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Eco enzyme is a biocatalyst obtained from a fermentation process involving microorganisms, and has the potential to be applied in various environmental and industrial fields. This research aims to determine the optimum conditions for the volume of eco enzyme, determine the most influential variables between time and pH used during the eco enzyme fermentation process and the chemical characteristics of the eco enzyme product which was fermented for three months. Optimization method using the Central Composite Design – Response Surface Methodology (RSM) method. The comparison made in eco enzyme fermentation is water: organic waste: molasses = 10: 3: 1 = 5000 ml: 1500 gr: 500 gr. Fermentation for 3 months resulted in optimum conditions for making eco enzyme found at a reaction time of 96.213 and a pH of 5.207, with a maximum % yield of 10.24. The most influential variable in this research is pH. FTIR test results show the strongest absorption in the -OH (hydroxyl) group with alcohol properties at a wavelength of 3307.99 cm⁻¹, with a low transmittance of 48.2%. This group has antimicrobial properties that support the growth of good bacteria and other microbes.

Divorce is a global phenomenon with significant implications for children's rights. This study aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the fulfillment of children's rights after divorce in five countries with different legal systems: Qatar, Egypt, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Jordan. The research employs a normative juridical method with a comparative legal research approach through literature review and legal document analysis. The findings reveal that each country has a unique mechanism for ensuring children's rights after divorce. Diverse legal systems—ranging from common law, civil law, to Islamic law—lead to variations in approaches to ensuring custody, care, and protection for children. The study identifies four critical dimensions in fulfilling children's rights: the right to survival and development, the right to protection, the right to education, and the right to participation. The comparative analysis highlights that cultural factors, legal systems, and political commitment play a fundamental role in determining the effectiveness of child rights protection after divorce. Key recommendations of this study include the need for regulatory harmonization, strengthening enforcement mechanisms, and developing sustainable monitoring systems. This research provides theoretical and practical contributions to understanding the complexity of fulfilling children's rights across global legal systems.

Imperfect: Career, Love & Scales is a work that discusses the issue of body shaming and social pressure on beauty standards. Through a qualitative approach with social comparison theory analysis, this study reveals how the representation of body aesthetics is displayed in the film. The main character, Rara, experiences pressure to meet ideal beauty standards, such as a slim body and white skin, both in her work environment and family. This phenomenon reflects social construction and popular culture that reinforces beauty stereotypes. The impacts of this pressure include decreased self-esteem, anxiety, and unhealthy dieting behavior. This study shows that media-promoted beauty standards have a negative impact on individual mental health and encourage appearance-based discrimination. The film also critiques narrow beauty standards while conveying important messages about self-acceptance and diversity.

Multicultural education in Indonesia is an important approach to creating an inclusive and harmonious society, considering the ethnic, cultural, and religious diversity that exists in the country. This research aims to explore the dynamics of multicultural education, the challenges faced in its implementation, and provide recommendations for educational policies and practices. The method used is library research, with thematic analysis of various relevant literature. Key findings suggest that while multicultural education has great potential to build tolerance and mutual understanding, its implementation is still hampered by a lack of understanding among educators and limited resources. Concrete examples of multicultural educational practices in some schools show that with the right approach, this education can have a positive impact on student attitudes. The resulting recommendations include improved training for teachers, curriculum revision, and collaboration with the community. The study also identified the need for further studies to explore the long-term impact of multicultural education and its comparison with practices in other countries. By overcoming the existing challenges, it is hoped that multicultural education can be implemented more widely and have a positive impact on future generations in Indonesia.

This research explores the dynamics of public administration in Indonesia by comparing the roles and interactions of the formal and informal sectors in service delivery. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study examines how these two sectors function independently and collaboratively within the broader context of governance. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with stakeholders from both sectors, including government officials, community leaders, and informal service providers. The findings reveal that while the formal sector is essential for providing structured public services and ensuring accountability, it often faces challenges such as bureaucratic inefficiencies and limited responsiveness to local needs. In contrast, the informal sector plays a critical role in addressing gaps left by formal institutions, offering agile and community-driven solutions, particularly in underserved areas. However, the informal sector also encounters significant challenges, including a lack of recognition and resources, which can hinder its effectiveness. The study highlights the importance of fostering collaboration between the formal and informal sectors to enhance public service delivery. By integrating the strengths of both sectors, it is possible to create a more responsive and effective public administration system. The research emphasizes that recognizing and supporting the informal sector as a complement to the formal sector is crucial for improving governance outcomes in Indonesia. The study provides actionable recommendations for policymakers to promote synergy between these sectors, ultimately leading to better public services that meet the diverse needs of the Indonesian population.

Micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are profitable businesses that are owned by people or corporate entities that operate to satisfy personal needs and ensure their existence. Calculating and analyzing manufacturing expenses in order to establish the selling price of fried chicken goods is the goal of this study. The full cost method is used to achieve this. Using a quantitative approach, this research investigates the elements that influence selling prices. This research uses direct observation of objects and interviews with owners to obtain precise data. According to our observations and interviews with Mr. Stefanus (36), owner of the Ayam Gebuk Sambalado MSME, the business still uses conventional methods to calculate the manufacturing cost. This research uses the full costing method to make information on the cost of production more accurate. This is predicated on a comparison of the whole costing technique and the business method for determine cost of items created, which demonstrates that the final cost of goods manufactured differs significantly. This happens because business owners don't know how to calculate the correct cost of production, so they don't include costs correctly in the price calculation.

Nutmeg belongs to the Myristicaceae family which consists of 15 genera and 250 species. Nutmeg has several benefits for body health, namely, Improving brain health, Overcoming digestive problems, Maintaining oral health, Treating insomnia. Escherichia coli is a bacterial name taken from the name of the person who discovered it, Theodor Escherich. This study aims to determine the comparison of antibacterial activity of forest nutmeg pulp, peel and leaf extract (Myristica schifferi Warb) against Escherichia coli.: The research method used is the agar diffusion method. The results of the antibacterial activity test of the flesh and skin of forest nutmeg (Myristica schifferi Warb) against Escherichia coli bacteria with concentrations of 50%, 75% and 100% were declared sensitive to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. Meanwhile, the results of the forest nutmeg leaf test with a concentration of 50% were declared intermediate or medium category to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria, for concentrations of 75% and 100% were declared sensitive to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.

This community service activity (PKM) aims to improve operational efficiency and service quality at Santosa Catering through the implementation of a web-based catering ordering system. Santosa Catering, as a micro business, faces obstacles in managing orders that are still done manually, which causes inaccurate stock information, delays in delivery, and limited customer access to menus and prices. Through a Diffusion of Science and Technology and Knowledge Transfer approach, a web-based ordering system was developed and implemented to support business operations. The system allows customers to access real-time menu information, place online orders, and choose preferred payment methods, while the owner and staff were given intensive training to effectively operate the system. The evaluation results showed significant improvements in all aspects of assessment, including understanding of system features, operational skills, time efficiency, and customer satisfaction, as shown in the comparison chart of pretest and posttest results. The system not only optimizes operational processes but also increases customer satisfaction, strengthens business competitiveness, and has the potential to become a model for other micro businesses in utilizing digital technology. Thus, this PKM activity is expected to contribute to the sustainability of Santosa Catering's business in the digital era.

Indonesia is an archipelagic country that has abundant mineral wealth, both metal minerals and other minerals. Metal minerals, including gold, tend to have a higher economic value. Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the world's gold reserves in 2020 were 50,300 tons of Au. Indonesia is among the 5 largest in the world with 5% of the total gold reserves, which is 2,600 tons of Au. Therefore, it is necessary to develop technology and science in the mining industry, especially gold and silver, to improve the optimization of the process and increase the added value of the mining products themselves. One of the gold extraction processes can be done hydrometallurgically with the cyanidation method using a intensive leach test. The results of this experiment show that factors such as cyanide usage and ultra fine particle size will greatly affect the recovery of gold and silver metals.

Decision Support System for Selecting Contraceptives for Women Using the Weighted Product (WP) Method to determine the best alternative results. In this method, there are 5 (five) criteria and 5 alternative contraceptives for women. To test the results, a comparison is made of the results given by the midwife with the results from the system. After that, ranking is carried out according to the highest value from the calculation results for selecting contraceptives for women.

This study aims to determine the ratio of the concentration of the processing industry, labor absorption, and the value expenditure on labor in the province of bali. The data analysis method used in this analysis is the CR4 concentration analysis method. The data used is the analysis data on the number of large and medium processing industries, labor, and expenditure on labor in 2018 – 2021 obtained from the Central Statistic Agency (BPS) in the province of Bali. The result of this study indicate that : (1) In terms of CR4 analysis calculations, the concentration of the processing industry in the province Bali in 2018 – 2021 has a role in labor absorption. (2) In terms of CR4 analysis calculation, the concentration of the processing industry in province Bali in 2018 – 2021 has a role in the amound of expenditure given to labor. (3) In terms of CR4 analysis calculation, the concentration of the processing industry in the province Bali in 2021  has a role contributing to the PDRB in the province of Bali, as well as a comparison of the CR4 ratio in the province of Bali from 2018 – 2021.

Cavendish banana (Musa acuminata L.) propagation through conventional methods requires a considerable amount of time. Tissue culture techniques offer a more efficient alternative, enabling the production of plantlets with superior quality and quantity in a shorter period. The application of Zn nanoparticles has been shown to reduce media contamination and act as a biostimulant, enhancing propagation efficiency in tissue culture. Auxins, such as Naphthalene Acetic Acid (NAA), facilitate cell development and root induction, while cytokinins, including 6-Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP), are effective in stimulating cell division, morphogenesis, and shoot formation with improved stability and resistance to oxidation. This study was conducted from February to June 2023 at the Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jawa Timur. The research utilized a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors: the concentration of Zn nanoparticles and the ratio of ZPT concentrations. The results indicated that the best treatment for multiplication was obtained with 50 ppm Zn nanoparticles, resulting in the fastest shoot emergence at 24,63 days and the highest number of shoots per plantlet at 2,58 shoots. Furthermore, the treatment with a ZPT concentration ratio of NAA + BAP (0:0) produced the highest average number of plantlet leaves, with 5,78 leaves per plantlet.

This study discusses the importance of integrating Guidance and Counseling (BK) in the Strengthening of Pancasila Student Profile (P5) Project at SMKN 1 Cilegon, as well as the factors that hinder the involvement of BK in this activity. P5 aims to internalize the values of Pancasila in students through a project-based approach, with a focus on character development and soft skills. However, the implementation of P5 at SMKN 1 Cilegon has not optimally involved BK. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach to analyze the factors that cause BK's lack of participation in P5, its impact on students' social-emotional development, and a comparison with practices at other schools that have successfully integrated BK into P5. The results of the study show that administrative barriers, a lack of understanding of the role of BK, and limited communication between teachers and school management are the main obstacles. The impact of BK's non-involvement includes a reduction in the effectiveness of P5 in supporting character education and diminishing students' ability to face social-emotional challenges. This study recommends enhancing administrative support, providing training for teachers and counselors, and improving coordination among school stakeholders so that BK can optimally contribute to achieving the goals of P5. Effective integration of BK is expected to support the holistic development of students in line with the values of Pancasila.

Business ethics here does not only talk about human behavior towards nature but talks about the relationship between all the life of the universe, between humans and humans who have an impact on nature, and between humans and other creatures or with nature as a whole, including political and economic policies that relate or have a direct impact or not with nature. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative because it tries to explain without making comparisons or connecting with other variables. It was found that business ethics is a pillar that is not only important for sustainability but also for growth and competitiveness. Consistently applied ethical principles can create long-term value and strengthen the company's relationship with all related parties.    

This research aims to analyze the factors that affect the political participation of novice voters from generation Z in the 2024 General Election. The main focus of the research is to understand the motivation, perceptions, and challenges faced by novice voters in exercising their voting rights for the first time. The research method used is a qualitative approach to phenomenology. The research category includes 4 novice voters who have just participated and become the same experience because of the first time. Data is collected through direct interviews and analyzed using analysis from several predetermined categories. Research results show that there is a comparison of the participation of new voters of generation Z through the use of social media between twitter and non-twitter users supported by the lack of political literacy which has the most significant positive influence on the level of participation.

This study compares weather data from conventional and digital measurement tools at Raja Haji Abdullah-Karimun Meteorological Station and evaluates the correlation value between the two. Descriptive quantitative methods were used to analyze weather data from January 2022 to December 2023. Results showed significant differences between weather data from conventional and digital tools. The Mann-Whitney statistical test showed a probability value (sig) less than the set significance level (0.000 < 0.05), indicating a significant difference. This finding highlights the importance of calibrating measurement tools to ensure accuracy and consistency in observations. On temperature and humidity measurements, the Mann-Whitney test showed sufficient statistical evidence to reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1), stating a significant difference between digital and conventional measurements. In conclusion, this study emphasizes the importance of continuous validation of weather measurement methods as well as the need for adjustment and improvement of measurement tools to ensure reliable results. This research makes an important contribution to the understanding of the comparison of conventional and digital weather measurement tools, which can serve as a basis for the development of future weather observation technologies.

This study aims to examine the theological significance of King David's removal of the Ark of the Covenant in 1 Chronicles 13:1-14, highlighting the critical nature of keeping God's commandments during worship. The research involved an examination of the text and its context, along with a comparison with the related narrative found in 2 Samuel. the research revealed that the failure of David and the people of Israel to follow God's instructions in moving the Ark according to God's instructions resulted in the death of Uzzah, which illustrates the consequences of ignoring God's holiness. The three-month stay of the Ark in Obed-Edom's house resulted in blessings, which reinforces the idea that God's presence is experienced when His laws are honored and obeyed. The results of this study underscore the importance of obedience to God's commandments.

The purpose of this author's research is to see the comparison of students' PAI learning outcomes using the Rotating Trio Exchange (RTE) and Numbered Head Together (NHT) learning models at SMP Negeri 1 Banuhampu in class VII students and compare PAI learning outcomes with the two learning models. The type of research used is experimental with a quantitative approach. The population was all seventh grade students consisting of 9 classes and a total of 275 students. The sample in this study used random techniques, obtained 2 classes that became samples with details of 58 students. The classes taken were VII.1 and VII.2. Data were collected through the scores of students' PAI learning outcomes obtained through the PAI learning outcomes test in the form of multiple choice. The results of the research that has been done, the results show that there are learning outcomes of students who use the RTE learning model have been above the KKM value of 76. And the learning outcomes of students who use the NHT learning model have been above the KKM score of 76. And there is also a significant difference in the PAI learning outcomes of students in the RTE learning model with the method of Shapiro Wilk at sig 0.05, as well as the NHT learning model.

Halal products are increasingly in demand by many people, not only in the national market but also in the international market. Indonesia has experienced an increase in the consumption rank of halal products from year to year. One of the indicators is the implementation of halal certificates. Halal certificates cannot be issued just like that without procedures and checks from the authorities. However, looking at the dynamics, halal certificates have experienced developments from time to time. These changes can be seen after the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The formulation of this problem is how is the comparison between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH? The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of halal certificate regulations by MUI and BPJPH, namely before and after the issuance of the JPH Law. This research uses the Library study method with various sources that support the object of research. The primary data source of this research is Law No.33 of 2014, MUI Fatwa, and its official website. Secondary data sources are from journals, theses, and related theses. The result of this research is that there are similarities and differences between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH. The difference is not only in the content of the regulation, but also in the halal logo issued. This logo is not just a picture, but more than that, it has a deep philosophy.   Keywords: BPJPH, Halal, Certificate, MUI Halal products are increasingly in demand by many people, not only in the national market but also in the international market. Indonesia has experienced an increase in the consumption rank of halal products from year to year. One of the indicators is the implementation of halal certificates. Halal certificates cannot be issued just like that without procedures and checks from the authorities. However, looking at the dynamics, halal certificates have experienced developments from time to time. These changes can be seen after the existence of Law No. 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee. The formulation of this problem is how is the comparison between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH? The purpose of this study is to determine the comparison of halal certificate regulations by MUI and BPJPH, namely before and after the issuance of the JPH Law. This research uses the Library study method with various sources that support the object of research. The primary data source of this research is Law No.33 of 2014, MUI Fatwa, and its official website. Secondary data sources are from journals, theses, and related theses. The result of this research is that there are similarities and differences between the regulation of halal certificates by MUI and BPJPH. The difference is not only in the content of the regulation, but also in the halal logo issued. This logo is not just a picture, but more than that, it has a deep philosophy.

Education is an important foundation for individual and societal development. Education systems in various countries have unique characteristics that reflect their values, history and socio-economic needs. In a global context, the education systems in the United States and Germany are examples of two very different but equally influential approaches in shaping the future of their young generation. Education in the United States is known for its diverse and flexible system. The country has adopted a decentralized model, in which educational responsibility rests largely with states and school districts. Curriculum often varies from region to region, giving freedom to adapt course material to local needs. This system also prioritizes the principle of inclusion, with various programs that support diversity and access to education for all students, including those with special needs. High schools offer a variety of educational pathways, including academic, vocational, and arts pathways, giving students the freedom to choose according to their interests and talents. Education in Germany is famous for its structured system and focus on early specialization. After completing basic education, students in Germany follow different educational paths according to their abilities and interests, through a system known as, Realschule or Gymnasium. Vocational education is also receiving great attention in Germany, with many students following a dual system that combines practical training in the workplace with theoretical education at school. This system aims to ensure that students gain skills relevant to the needs of the job market and facilitate a smooth transition from education to the world of work. With these differences in approach, each country offers valuable insight into how education can be organized to meet social and economic goals. Comparative analysis between these two systems can provide insight into the strengths and challenges of each model, as well as the potential for implementing best practices in a global educational context.