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This study examines the effectiveness of national legislative strategies in promoting corporate accountability for industrial pollution and social justice violations. It analyzes a comparative legal framework, focusing on laws, enforcement mechanisms, and corporate liability regimes in countries such as France, Germany, Norway, China, and Australia. The research evaluates how mandatory due diligence laws, judicial measures, and transparency mechanisms help hold corporations accountable for environmental impacts. It compares voluntary compliance models with mandatory legal frameworks, noting the limitations of voluntary agreements in driving substantial environmental changes. Findings show that countries with strong legal frameworks, like the EU and Australia, achieve higher corporate compliance and environmental performance, while voluntary measures struggle to produce meaningful results. The study emphasizes the need for stronger enforcement, higher penalties for violations, and enhanced public transparency. Additionally, it explores integrating environmental justice considerations, such as community participation and fair compensation, into national strategies. The study offers policy recommendations for improving corporate responsibility through better legislation, harmonizing laws across jurisdictions, and fostering collaboration among governments, corporations, and civil society. It also suggests future research directions, including examining the long-term impacts of environmental justice policies in different global contexts.

Software development effort estimation is crucial as it is one of the key factors for successful software development. This research employs Random Forest to estimate software development effort. To achieve better results, the study combines the Random Forest method with Genetic Algorithm. The results show that the China dataset provides more accurate estimation compared to the Desharnais dataset, because the China dataset uses relevant feature selection for estimation.

Green innovation has become a crucial approach to addressing sustainability challenges within global economic and environmental contexts. This study maps the development of green innovation research through a bibliometric analysis using data from the Scopus database covering the period 2021–2024. Bibliometric techniques were applied with VOSviewer and R Studio to examine publication trends, citation patterns, author collaboration, and keyword networks. The results show a significant growth of publications in the last five years, with major themes focusing on sustainable development, environmental technology, and economic implications of green innovation, while leading contributions come from China. Influential journals in innovation and environmental management are identified as key publication outlets, and keyword analysis reveals the integration of green innovation into sustainability strategies and economic policy discussions. This study contributes to a clearer understanding of the intellectual structure and emerging directions of green innovation research, offering insights for scholars, business practitioners, and policymakers in advancing sustainable innovation practices.

Financial inclusion has become a key driver in promoting sustainable development, especially in the era of Industry 4.0, which is characterized by rapid digitalization, technological innovation, and the transformation of financial services. Although academic interest in this topic continues to grow, research in this field has not been systematically mapped, resulting in limited understanding of global trends and thematic evolution. This study uses bibliometric analysis (BA) to explore developments, intellectual structures, and key research focuses in financial inclusion research. Data were collected from the Scopus database for the period 2015–2025, using keywords related to financial inclusion, thus ensuring a comprehensive dataset for analysis. Bibliometric methods were applied using analytical tools such as VOSviewer and R Studio to support the assessment. The results of the analysis show a consistent increase in the number of publications over the last decade, reflecting growing academic attention. The main contributions came from India, China, and the United States, with increasing participation from universities in Africa and Southeast Asia through international collaboration. The main research focus has shifted from microfinance and poverty alleviation to more digital-oriented themes, including fintech, digital finance, blockchain, and green finance. This study contributes by mapping the structure and trends of financial inclusion research and providing insights for policymakers and academics in developing inclusive financial systems that support national strategies such as the SNKI, MSME digitalization, and financial literacy programs in Indonesia to achieve sustainable development goals.

Digital entrepreneurship has become a transformative phenomenon in the modern economy, changing the way businesses are developed and run through digital technology. Although the literature on digital entrepreneurship is growing rapidly, comprehensive mapping of the evolution of knowledge and research patterns is still limited. This study analysis the development of digital entrepreneurship in academic literature through bibliometric analysis of the Scopus database to identify research trends, knowledge structures, and future directions. The analysis was conducted on 1,815 publications from 681 sources (1988-2025) written by 8,023 researchers, using R Studio (bibliometrix) and VOSviewer. The results show exponential growth with an annual growth rate of 17.22%, as well as five main theme clusters: digital business models, digital innovation, social entrepreneurship, e-commerce, and fintech. Thematic evolution shifted from traditional entrepreneurship (1988–2010) to digital transformation (2011-2018) to new technology integration (2019-2025). The level of international collaboration reached 26.39%, with the United States, China, and the United Kingdom as the main contributors. These findings provide a research roadmap for identifying research gaps, collaboration opportunities, and trending topics in digital entrepreneurship.

This article examines the evolution of the concept of femininity in East Asian makeup culture by tracing changes in style, function, and social meaning from traditional periods to the modern era. The study focuses on makeup practices in China, Japan, and Korea, which possess distinct cultural and historical backgrounds yet similarly demonstrate dynamic developments of femininity through visual expression. The research employs a literature review using a qualitative approach, complemented by an analysis of beauty trends emerging in each country. The findings indicate that facial makeup functions not merely as an aesthetic practice but also as a medium for representing personal identity, social status, gender roles, and prevailing cultural values within society. The transformation of makeup practices is influenced by various factors, including local traditional heritage, processes of modernization, changes in women’s roles, and globalization, which introduces new beauty standards. Nevertheless, traditional elements continue to be preserved and adapted, forming distinctive regional characteristics. Overall, this study emphasizes that the concept of femininity in East Asian makeup culture is dynamic and contextual, continually adapting to social change while remaining deeply rooted in longstanding cultural values.

This article explores the significance of ontological security in shaping Indonesia’s foreign policy formulation. Moving beyond material conceptions of security focused on military, economic, and territorial dimensions it argues that Indonesia’s foreign behavior is deeply influenced by the need to maintain a stable sense of national identity and historical continuity. As the world’s largest Muslim-majority democracy and a leading Southeast Asian nation, Indonesia consistently projects itself through identity-based narratives rooted in anti-colonialism and the “free and active” foreign policy doctrine. Its unwavering support for Palestinian independence, participation in the Non-Aligned Movement, and regional leadership in ASEAN illustrate how ontological security underpins diplomatic consistency and domestic legitimacy. However, the same identity-driven approach can also create friction between ideological commitments and pragmatic interests, particularly in managing relations with major powers such as China and the United States. The study concludes that while ontological security provides coherence and credibility, it also demands adaptive strategies. It recommends identity-sensitive diplomacy, coherent narrative management, strategic flexibility, and inclusive public engagement to ensure that Indonesia’s foreign policy remains balanced between identity preservation and practical global engagement.

The development of the digital economy has driven major changes in consumer behavior, from traditional transactions to online interactions. These changes present both challenges and opportunities for businesses, particularly in the e-commerce sector, where consumer trust, data privacy, and digital technology adoption are important factors in decision-making. This study aims to map global trends in online consumer behavior research in the context of the digital economy using bibliometric analysis. Data was collected from the Scopus database using the keyword “online consumer behavior” for the period 2020-2025. The dataset was exported in CSV format and analyzed using VOSviewer and R Studio (Biblioshiny). The analysis included annual publication trends, identification of authors, journals, countries, as well as keyword mapping and citation networks. The results show a significant increase in publications after 2020, with China, the United States, and India as the main contributors. Keyword mapping reveals four research clusters: consumer trust and data privacy, e-commerce and digital platform adoption, consumer experience and personalization, and social commerce and social media influence. These findings confirm a growing research focus on issues of digital trust and opportunities for utilizing new technologies such as artificial intelligence and social media. This study provides a comprehensive overview of global trends in online consumer behavior and an important contribution to academics, practitioners, and policymakers.

This study examines the role of BRICS—an intergovernmental organization consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa—in fostering global cooperation and contributing to world economic stability. BRICS was founded as a strategic response to the dominance of Western financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, which have long been criticized for their unequal representation and decision-making processes favoring developed economies. In this context, BRICS provides an alternative financial architecture through the creation of the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA), both of which serve as instruments to support development financing and ensure financial security for its members. Grounded in the frameworks of constructivism and soft power diplomacy, BRICS emphasizes the principles of equality, mutual respect, sustainable development, and South-South cooperation. These values are reflected in its policies and initiatives that prioritize inclusivity, fair participation, and collective growth, especially for developing nations often marginalized in the global economic order. By representing more than 40% of the world’s population and contributing approximately 23% of global GDP, BRICS demonstrates its capacity to shape the international system and establish a more balanced distribution of power and resources. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach based on secondary data, which is analyzed narratively to highlight the evolving dynamics of BRICS within the global economy. The findings indicate that BRICS has significant potential to challenge Western economic hegemony, enhance economic solidarity among emerging markets, and provide developing countries with greater opportunities for growth and cooperation. Ultimately, BRICS emerges not only as a counterweight to established global institutions but also as a transformative actor capable of reshaping the trajectory of international economic governance in the future.

Citrus hystrix DC., commonly known as kaffir lime, is a citrus plant widely distributed in Southeast Asia including Indonesia, Thailand, India, and China. Its leaves are traditionally used as food flavoring and herbal medicine due to their distinctive aroma and therapeutic potential. This study was conducted to identify the presence of secondary metabolite compounds in kaffir lime leaves through qualitative phytochemical screening. Fresh leaves were extracted and tested using standard phytochemical methods with specific reagents to detect alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, saponins, steroids, and terpenoids. The screening process was carried out through colorimetric reactions that indicate the presence of specific metabolite groups. The results showed that kaffir lime leaves positively contain several classes of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids (brownish-black precipitate with Bouchardat reagent), flavonoids (red color with Mg and concentrated HCl), saponins (stable foam formation after shaking with HCl), steroids (green color with acetic anhydride), terpenoids (reddish-purple color with concentrated H2SO4), and tannins (greenish-black color with FeCl3). The findings confirm that kaffir lime leaves are rich in bioactive compounds that may contribute to pharmacological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and therapeutic properties. These results support the traditional use of kaffir lime leaves as natural medicine and highlight their potential as a source of natural bioactive compounds for further pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development. This study provides preliminary scientific evidence and encourages more detailed quantitative and isolation studies on the active components of Citrus hystrix.

The emergence of various commonwealths, alliances, and other forms of inter-state organizations has significantly influenced the course of existing international cooperation. Cooperation between countries serves not only as a platform for strengthening political and social relations but also as a key element in meeting domestic needs that cannot be met independently through a country's self-help programs. Therefore, international cooperation is an aspect that is continuously maintained and strengthened by countries worldwide. Historically, cooperative relations between countries have generally developed as a result of the increasing ties that have existed over time. This dynamic involves various sectors, including economics, trade, and investment, further demonstrating the crucial role of international relations in a country's progress. Countries involved in this cooperation benefit each other, both in meeting domestic needs and in increasing their economic capacity through innovation and collaboration. The data sources for this study were obtained from documents obtained through internet media, which were then processed and analyzed to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of international cooperation. This study uses a quantitative approach, focusing on the analysis of investment flows into the country. Increased investment flows will drive higher growth in goods production, which in turn will strengthen trade activities, including exports to destination countries such as China. Furthermore, increased investment also contributes to the growth of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in developing countries. This GDP increase will positively impact Indonesia's trade balance, particularly with China, one of its major trading partners in the Asian region.

This article examines the economic defense reforms implemented by China under Xi Jinping's leadership through a literature review. This research aims to examine the key strategies employed by the Chinese government to strengthen its economic resilience amidst global pressures, such as the trade war with the United States, the COVID-19 pandemic, and escalating geopolitical rivalries. The findings indicate that Xi Jinping prioritizes a dual-circulation strategy, namely strengthening domestic consumption while maintaining connectivity with international markets, as a crucial step in addressing global uncertainty. Furthermore, the Made in China 2025 policy serves as a key pillar for promoting technological independence, reducing dependence on imports, and enhancing the competitiveness of domestic industries in strategic sectors such as information technology, renewable energy, and artificial intelligence. Furthermore, through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China seeks to expand its economic influence globally, open new markets, and transfer excess domestic industrial capacity to partner countries. These reforms are not solely oriented toward economic aspects but are also closely linked to political and national security interests. This strategy demonstrates China's systematic efforts to build economic resilience integrated with geopolitical interests, using the economy as an instrument of both soft and hard power. This study demonstrates that Xi Jinping's economic defense reforms are not merely a short-term response to the global crisis, but rather part of a long-term vision to establish China as a dominant global power. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding China's economic strategy holistically, as these reforms, in addition to significantly influencing domestic dynamics, also have significant implications for the future global economic and political order.

International trade plays a vital role in strengthening Indonesia’s economic growth, particularly through the export of fishery products which are among the country’s leading commodities. Fresh fish exports are highly influenced by external demand factors in destination countries as well as Indonesia’s own production capacity. This study aims to analyze the determinants affecting Indonesia’s fresh fish exports to its main trading partners, namely China, Japan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Malaysia, over the period 2012–2023. The research utilizes secondary data sourced from the World Bank and the Central Statistics Agency (BPS). Several independent variables are considered, including the fish production levels in the importing country, the real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the importing country, and the total population of the importing country. Panel data analysis was employed to capture the variations across time and countries, with the Random Effect Model (REM) chosen based on the results of the model specification tests. The findings of the analysis indicate that fish production in the importing country exerts a negative and statistically significant effect on Indonesia’s fresh fish exports, suggesting that higher domestic fish production in these countries reduces the need for imports. Conversely, the real GDP per capita of the importing country and its population size were found to have positive and significant impacts on Indonesia’s export volumes. These results highlight that wealthier and more populous nations demonstrate stronger demand for imported fresh fish, including from Indonesia. The implications of this study underscore the importance for Indonesia to continuously improve the quality, safety, and competitiveness of its fresh fish products while also adopting effective marketing and trade strategies targeting countries with high purchasing power and large consumer bases.

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is a disease that attacks the respiratory system and is classified as an infectious disease. This disease can be caused by various types of microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, or fungi, but most cases of ARI are caused by viral infections. ARI includes conditions such as the common cold, bronchitis, pharyngitis, and pneumonia. In developing countries, ARI is a leading cause of death, especially in children under the age of five. Lack of access to health services, poor sanitation, and malnutrition are factors that contribute to this condition. Therefore, efforts to prevent and treat ARI are crucial, both through conventional and alternative medicine. One herbal plant that has long been used in complementary therapy for ARI is Echinacea, which comes from the flowering plant Echinacea purpurea and is native to the United States. Echinacea is believed to have immunostimulant properties, meaning it can stimulate the immune system, thereby helping to prevent and accelerate the healing of upper respiratory tract infections. Several studies have shown that the use of Echinacea can reduce the duration and severity of ARI symptoms, as well as reduce the risk of recurrent infections. However, research findings on the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea continue to show significant variation. Some clinical trials report significant benefits, while others find no significant effect compared to placebo. Therefore, a systematic review aims to gather the latest evidence regarding the effectiveness and safety of Echinacea in the treatment and prevention of acute respiratory infections (ARI). This approach is expected to yield stronger and more reliable conclusions to support the use of Echinacea as a safe and effective alternative therapy.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has transformed the landscape of marketing, with social media platforms emerging as powerful tools for influencing consumer behavior. This study aims to examine the impact of social media engagement, content quality, and social proof on the purchasing behavior of consumers in the catering services industry in Sichuan, China. Recognizing the dynamic nature of the digital marketplace, the research adopts a quantitative approach, utilizing a structured survey to gather data from 390 participants who are active users of social media and potential consumers of catering services. Statistical analysis reveals a significant and positive correlation between all three independent variables—social media engagement, content quality, and social proof—and consumers’ likelihood to purchase catering services. Specifically, higher levels of engagement, such as

This study explores the influence of live streaming mode on the purchase intention of tropical fruits among consumers in Henan, China, in the context of the rapid growth of e-commerce. Live streaming has emerged as a dynamic and interactive platform that enables real-time engagement between sellers and buyers, offering visual product demonstrations and instant feedback opportunities. The research focuses on three critical factors affecting purchase intention: perceived trust, perceived value, and perceived risk. A quantitative research design was employed, collecting data from 392 participants through structured questionnaires. The analysis indicates that interactive communication, transparent information sharing, and authentic presentations during live streaming significantly enhance perceived trust and perceived value. Higher perceived trust fosters a stronger sense of reliability toward sellers, while increased perceived value motivates consumers by highlighting product quality, freshness, and fair pricing. Furthermore, effective live streaming strategies can substantially reduce perceived risks related to product authenticity, quality uncertainty, and transaction security, creating a more favorable purchase environment. The results suggest that the integration of engaging storytelling, professional product showcasing, and active audience interaction serves as a catalyst for influencing consumer attitudes and behaviors toward purchasing tropical fruits. This study enriches the existing literature on live streaming commerce by highlighting its psychological and behavioral impacts on consumer decision-making. In practical terms, the findings offer actionable insights for marketers and fruit sellers, emphasizing the importance of building trust, delivering genuine product experiences, and minimizing risks to maximize purchase intentions. These strategies are particularly relevant for agricultural e-commerce in Henan, where live streaming can bridge the gap between rural producers and urban consumers. Overall, this research provides both theoretical contributions to the study of digital co sumer behavior and practical guidance for optimizing live streaming as a competitive marketing tool in the fresh produce industry.

The global economic crisis has prompted developing countries, including the BRICS group (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), to strengthen cooperation in creating a multipolar economic order as a form of resistance to Western domination. Mass media plays a crucial role in framing this dynamic. This study aims to examine how The Jakarta Post constructs the BRICS narrative through three main dimensions in Vincent Mosco's Political Economy of Communication theory: commodification, spatialization, and structuring. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques in the form of documentation and analysis of news published in The Jakarta Post between June 18, 2024, and January 31, 2025. Data were categorized based on the type of information and main themes, then analyzed using Mosco's theoretical concepts. The results show that the commodification process occurs when geopolitical issues, such as Indonesia's opportunity to join BRICS, are transformed into media commodities appealing to elite readers and strategic economic actors. This practice also involves the contribution of experts, but often without equitable compensation. Spatialization is reflected in the real-time distribution of digital content that transcends geographical and temporal boundaries, strengthening the penetration of BRICS discourse into the international public sphere. Structuralization emerges in the narrative of building a new world order through BRICS agendas such as dedollarization, technological integration, and alternative payment systems, although it remains overshadowed by the dominance of Western financial institutions. Thus, media coverage not only represents geopolitical dynamics but also transforms strategic issues into information products with economic value, while revealing the tension between the aspirations of developing countries and established global hegemony.

This research aims to examine the impact of renewable energy policies on sustainable economic growth in four emerging countries: China, India, Brazil, and Mexico. The importance of the study comes in light of the global shift towards clean energy, and the efforts of developing countries to achieve a balance between the requirements of economic development and environmental commitments. The study relies on a descriptive analytical approach supported by a comparative method, where the policies adopted in each country are analyzed and compared with the indicators of economic performance and environmental sustainability during the period (2015-2024). The study is based on official data from international institutions such as the World Bank and the International Energy Agency. The results indicate a positive correlation between the intensity of the implementation of renewable energy policies and the achievement of sustainable economic growth, especially in countries that have provided a supportive legislative and institutional environment for investment in this sector. National experiences have also shown varying levels of impact, with China and Brazil recording more stable results thanks to the clarity and continuity of their strategies. The research endorses that renewable energy policies must be integrated with industrial growth, education and technology rules to expand their impact and achieve a more sustainable economic change in emerging countries.

Natuna waters are the most vulnerable area to illegal fishing because there is abundant potential for fishery resources. It was recorded that from May to December 2016, there were 280 foreign vessels in Natuna waters, which resulted in economic losses of 2.98 trillion Rupiah. This study aims to examine and assess the policies and actions that the Indonesian government has implemented in overcoming illegal fishing activities in the area. The results of this study are that the Natuna Waters Area is part of the Indonesian Archipelago Sea Lane (ALKI) and functions as a global waterway. The Natuna Waters Area borders with neighboring countries and is connected to open waters, making it vulnerable to illegal fishing activities. The Indonesian government's strategy in dealing with cases of unlawful fishing in Natuna waters effectively increases the protection of state sovereignty and marine resources through policies such as sinking ships and maritime diplomacy. However, this implementation policy overcomes obstacles in the form of intimidation from other countries, such as China, and weaknesses in supervision and coordination between domestic institutions, which can affect microorganisms in fisheries management and maritime security in the area.

The North Natuna Sea is an area of strategic importance to Indonesia, both in terms of national security and economy. Legally, this area is part of Indonesia’s Exclusive Zone (EEZ), but China’s unilateral claim to most of this area through the nine-dash line has created tension in the region. Indonesia faces a major challenge to safeguard the sovereignity of this region by using various strategies, one of which is defense diplomacy. This article aims to explore how Indonesia utilizes defense diplomacy in maintaining stability in the Natuna Sea, as well as to analyze the challenges faced and the effectiveness of this approach. The results show that Indonesia’s defense diplomacy can maintain stability, but is still plagued by a number of challenges, including limited resources and the influence of major powers such as China.