital. Dengan demikian, pengembangan kompetensi pedagogik guru PAI perlu terus ditingkatkan melalui pelatihan yang terarah, penggunaan teknologi secara optimal, dan penguatan strategi pembelajaran untuk menghasilkan pembelajaran yang relevan dengan kebutuhan zaman.

This research is motivated by the important role of students in building constructive habits of mind. In order for students to have the habit of thinking, teachers need freedom and a learning attitude to achieve this through constructivist theory-based learning. This research is field research (Field Research) which is descriptive qualitative in nature. The subjects of this research are Islamic Religious Education teachers. So this research uses purposive sampling. Purposive sampling is a person who is considered capable of providing information to make it easier for the writer to obtain information from the object under study. Data collection techniques use observation and interviews. The results of this research concluded that the steps in implementing constructivist learning theory at SDUA Taman Harapan Curup are: a. introduction, namely by making preparations, by looking at the material to be taught, b. In essence, the teacher instructs students to form small groups, one group consisting of two people, and the teacher gives assignments to students to discuss and analyze the problems given. c. Closing activity, the teacher instructs students to present the results of their discussion.