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The use of natural gas to replace liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is a strategic step to reduce dependence on imported energy and support a sustainable energy transition. The purpose of this study is to analyze the possibilities, challenges, and impacts of using natural gas as a source of household energy in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative approach that collects primary data through questionnaires and interviews with household users and secondary data from related magazines. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia has great potential in meeting energy needs because it is rich in natural gas reserves. From an economic perspective, the use of natural gas is cheaper than liquefied gas, especially in the long term. However, the main challenges are limited distribution infrastructure, lack of public awareness of the benefits of natural gas, and the need for regulations to support the implementation of this energy transition. The results are positive impacts such as reduced CO2 emissions, increased energy efficiency and savings in foreign exchange. In summary, the use of natural gas as a substitute for LPG is feasible, but requires strategic steps such as expanding natural gas infrastructure, educating the public, and strengthening the regulatory framework. This study recommends that the government, energy companies, and the community work together to ensure an effective and sustainable energy transition.

In  recent  years,  air  quality  has  become  an  increasingly  important  issue  in  various  cities  around  the  world.  Real-time  air  quality  monitoring  is  essential  for  identifying  pollution  problems  and  taking  appropriate  actions.  This  article  discusses  the  design  of  an  Internet  of  Things  (IoT)-based  air  quality  monitoring  system  using  the  prototype  method.  The  system  is  designed  to  monitor  air  quality  parameters  such  as  PM2.5,  PM10,  CO2,  and  temperature  in  real-time  and  present  the  data  to  users  through  a  web-based  application.

Public Green Open Space (RTH) is an essential element in urban spatial planning to support environmental sustainability. Through the process of photosynthesis, RTH helps absorb carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced by human activities, such as transportation and industry, thus contributing to climate change mitigation. This study aims to explore the role of RTH in absorbing CO₂ and the challenges faced in its management. The study was conducted using a systematic approach through literature analysis and case studies in several cities in Indonesia and around the world. The research results indicate that vegetation type, area size, and environmental conditions are the main factors affecting the carbon absorption capacity of RTH. Large trees have a significantly higher capacity to absorb CO₂ compared to shrubs and grass, with the ability to absorb up to 250.63 tons of CO₂ per year per tree. However, challenges such as limited RTH area, urbanization pressure, and lack of public awareness remain obstacles to optimal RTH management. The recommendations of this study include increasing the area and quality of RTH through data-based strategies, community participation in management, and the development of policies that support sustainability. With proper management, RTH can function as a climate change mitigation tool while improving the quality of life for urban communities.  

The construction industry is one of the sectors that has a significant impact on environmental damage due to high energy consumption, exploitation of natural resources, and carbon emissions. In response to these challenges, this study aims to analyze the potential for implementing sustainable construction materials to support the development of green infrastructure. Using qualitative methods through literature studies, documentation, observation, and in-depth interviews, this study evaluates the advantages, challenges, and economic and environmental impacts of various innovative materials, such as foam glass, green wall systems, bamboo composites, eco-cement, and mycelium-based blocks. The results show that these materials are able to reduce carbon emissions, increase building energy efficiency, and offer long-term cost savings. Mycelium-based blocks, in particular, are recorded as the most effective material in reducing construction costs by up to 25% and CO₂ emissions by 250 kg per project. However, the implementation of sustainable materials in Indonesia still faces obstacles such as cost, material availability, and technical regulations. Therefore, synergy is needed between the government, academics, and industry in encouraging research, preparing technical standards, and public awareness campaigns to expand the adoption of environmentally friendly materials in the national construction sector.

The increase in population in Boyolali Regency, which reached 1,090,131 people in 2023, has a significant impact on environmental quality, especially air quality. This study aims to calculate the oxygen produced by Sonokridanggo Urban Forest, covering an area of 2,500 m², which functions as a green open space (RTH). The methods used include measuring tree trunk diameter using the diameter breast height (dbh) method and calculating biomass and stored carbon using the allometric formula. The results showed that Ketapang (Pterocarpus indicus) species had the highest carbon storage ability, which was 16,159.67 kg, and absorbed 59,252.13 kg CO₂ equivalent, making it the main contributor to oxygen production. Overall, Sonokridanggo Urban Forest produces 401,699.18 kg of oxygen per year, enough to meet the oxygen needs of 1,274 people. Among the existing tree species, Ketapang is the largest oxygen producer with a contribution of 158,005.69 kg per year. With a contribution of about 0.11% of the total oxygen demand of Boyolali residents.

Oxygen breaks down chemicals in water into simpler parts. As a result of oxygen's ability to oxidize with pollutants, such as organic components, the pollutants are not harmful. Environmental pollution, also known as pollution, is when living things, energy substances, and/or other elements enter the environment, or when the environmental order is changed by human activities or by natural processes so that the quality of the environment decreases to a certain level that causes the environment to be less or unable to function according to its function (Basic Law on Environmental Management No. 4 of 1982). Environmental pollution events are called pollution. Pollutants are substances or materials that have the ability to pollute the environment. When a substance meets the requirements to be a pollutant, it is called a pollutant. For illustration, the level of carbon dioxide in the air of 0.033% is beneficial to plants, but higher levels can cause damage. When air quality exceeds the set standard quality values, namely emission and ambient air quality, it is called "polluted air". If the air quality worsens due to activities, but is still below the quality standard, then "Air is not polluted, only a decrease in air quality". The air quality standard limits the levels of CO2 and CO gases, as well as the boezem itself, which produces an unpleasant odor in the environment. This odor comes from the boezem itself, where there is a lot of garbage, perhaps most of it from the domestic waste of the surrounding residents. The health of AAL personnel is not affected by the presence of the Morokrembangan Boezem. The results of measurements carried out on November 8, 2019 at 08:55, with the AAL position at 7 ° 3'38.40 "E 112 ° 42'51.91, showed that there were several variables that exceeded the quality standard which would certainly have a negative impact on the environment, such as the content of sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and ammonia which are still on the threshold.

Rapid urbanization in major cities has led to the decreasing availability of green spaces, exacerbating urban challenges such as the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect, high energy consumption in buildings, and air pollution. In response, green architecture innovations like green roofs and vertical farming present opportunities for reducing carbon footprints and improving urban sustainability. This study explores the potential for life-cycle carbon footprint reduction through the integration of green roofs and vertical farming systems in high-rise buildings, focusing on energy savings, environmental impact, and air quality improvements. Using Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, the research evaluates carbon emissions reduction, operational energy savings, and ecosystem benefits from different building scenarios. Simulation models were developed for conventional high-rise buildings and those incorporating green roofs and vertical farming. EnergyPlus, SketchUp, and SimaPro software were used for energy consumption calculations and carbon emissions modeling. The study analyzes various intervention scenarios-baseline (no vegetation), green roof only, vertical farming only, and a combined system-based on tropical climate data from cities like Jakarta, Surabaya, and Kuala Lumpur. Results reveal that the integration of both green technologies significantly reduces cooling demand, lowers CO₂ emissions, and improves urban microclimates by reducing surface temperatures and enhancing air quality. Policy recommendations and guidelines for adopting green construction practices in tropical regions are provided, alongside suggestions for future research on optimizing these technologies, conducting economic modeling, and evaluating multi-building approaches at a district scale.

Developing and developed countries rely heavily on the use of electrical energy to carry out social and economic activities. The purpose of this study is to analyze economic growth and its influencing factors in the period 2004-2023. This research uses time series data. The data method used is the VECM model. The results of this study indicate that there is a one-way causality relationship between variables. In the short term only CO2 emission variables affect economic growth, while in the long term all variables such as electricity and population can affect economic growth.

Water quality plays an important role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems, including the abundance and diversity of plankton. This study aims to analyze the effect of various water quality parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), carbon dioxide (CO2) levels, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, brightness, and turbidity on plankton diversity in Bozem. Data were obtained from eight observation stations with water quality parameter measurements and plankton sampling. The results showed that the water quality in Bozem was not optimal, with low DO values ​​(1.79 mg/L), high water temperatures (average 31.05°C), and low brightness (0.30 m), which contributed to the decline in plankton abundance. A total of 39 plankton genera were identified, with Synedra as the most dominant genus. Poor water quality inhibits plankton growth, which can impact the balance of the food chain in these waters. This study shows the importance of better water quality management to maintain the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems in Bozem. This study also contributes to the understanding of the multifactorial interactions between water quality parameters and plankton.  

The storage space for CO2 gas cylinders is inside the ship's accommodation, so there is a risk of danger if a leak occurs because the ship's accommodation has poor air circulation. This research is devoted to removing dangerous gases from the room. This research designs and modifies a tool that can detect CO2 levels and can provide a danger signal to the surroundings. This modification uses a Raspberry Pi Pico W microcontroller. This research method uses system design, a series of tools with wiring design and uses 2 test plans, namely: testing static and dynamic testing.  Testing the precision of the sensor by reading the CO2 leak detector using a CO2 measuring instrument obtained an average error value of 3.5%. The error value is still categorized as a safe difference value and the prototype works according to the expected function. Testing the function of the tool results in values ​​for the MQ-135 buzzer and exhaust fan sensors which will turn on if the CO2 level is above 600 ppm in accordance with the safe threshold for CO2 levels in the air which has been set in the program. Telegram request bot testing can work well as expected. Testing the Telegram Receive bot can work well as expected. However, for testing Telegram bots, requests and receives are influenced by the internet network.

Cardiogenic acute pulmonary edema is a medical emergency that requires early detection and prompt management. This condition is characterized by symptoms of acute heart failure accompanied by hypoxia. This is caused by fluid accumulation in the interstitial space of the lungs, making it difficult to exchange O2 and CO2 due to increased pulmonary capillary pressure. A 72-year-old man was reported to have acute heart failure leading to acute pulmonary edema which was caused by his acute coronary syndrome. Physical examination found blood pressure 160/100, pulse 105 x/min, respiration 42 x/min, jugular venous pressure 5+5 cmH2O, thorax found ronkhi sound (+/+), and oedema extremities. Thoracic X-ray examination found bat-wing appearance, electrocardiography found pathological Q. II-III-aVF and T. Inversion V4-V6, I-aVL, troponin 1.02 ng/mL. Immediate management was given with the target of reducing morbidity and mortality.  

Urbanization has significantly impacted air quality in cities, with vehicular emissions being a major contributor to pollution. This study explores the potential benefits of electrifying urban transportation, specifically through the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). The findings indicate that EVs substantially reduce key pollutants such as CO₂, NOx, and PM₂.₅, improving urban air quality and mitigating climate change. The analysis shows that EV adoption can lead to a 50% reduction in CO₂ emissions in high EV adoption scenarios (70% EVs). Additionally, EVs are more energy-efficient than conventional vehicles, consuming significantly less energy per kilometer. This transition not only reduces dependence on fossil fuels but also supports sustainable urban development. Furthermore, the study highlights the public health benefits of electrification, with reduced levels of harmful pollutants leading to lower incidences of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Public health surveys reveal strong support for EV adoption, with respondents believing it would significantly improve air quality and health outcomes. In conclusion, the electrification of urban transportation presents a multifaceted approach to environmental sustainability, energy efficiency, and public health improvement.

Motorbikes produce exhaust gases that are dangerous for humans over the long term. Motorcycle exhaust gas is produced from incomplete combustion in the combustion chamber. The aim of this research is to anticipate the effects of exhaust gas produced by varying the thermal conductivity of the spark plug electrode and adding a percentage of octane booster to the fuel. This research uses quantitative concepts with experimental methods. Process the data using Microsoft Excel. This research was carried out at idle engine speed. The results show that emissions of CO have decreased significantly. The lowest CO emissions were obtained from a silver spark plug alloy and a 6% octane booster mixture, with a value of 2.09%. HC shows that the exhaust gas emission value has decreased very significantly. The results of HC exhaust gas emissions decreased by 671.66 ppm from the highest, 1121.33 ppm with a standard spark plug alloy and 0% octane booster mixture, to 449.67 ppm with a silver spark plug alloy and 7% octane booster mixture. Meanwhile, CO₂ exhaust emissions have increased. The highest value of CO₂ exhaust emissions are 3.77% with a mixture of silver spark plugs and a mixture of 7% octane booster.

The impact of the increase in motorized vehicles is air pollution from vehicle exhausts. Exhaust gas is a polluting substance that pollutes the air where the gas is created from exhaust gas or gas from the combustion of vehicles. One alternative way to reduce the content of harmful exhaust gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC) produced by motorized vehicles is by adding a catalytic converter. In this study, the catalytic converter uses Aluminum (Al), Brass (Cu-Zn), and Copper (Cu) materials. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of using a catalytic converter made of Aluminum (Al), Brass (Cu-Zn), and Copper (Cu) on exhaust gas. In addition, this study aims to determine the material used as a catalytic converter in order to get the lowest level of exhaust gas. Furthermore, the research data are presented in tabular form and then analyze them using one way anova and graphs. The results showed a decrease in CO by 50% at 1500 Rpm and 59.6% at 4500 Rpm, HC by 72% at 1500 Rpm and 55% at 4500 Rpm, CO2 by 3.22% at 1500 Rpm and 7.91% at 4500 Rpm, and O2 by 5.53% at 1500 Rpm and 1.66% at 3000 Rpm.

This study employs a linear regression algorithm to measure CO2 emissions from motor vehicles based on the type of fuel used—gasoline, premium, diesel, and ethanol—as well as the distance traveled per kilometer. With growing concerns about the environmental impact of vehicle emissions, this research aims to develop a predictive model to estimate CO2 emissions based on these variables. Despite the limited data used, the results indicate that the linear regression model has high accuracy in predicting CO2 emissions. This model can serve as an effective tool to mitigate the environmental impact of motor vehicles and assist policymakers in designing better emission mitigation strategies  

This research aims to determine the effect of the government expenditure model and green growth based on green energy consumption in Indonesia which has 4 variables, namely carbon emissions, energy consumption, economic growth and government expenditure. The analytical method used in this research is the Vector Auto Regression (VAR) model with the Impulse Response Function (IRF) test, Forecast Error Varince Decomposition (FEVD), stationarity test, cointegration test, structural lag stability test, and optimal lag length test. . The results of the Vector Autoregression research using lag 1 as the basis show the contribution of each variable to the variable itself and other variables. The results of the Vector Autoregression analysis also show that the past variable (t-1) contributes to the current variable, both the variable itself and other variables. From the results of the analysis, there is a reciprocal relationship between one variable and another variable. Response Function Analysis shows the response of other variables to changes in a variable in the short, medium and long term, and it is known that the stability of the response of all variables is formed within a period of 5 years or the medium term. and long term. Variance Decomposition Analysis shows that there are variables that have the largest contribution to the variable itself in the short, medium and long term, such as CO2, EC, and GOV. Meanwhile, another variable that has the greatest influence on the variable itself in the short, medium and long term is CO2 which is strongly influenced by GOV and GDP.

Air pollution is a problem that needs attention because it can threaten human life. Many human activities cause air pollution. Especially in closed rooms such as ship engine rooms. Therefore, an air pollution detection tool is needed to determine the air pollution index in that place in order to maintain pollution levels below the threshold value. Therefore, it is necessary to have a tool to detect air pollution using the MQ-135 gas sensor to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and TGS2106 to detect nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas. The type of research method used is the experimental research method. After designing the tool, testing the tool, the air pollution detection system in the engine room wirelessly using the MQ135 and TGS2106 sensors based on LoRa Ra-02 had an average error rate of 1.3% for the MQ135 sensor reading while the TGS2106 sensor reading had an average level. -average error of 6%. Therefore, the Air Pollution Detection System in the Engine Room Wirelessly Using the MQ135 and TGS2106 Sensors Based on LoRa Ra-02 can work well.  

Green Open Space (GOS) is one of the efforts to deal with increasing GHG emissions because it has the ability to absorb CO2 emissions. Development Area IV Pekanbaru is one of the Development Areas that has the potential to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, specifically in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District. This research was conducted to determine the number of motorized vehicles and the value of CO2 emissions produced each day, as well as the value of the capacity of GOS to absorb CO2 emissions from transportation activities in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District. The method used is recording traffic activities to calculate the amount of CO2 emissions and calculating all public green open spaces with vegetation cover in the form of grasslands and trees with a diameter of ≥ 20 cm, as well as calculating the percentage of green open space absorption capacity. The research results obtained were that the value of CO2 emissions from transportation in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District was 67,007,898 tons of CO2/year. Meanwhile, the capacity to absorb CO2 by public green open spaces is only 1,992.32 tons of CO2/year. The results show that public green open space in Bukit Raya Pekanbaru District in terms of absorbing CO2 emissions from transportation is still insufficient with a percentage of only 2.97%.

Thermohygrometer is a tool that functions to measure room temperature and humidity. The temperature and humidity in the operating room are set in the temperature range of 19˚C - 24˚C and humidity of 45% - 65%. Therefore, the operating room requires a good temperature and humidity control system to avoid damage to electronic components due to temperatures that are too low and humidity that is too high which causes corrosion. In addition, the influence of high concentrations of medical gas accelerates the rate of corrosion. Because medical gas consisting of CO and CO₂ gas contains oxygen as an oxidant gas. Therefore, a tool such as a Thermohygrometer is needed but equipped with a medical gas reading. This tool aims to read the conditions of temperature, humidity, and medical gas (CO & CO₂) so that it can be analyzed by Electromedics to regulate the air conditioning system. In addition, a Thermohygrometer system is made to allow data access from outside the operating room. The Thermhygrometer tool is made using two sensors, namely DHT22 and MQ-135. DHT22 is used to read temperature and humidity parameters, while the MQ-135 sensor is used to read the concentration of CO and CO₂ gases. The reading results are displayed on the I2C LCD screen. The components are integrated with ESP32 for data processing and as hardware that can be used to create a WiFi connection system. WiFi connectivity is needed to send data to the Blynk application. Testing by calibrating the DHT22 sensor and testing the suitability of the MQ-135 sensor with the gas analyzer. Based on the tests carried out, the temperature error value was obtained at -0.02% and humidity at -0.02%. While the error value was 0.32% for CO gas and -0.16% for CO₂ gas. The error value is still within the tolerance limit

Transparent soap is a variation of solid bar soap that not only functions to clean dirt but also has a scrubbing function. Transparent solid soap is one of the soap innovations that has become an attractive soap. Saffron also has antibacterial properties due to the presence of flavonoids, tannins and saponins. Flavonoids are compounds that can have anti-inflammatory, anticancer and antioxidant effects, because they can inhibit the formation of free radicals. It has been used traditionally to treat various ailments including depression, cardiovascular disease, menstrual disorders, asthma, insomnia, digestive ailments, bone pain and several other ailments. Saffron pistil juice is made by dissolving in CO₂-free distilled water. Phytochemical screening was carried out on saffron pistil extract. Saffron pistil juice is made in various soap formulas, namely formula I, formula II and formula III. The positive control used was chloramphenicol antibiotic and the negative control was DMSO. There were several tests carried out on Saffron pistil extract in addition to phytochemical screening, namely antibacterial testing on transparent soap with Saffron pistil extract as a soap additive. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the pistil of saffron (Crocus sativus L) contained secondary metabolites, namely: flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and saponins. And for the results of the antibacterial activity research also showed that the Saffron pistil extract against transparent soap which can be used as a soap additive, the antibacterial results had a strong inhibition at the average value of formula III which was 20.5 and formula II was 18.4 mm and formula I 16.1 mm, against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.