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Sweet orange peel (Citrus x aurantium L.) is an agricultural by-product rich in bioactive compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, terpenoids, and vitamin C with antioxidant and moisturizing potential. This study aimed to formulate and evaluate a body lotion using 15% ethanol extract of sweet orange peel obtained by maceration with 96% ethanol. Evaluations included organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, spreadability, viscosity, irritation, cycling test, cream type, and DPPH antioxidant activity assessments. The preparation was semisolid, yellow, with a characteristic herbal aroma, homogeneous, pH 8, adhesion time of 4.10 seconds, spreadability of 9.9–11.1 cm, and acceptable viscosity. The preparation caused no skin irritation, remained stable through six cycling test cycles, and formed an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion. Antioxidant activity showed an IC₅₀ of 284.6 ppm (weak category) compared to vitamin C as positive control (IC₅₀ 4.2 ppm). It was concluded that ethanol extract of sweet orange peel can be formulated into a stable and safe body lotion, though further optimization is needed to enhance its antioxidant activity.

Nausea and vomiting are common symptoms experienced during early pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, and can adversely affect maternal comfort, nutritional intake, and overall well-being. In primary health care settings, these symptoms are often managed with pharmacological treatments; however, such approaches may raise concerns regarding safety, potential side effects, and accessibility for pregnant women. Therefore, there is increasing interest in non-pharmacological interventions that are safer and more practical. One alternative method is lemon aromatherapy (Citrus limon), which is believed to reduce nausea and vomiting by stimulating the olfactory system and promoting a relaxing effect. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of lemon aromatherapy in decreasing the frequency of nausea and vomiting among first-trimester pregnant women diagnosed with emesis gravidarum at the Rum Balibunga Community Health Center. The research applied a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest–posttest approach. A total of 30 pregnant women in their first trimester were selected through purposive sampling. The intervention involved inhalation of lemon aromatherapy over a specified duration. Data on the frequency of nausea and vomiting were collected before and after the intervention using a structured observation instrument. The data were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics, with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test employed to determine differences between pre- and post-intervention results. The findings revealed a significant reduction in nausea and vomiting frequency after the intervention. Overall, lemon aromatherapy proved to be an effective, safe, and practical non-pharmacological option to support antenatal care services.

Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication resulting from hyperglycemia, which triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to progressive structural and functional kidney damage. Orange peel and Aloe vera contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antifibrotic properties that may protect the kidneys from diabetes induced injury. Nanoemulsion delivery systems can enhance the bioavailability of these extracts in the body. This experimental study aimed to analyze the nephroprotective effects of orange peel and Aloe vera nanoemulsion in a diabetic nephropathy rat model, including glomerular morphology and kidney function. A post-test only control group design was used on Wistar rats divided into five groups: positive control, negative control, and three treatment groups receiving varying nanoemulsion doses. Glomerular structure was evaluated by assessing the number of glomeruli exhibiting synechiae and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to non-normal data distribution, yielding p=0.2387 (p>0.05), indicating no significant differences among groups. Urea levels were elevated above normal, whereas creatinine levels remained within normal limits. Although not statistically significant, the treatment groups demonstrated nephroprotective tendencies, shown by improvements in glomerular synechiae in the diabetic nephropathy model.

The growing demand for natural, sustainable personal care products has driven interest in perfumes formulated with plant-based essential oils and natural fixatives. This study aims to develop and evaluate base-note perfumes using essential oils extracted from three Indonesian aromatic leaves—lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus), basil (Ocimum basilicum), and kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix)—combined with jasmine (Jasminum sambac) oil as a fixative. Essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation, and three formulations were prepared, each containing a 30:70 blend of essential oil to ethanol. The perfumes underwent organoleptic testing by 15 trained panelists, along with evaluations of fragrance longevity (over 12 hours) and stain effects on paper substrates. Among the formulations, the blend of kaffir lime and jasmine (Formula 2) exhibited the highest average scores across sensory parameters, including fragrance intensity and freshness. It also retained a perceptible aroma for more than 12 hours and showed minimal staining. The results indicate that natural perfumes made with local essential oils and jasmine fixatives can meet consumer expectations for quality and performance. This study highlights the potential of Indonesian aromatic plants in sustainable perfumery and suggests avenues for future innovation in natural fragrance design.

Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is a citrus plant widely distributed in Southeast Asia including Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China. Its leaves are traditionally used as food flavoring and herbal medicine due to their distinctive aroma and therapeutic potential. This study was conducted to identify the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in kaffir lime leaves through qualitative phytochemical screening. Fresh leaves were extracted and tested using standard phytochemical methods with specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. The screening process was carried out through colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of specific metabolite groups. The results showed that kaffir lime leaves positively contain several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids (brownish-black precipitate with Bouchardat reagent), flavonoids (red color with Mg and concentrated HCl), saponins (stable foam formation after shaking with HCl), steroids (green color with acetic anhydride), terpenoids (reddish-purple color with concentrated H2SO4), and tannins (greenish-black color with FeCl3). The findings confirm that kaffir lime leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. These results support the traditional use of kaffir lime leaves as natural medicine and highlight their potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. This study provides preliminary scientific evidence and encourages more detailed quantitative and isolation studies on the active components of Citrus hystrix.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of Universitas Teuku Umar for the 2025/2026 academic year, conducted in Desa Pasi Janeng, Woyla Timur Subdistrict, West Aceh Regency, focuses on the innovative use of lime (Krut nipeh) as a raw material for the production of environmentally friendly dish soap. This local resource, which has traditionally been used for domestic purposes, has not been fully exploited as a source of economic value. The program follows the POAC methodology (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling), which encompasses community outreach, soap-making workshops, hands-on production practices, and sustainability evaluations. The outcomes of this initiative include the development of an eco-friendly dish soap product, enhanced technical skills among community members, and active participation from housewives and young mothers. In the medium term, the program has succeeded in raising entrepreneurial awareness within the community, with the expectation that it will foster the establishment of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) based on local resources, thus contributing to sustainable development. Furthermore, the program aligns with the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goals 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), making a meaningful contribution to community service in accordance with the Tri Dharma of Higher Education.

The Community Service Program (KKN) of Universitas Teuku Umar for the 2025/2026 academic year, conducted in Desa Pasi Janeng, Woyla Timur Subdistrict, West Aceh Regency, focuses on the innovative use of lime (Krut nipeh) as a raw material for the production of environmentally friendly dish soap. This local resource, which has traditionally been used for domestic purposes, has not been fully exploited as a source of economic value. The program follows the POAC methodology (Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling), which encompasses community outreach, soap-making workshops, hands-on production practices, and sustainability evaluations. The outcomes of this initiative include the development of an eco-friendly dish soap product, enhanced technical skills among community members, and active participation from housewives and young mothers. In the medium term, the program has succeeded in raising entrepreneurial awareness within the community, with the expectation that it will foster the establishment of micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) based on local resources, thus contributing to sustainable development. Furthermore, the program aligns with the achievement of several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly Goals 1 (No Poverty), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production), making a meaningful contribution to community service in accordance with the Tri Dharma of Higher Education.

This research aims to study and offer solutions to the problem of fruit flies that attack citrus plantations in Gadingkulon Village through the Integrated Pest Control (PHT) approach. Fruit fly attacks have caused significant losses to citrus farmers, so an effective and sustainable control strategy is needed. PHT is implemented by integrating mechanical methods in the form of garden sanitation and yellow trap installation, as well as renewable technology approaches to suppress the population and life cycle of fruit flies. This activity is carried out through the stages of socialization, training, and group discussion forums (FGD) which involve the active participation of farmers as subjects as well as agents of change. This participatory approach aims to improve farmers' understanding and skills in implementing PHT techniques independently and consistently. The results of the activity showed that the combination of mechanical and educational methods was able to significantly reduce the intensity of fruit fly attacks. In addition, the benefits of this program can be reviewed from the economic aspect, in the form of increasing crop yields and farmers' income, as well as the ecological aspect, in the form of reducing the use of chemical pesticides that have a negative impact on the environment. Thus, the implementation of PHT in Gadingkulon Village shows great potential to be replicated in other areas that face similar problems, in order to support sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural development.

The use of medicinal plants as herbal beverages has long been a part of Indonesian culture. However, the less preferred taste and aroma are obstacles to consumer acceptance. Cat's Whiskers leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus) are known to contain bioactive compounds that act as antioxidants, while Key Lime leaves (Citrus aurantifolia) have a fresh aroma and functional properties that can enhance flavor and health benefits. This study aims to evaluate the effect of adding Key Lime leaves (Citrus aurantifolia) on the chemical characteristics, sensory properties, and effectiveness of brewed Cat's Whiskers (Orthosiphon aristatus) leaf beverages.Five formulations with varying concentrations of Key Lime leaves (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) were tested based on the parameters of moisture content, ash content, pH, solubility, antioxidant activity, and organoleptic tests including color, aroma, taste, and texture. The results showed that the addition of Key Lime leaves significantly improved the chemical quality and sensory acceptability, with the best formulation obtained in treatment P4 (20% Key Lime leaves + 15g Cat's Whiskers), which provided an optimal balance between stability, nutritional content, and organoleptic quality. The addition of Key Lime leaves is recommended as an innovation in the development of functional herbal beverages based on Cat's Whiskers.

Skin that is prone to bacterial infections requires proper care using products containing antibacterial agents. One potential alternative is kaffir lime leaves (Citrus hystrix), which are known to contain antibacterial compounds. This study aimed to evaluate the formulation of liquid soap containing kaffir lime leaf extract and to determine the optimal concentration for inhibiting bacterial growth. An experimental laboratory design was applied, and the antibacterial effectiveness was tested using the disk diffusion method against two test bacteria, namely Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA, followed by Scheffe’s post-hoc test to identify significant differences among treatment groups. The results indicated that the liquid soap containing kaffir lime leaf extract exhibited good physical quality and met standard parameters, including organoleptic evaluation, pH, viscosity, and foam height tests. Antibacterial testing showed that the highest inhibition zone against Staphylococcus aureus was observed at a 15% concentration with a zone diameter of 18.28 mm (strong category), while the highest inhibition zone against Escherichia coli was also at a 15% concentration with a diameter of 19.03 mm (strong category). The One-Way ANOVA results showed a significance value (p < 0.05), indicating a statistically significant difference among treatments for both bacterial species. These findings suggest that liquid soap formulated with kaffir lime leaf extract, particularly at a 15% concentration, has strong antibacterial activity and potential as an effective skin care product. Further studies are recommended to evaluate safety, stability, and long-term effectiveness.

Bunga telang (Clitoria ternatea L.) also known as blue pea, is a distinctive flower with single petals, that come in purple, blue, pink, and whote color. This flower is widely used as a natural colorant due to its high anthocyanin content, lemon juice was added to butterfly pea flower to determine antioxidant activity based on the number of hydroxyl groups capable of donating hydrogen atoms to free radical compounds. The color change observed is influenced by the acidity level (pH) of the beverage. Lemon contains a high amount of citric acid, which can flower the pH of the butterfly peaextract solution.  The colot change from blue to purple, redpr even pink indicates reaction anthocyanins to pH changes. Antioxidant activity was teste using the DPPH ( 2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazil) method, which measueres the samples ability to scavenge free radical. The lower the IC 150 value obtained, the stronger the antioxidant capacity of the substance. The results showed that the water content in butterfly pea tea was 15,5% and total ash content in butterfly and total ash content was 8%. The IC 50 value obtained was 53,65 which is classified as very strong in antioxidant activity and shows great potential as a natural antioxidant source

Fever and cough are diseases that often attack humans. Fever and cough are early signs of infection of a disease that attacks the body. This qualitative study was initiated to identify the types of plants, organs used, and local wisdom inherent in the traditional medicine practices of the people of East Java Province in dealing with fever and cough. Data collection was carried out through literature survey methods and journal reviews. Data sourced from articles in the Google Scholar, Google, and ResearchGate databases were then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach.The results of the study showed that there were 9 species of plants used for fever and cough medicine, including turmeric (Curcuma domestica), lime (Citrus X aurantiifolia), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), starfruit (Averrhoa bilimbi L), kencur (Kaempferia galanga), mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia), katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr), tapakliman (Elephantopus scaber), lemongrass (Adropogon nardus). The plant has certain content that can cure fever and cough. Fruit, leaves, rhizomes, and roots are parts of the plant organs that are often used by the community.

Emesis gravidarum, characterized by nausea and vomiting during the first trimester of pregnancy, affects up to 80% of pregnant women. Although typically considered a normal physiological condition, persistent symptoms can significantly impact daily activities, nutritional intake, and quality of life. Concerns over fetal safety with pharmacological treatments have led to the exploration of non-pharmacological interventions, such as aromatherapy. Lemon (Citrus limon) aromatherapy, which contains limonene, is believed to reduce nausea by stimulating the limbic system through olfactory pathways. This observational study, conducted at Manembo-nembo Hospital in Bitung City in 2025, involved 30 first-trimester pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. The severity of emesis gravidarum was assessed using the Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis and Nausea (PUQE) questionnaire before and after lemon aromatherapy. Results showed that most participants were aged 20–35 years (73.33%) and in the early first trimester (≤10 weeks). After lemon aromatherapy, the severity of nausea and vomiting decreased, with most participants shifting from moderate or severe to mild symptoms. Statistical analysis revealed a moderate negative correlation between lemon aromatherapy and the severity of emesis gravidarum (r = −0.586; p = 0.001). In conclusion, lemon aromatherapy was significantly associated with a reduction in nausea and vomiting severity in early pregnancy. This intervention offers a safe, simple, and complementary option in antenatal care to enhance maternal comfort during the first trimester.

Fermentation is one of the traditional food processing techniques that not only functions as a preservation method, but also plays a role in improving the nutritional quality and safety of food. One example of a typical Indonesian fermented food that has survived from generation to generation is naniura, a traditional dish of the Batak Toba people made from carp (Cyprinus carpio) which is processed without a cooking process. The fermentation process in naniura is carried out spontaneously by soaking in a solution of citrus (Citrus Sp.) and a mixture of local spices, thus creating an acidic environment that supports the growth of fermentative microorganisms, especially lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify LAB from naniura, as well as to carry out morphological characteristics, Gram staining, and sensitivity tests to several commonly used antibiotics. Isolation was carried out using MRS media in anaerobic conditions, while sensitivity tests were carried out using the disc diffusion method. The results showed that isolates from naniura had Gram-positive characteristics, rod-shaped, catalase negative, and showed varying inhibition zones against antibiotics. Some isolates showed resistance to amoxicillin and cefataxim, but were sensitive to erythromycin and gentamicin. These results indicate that LAB from naniura has potential as a probiotic candidate, but it is necessary to monitor the possibility of antibiotic resistance gene transfer.  

Breast milk (BM) is the optimal source of nutrition for newborns up to six months old, providing essential antibodies, complete nutrition, and easier digestion compared to formula milk. Exclusive breastfeeding is crucial for infant health, and efforts to support lactation include consuming a balanced and nutritious diet. This study aimed to examine the effect of papaya and watermelon consumption on breast milk expression in nursing mothers. The research utilized a true experimental design with a two-group post-test approach, conducted over five consecutive days. The intervention involved consuming 400 grams of cut papaya and 300 grams of watermelon daily. The study population consisted of postpartum mothers with infants aged 0–6 months, and the sampling technique used was probability sampling, resulting in a total of 42 respondents. Participants were divided into two groups: 21 in the control group and 21 in the intervention group. The Wilcoxon test was applied for statistical analysis. The findings revealed that papaya consumption significantly affected breast milk expression, with a p-value of 0.046 (<0.05), accepting the alternative hypothesis (Ha). This result indicated that papaya intervention increased breast milk expression by 2,000 times. Similarly, the watermelon intervention showed a significant effect, with a p-value of 0.02 (<0.05), also leading to the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis (Ha). The analysis suggested that watermelon consumption improved breast milk expression in nursing mothers by 3.162 times. These findings highlight the potential benefits of consuming papaya and watermelon in enhancing lactation, providing valuable insights for nursing mothers and healthcare professionals in supporting breastfeeding practices.

Lower back pain in pregnant women is caused by hormonal changes that loosen joints in the back of the pelvis, a lack of muscle in the abdomen, and reduced blood flow. Prenatal exercise in conjunction with citrus aromatherapy is a non-pharmacological treatment option for pregnant women to alleviate back pain. Objective: This research determined whether providing pregnancy exercises combined with citrus aromatherapy at Indri Sujarwo Midwifery Clinician Demak could relieve back pain in pregnant women. Method: This quantitative research applied a quasi-experimental design, utilizing a pretest and posttest framework. This study involved 44 respondents, who were pregnant women in their second and third trimesters and collected data through purposive sampling. The observation sheet and the NRS checklist served as the measuring instruments. Results: This study showed a p-value of 0.000 (<0.05). The study's findings denied Ho and accepted Ha, indicating the capability of pregnancy exercise and citrus aromatherapy to relieve back pain in pregnant women in their second and third trimesters. Conclusion: Pregnancy exercise, combined with citrus aromatherapy, has effects, four times higher, on relieving back pain for pregnant women, making this combination a viable alternative for pregnant women experiencing lower back painleaves (Piper ornatum) against vaginal discharge.

Eco-enzymes are liquid products resulting from the fermentation of organic wastes such as fruit and vegetable wastes, sugar, and water. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential of eco-enzymes as liquid organic fertilizers using organic waste from orange and pineapple peels. In the experimental design, he used a completely randomized design with three replicates of three organic waste compositions. The treatments used are pineapple peel, orange peel, and a mixture of pineapple and orange peel. Ecoenzyme is prepared by mixing organic waste with water and molasses in a ratio of 10: 3: 1 and fermenting it for 30, 60 and 90 days. The results showed that the composition of pineapple and orange peel produced an eco-enzyme solution with the highest nitrogen content, highest amylase enzyme activity, and highest acidic pH. The color of eco-enzyme varies from light brown to dark brown, and the resulting sour aroma indicates that the fermentation process is progressing smoothly.

Vegetative propagation is a crucial technique in horticultural cultivation aimed at improving plant quality and productivity. This study explores budding in citrus (Citrus spp.) and grafting in avocado (Persea americana Mill.) as methods of plant propagation. Budding involves attaching buds from superior varieties to compatible rootstocks, whereas grafting unites scions and rootstocks to obtain desirable traits. The research was conducted at the Horticulture Seed Center, observing the growth and success of plant unions. The results demonstrate that both techniques effectively enhance plant quality, with budding showing faster results in citrus and grafting improving avocado resilience to environmental conditions. This study provides guidance for farmers to select optimal propagation methods tailored to their plants' specific needs.

Escherichia coli is a bacterium that typically resides as a normal flora in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. However, certain strains of E. coli can cause infections in humans. Therefore, antibiotics are needed to inhibit the growth of these infection-causing bacteria. The increasing cases of antibiotic resistance in E. coli necessitate alternative therapies, including the use of natural substances. In West Kalimantan, one potential source is the Pontianak Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa). This plant contains secondary metabolites that can be used for medicinal purposes, such as the juice extract. The compounds within these secondary metabolites possess antimicrobial properties that could be used as antibacterials. To determine the antibacterial potential of Pontianak Orange juice (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) against Escherichia coli. This study utilized an experimental design featuring a post-test only group design. Phytochemical analysis indicated that Pontianak Orange juice (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) contains phenolics (+), alkaloids (+), and terpenoids (++). Antibacterial activity testing at all concentrations (25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) showed no inhibition zones. The juice of Pontianak Orange (Citrus nobilis var. microcarpa) did not show antibacterial effects against the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria.

Background: Menstrual pain in the world is very high, 50% of women worldwide, Bulgaria 8.8%, Finland 94% while Indonesia 64.25%. Menstrual pain causes short and long term adverse effects including interference with daily activities and even an increase in absenteeism at the campus, long-term effects cause tissue growth outside the uterus. Menstrual pain can be treated with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. One of the non-pharmacological therapies is inhaling lemon aromatherapy. Limeone contains lots of vitamin C which will control prostaglandins and reduce pain. Objective: To describe the results before and after the application of lemon aromatherapy on reducing menstrual pain. Methods: Case study with descriptive design on 2 respondents who were given lemon aromatherapy for 15 minutes twice a day for 2 days, and measured using Numeric Rating Scale. Results: After lemon aromatherapy was performed on both respondents with menstrual pain, it showed a decrease in the pain scale from moderate pain to mild pain. Conclusion: The application of lemon aromatherapy can reduce menstrual pain in female students from moderate to mild