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This study aims to identify domestic visitor segments in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), Indonesia, based on travel characteristics and consumption patterns to support the development of quality tourism in protected areas. Using snowball sampling, 283 domestic visitors was analysed by Two-Step Cluster Analysis in SPSS by integrating length of stay, activity preferences, and expenditure patterns. The results reveal a two-cluster solution as the most optimal segmentation, supported by the highest ratio of distance measures, with cluster quality rated as fair (silhouette = 0.20). Cluster 1 (39.2%) represents short-stay, lower-spending visitors who primarily seek iconic experiences (“Sunrise Seekers”), while Cluster 2 (60.8%) reflects longer-stay, higher-spending visitors who prefer village tourism activities (“Village Experience Seekers”). The strongest differentiating variables across segments are length of stay, activity preference, expenditure style, and age, whereas gender, education level, origin, and travel companions have limited role in segment separation. This study contributes empirical evidence of data-driven visitor segmentation in a conservation-based ecotourism destination within a volcanic national park, extending prior expenditure-focused profiling by integrating length of stay and activity preferences to capture visitor heterogeneity more comprehensively.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) are a fundamental pillar of the Indonesian economy, but their potential is often hampered by the digital divide, especially in rural areas. The Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) initiative is a way for the government to encourage digital transformation and make payments more accessible to everyone. This article aims to document and analyse the process and impact of a community service programme that facilitated the adoption of QRIS among 10 MSMEs in Pematang Tengah Village, Tanjung Pura Sub-district. This activity used the Community-Based Participatory Action Research (CBPAR) method, which emphasises active collaboration between the service team and MSME partners. The process included participatory planning, collaborative action in the form of intensive training and mentoring, and joint evaluation. The results showed that all 10 MSME partners successfully adopted and used QRIS for daily transactions. The significant benefits included increased transaction efficiency, improved financial record-keeping, and a more modern business image. The main challenges identified were initial doubts about the technology and unstable internet connectivity, which were successfully mitigated through personalised mentoring based on trust. It was concluded that the CBPAR (Community-Based Participatory Action Research) method is a highly effective framework for implementing technological innovation in rural MSME communities because it not only addresses technical skill gaps but also builds crucial social capital such as trust and digital confidence.

This study aims to analyze consumer perceptions of consumer reviews on the Shopee e-commerce platform and to understand how these reviews influence trust and purchasing decisions. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive case study design, using in-depth interviews with one informant an active Shopee user and supported by digital observations of the fake review phenomenon. The findings indicate that reviews play a crucial role in shaping consumers’ perceptions and trust toward sellers. The informant perceived honest reviews as those characterized by detailed content, genuine product photos, and a natural writing style. In contrast, reviews that appear overly uniform, exaggerated, or too brief are considered inauthentic and raise doubts. Negative experiences resulting from fake reviews reduce trust in both sellers and the platform. This study highlights the need to improve review verification systems and enhance digital literacy education so that consumers can better distinguish between genuine and fake reviews, thereby fostering a more transparent and trustworthy online shopping environment.

This study examines human facial proportions through an anthropometric approach based on the Phi value of the Golden Ratio (φ = 1.618) to understand the relationship between mathematical proportionality and visual aesthetics. The analysis focuses on two public figures, Jin and V of BTS, who are widely recognized as visual representatives within contemporary popular culture. Using two-dimensional anthropometric measurements, four primary facial aspects were evaluated: the facial length-to-width ratio, the proportional relationship between the forehead, nose, and chin, the eye–mouth–chin vertical proportion, and the alignment of eye width with interocular distance. Each measurement was compared to the Phi value to assess its degree of proportional conformity. The findings indicate that most facial ratios observed in both Jin and V closely approximate or match the Golden Ratio, with V exhibiting the highest precision in vertical proportional measurements, while Jin demonstrates more consistent overall proportional stability across multiple facial components. These results support the use of the Phi Golden Ratio as a mathematical indicator in assessing facial proportion and aesthetic harmony. Nevertheless, the study acknowledges that visual aesthetics remain inherently subjective and are influenced by cultural context and individual perception. Thus, anthropometric analysis based on the Golden Ratio can serve as a complementary tool in understanding human facial aesthetics.  

The rapid growth of online transportation services has significantly transformed urban mobility patterns, including in Abepura District, Jayapura City. This study is grounded in the concept of smart mobility, which emphasizes technological integration, efficiency, and accessibility within the smart city framework. The theoretical foundation draws on consumer preference theory and the Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) model. A quantitative approach was applied through questionnaires distributed to 100 respondents, supported by secondary data on digital infrastructure and local transport regulations. The analytical methods included conjoint analysis to identify user preferences, CSI analysis to assess smart mobility readiness, and spatial analysis to map infrastructure support. The findings indicate that fare and safety are the most influential attributes shaping user preferences, followed by application usability, transport mode, and travel time. Maxim emerged as the most widely used application, followed by Grab and Gojek. The CSI score reached 77.60%, categorized as “highly ready,” though gaps remain in intermodal integration and waiting time efficiency. Spatial analysis confirmed that the coverage of 16 BTS towers in Abepura adequately supports online transportation operations. In conclusion, online transportation services in Abepura District demonstrate strong readiness to support the implementation of smart mobility, yet further improvements are needed in modal integration and operational efficiency to ensure sustainable and inclusive urban mobility.

This research is motivated by the phenomenon of stock price fluctuations in manufacturing companies, which reflect market instability, both internal and external to the company. These volatile stock price changes create uncertainty for investors, particularly when financial performance indicators such as Return on Assets (ROA), Current Ratio (CR), and Net Profit Margin (NPM) show varying results across companies and time periods. Strong financial performance is usually a positive signal for investors, but inconsistencies in these indicators raise doubts in investment decision-making. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of ROA, CR, and NPM on stock prices in manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2021 to 2024. This study uses a quantitative approach with a causal research type, where the data used are secondary data obtained from the companies' annual financial reports. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling, with certain criteria, resulting in a sample of 85 companies. With an observation period of four years, a total of 340 observations were analyzed. The analysis was conducted using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 30 software. The results of the analysis indicate that, partially, ROA and CR have a significant influence on stock prices. This means that increasing the efficiency of asset use and the company's ability to meet short-term obligations are important factors considered by investors. However, NPM does not have a significant influence partially on stock prices. Nevertheless, all three variables simultaneously have a significant influence on stock prices. This finding has important implications for company management, namely that increasing asset efficiency and optimal liquidity management can strengthen a company's attractiveness to investors by improving credible financial performance.

This study focuses on the development of an interactive web-based learning platform for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) control systems, aimed at addressing the conceptual challenges faced by electrical engineering students when learning PID through conventional teaching methods. Despite its foundational role in control theory, PID remains difficult to grasp without practical visualization and hands-on experimentation. To bridge this gap, the research introduces a practical and accessible platform that enhances conceptual understanding through real-time simulations and physical interaction. The proposed system integrates key hardware components including an ESP-32 microcontroller, DC motor, rotary encoder, BTS 7960 motor driver, and I2C LCD. The platform’s web interface is built using HTML, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript, enabling intuitive user interaction. Motor response data is captured via the ESP-32 and transmitted to the web interface using the WebSocket protocol, allowing users to instantly visualize system behavior as PID parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd) are adjusted. This dynamic feedback mechanism enables students to observe changes in system characteristics such as rise time, overshoot, and settling time in real time. To evaluate the platform’s feasibility, practicality, and educational effectiveness, beta testing was conducted among electrical engineering students using Likert-scale questionnaires. The results demonstrated that users were able to successfully interpret the impact of PID tuning on system performance. The average evaluation score reached 75.13%, indicating strong agreement regarding the platform’s educational value and its effectiveness in enhancing learning outcomes. In conclusion, the study affirms that the developed web-based platform offers a feasible, engaging, and pedagogically effective alternative to traditional learning approaches. By combining interactive simulations with physical experimentation, the platform significantly improves students’ understanding of PID control systems.

A separatist creditor are those holding proprietary security rights over a debtor’s assets, granting them preferential claims in the satisfaction of debts through the execution of the collateral. Article 59 of the Indonesian Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations Law (UU KPKPU) restricts the exercise of such execution rights to a period of two months following the declaration of bankruptcy. This limitation raises issues of fairness, as it treats all creditors equally without regard to the legal priority attached to secured creditors. The provision risks undermining the absolute nature of proprietary security rights and deviates from the principle of proportional justice as articulated by Aristoteles. This article adopts a normative legal approach, examining statutory provisions, legal principles, and relevant doctrinal opinions. The findings suggest that the uniform treatment of secured and unsecured creditors after the expiry of the execution period is inconsistent with the fundamental characteristics of secured rights, namely their priority and enforceability against third parties. Accordingly, a revision of the existing legal framework is necessary to ensure the proper and equitable enforcement of secured creditors' rights in bankruptcy proceedings.

Pharmaceutical services in hospitals must comply with the standards set forth in Minister of Health Regulation No. 72 of 2016 to ensure the safe, effective, and efficient use of medications. One crucial aspect of clinical pharmacy services is evaluating the appropriateness of drug use in accordance with the National Formulary (Fornas), particularly in antihypertensive therapy, which is widely used in clinical practice. This study aims to evaluate the conformity level of antihypertensive drug use with Fornas at Bandung-Based General Hospital and analyze its economic impact. This research is a retrospective descriptive study that collects data on antihypertensive drug use from various service units from August to October 2024. The analysis was conducted by calculating the percentage of conformity based on the number of drug units used compared to the Fornas list, as well as assessing the economic value of the drugs utilized. The results showed a very high adherence rate to Fornas, with the highest conformity percentage reaching 99.88% in September 2024 and the lowest at 99.81% in August 2024, surpassing the minimum compliance standard of 80% set by the Hospital Minimum Service Standards. These findings reflect the effectiveness of the National Formulary policy and the hospital's commitment to rational therapy. Collaboration among pharmacists, doctors, and the medical team, along with continuous education, is necessary to ensure safe, regulatory-compliant, and efficient therapy.

This article discusses the comparative law between Indonesia and Malaysia regarding bankruptcy of inheritance left by a deceased testator. In Indonesia, Bankruptcy of Inheritance and Responsibility of Heirs Based on the "Burgerlijk Wetboek", with 2 (two) main issues, namely bankruptcy petitions based on debts from the testator and the responsibility of heirs who have received inheritances from deceased debtors. The main focus of this discussion is how each country regulates the possibility of inheritance being declared bankrupt, as well as the position of the heirs in the bankruptcy process. The method used in this study is normative juridical with a comparative law approach. The results of the analysis show that although Indonesia and Malaysia have similar legal system roots (civil law influenced by the Netherlands and England), there are differences in principle in the treatment of bankruptcy of inheritance. Indonesia allows bankrupt inheritance assets to be subject to bankruptcy under certain conditions, while Malaysia emphasizes the inheritance administration process without a formal bankruptcy approach. This study is important to provide an understanding for legal practitioners in dealing with inheritance dispute cases burdened with debt.

This study aims to examine the aspect of justice in the administration and settlement of bankrupt assets by the Curator, particularly concerning the repayment of receivables to creditors in the context of auction minutes issued by the KPKNL Samarinda. The research adopts a normative juridical method, legislation approach and conceptual approach, and is connected to a case study approach focusing on the auction process in the bankruptcy case of PT Karebet Mas Indonesia (in bankruptcy). The results of this study indicate that the Curator, in administering and settling unsold bankrupt assets, may proceed with a private sale (underhand sale) with the approval of the supervising judge, based on a limit value obtained from an independent appraiser’s valuation, provided that at least two public auctions have been conducted without success. The distribution of assets to creditors must observe the principle of pari passu pro rata, which ensures equal treatment according to their respective priorities.In the event that the settlement process of the bankrupt estate has been declared completed, yet the creditors have not received full repayment of their claims, the general provisions under Article 1131 of the Indonesian Civil Code shall apply, namely that all of the debtor’s assets constitute collateral for the fulfillment of their debts. This study recommends an amendment to Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, to regulate in a detailed, specific, and comprehensive manner the requirements for the underhand sale of bankrupt assets by the Curator. Such regulation is necessary to ensure justice and legal certainty for bankrupt debtors and creditors, particularly regarding the repayment of claims for concurrent creditors.

Bankruptcy regulations in Indonesia, particularly in Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, are often contentious due to the absence of strict limitations on the filing of bankruptcy petitions. This has the potential to ensnare debtors who are still financially solvent, overriding the principle that bankruptcy should be the last resort in debt settlement.  Law Number 37 Year 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations only requires the existence of two creditors with debts that are due and collectible through simple proof. This study aims to analyze in depth the legal arrangements and determination of insolvency in Law Number 37 of 2004. By using a normative juridical research method, as well as a statute approach that focuses on Law Number 37 of 2004 concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations and other related regulations, secondary data will be collected through literature studies. Insolvency is defined as a condition where the debtor's total debt to all creditors exceeds the value of all its assets, otherwise known as a state of inability to pay. In Law No. 37 of 2004 on Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, the term "insolvency" differs from commonly used terms, such as balance sheet insolvency, which means debts exceeding assets, or cash flow insolvency, which means the inability to pay debts due to liquidity.  Unlike the practice in the common law system, the determination of insolvency in Indonesia does not involve mandatory financial audits or court decisions based on independent financial analysis.

Peace agreements serve as an alternative solution for resolving debts between debtors and creditors, aiming to enable debtors to restructure their debts and maintain business continuity. The peace agreement process is governed by strict procedures, including the submission of a peace plan by the debtor, approval by concurrent creditors through voting, and ratification by the Commercial Court through a homologation hearing. A ratified peace agreement is binding on all concurrent creditors but can be annulled if the debtor fails to fulfill their obligations, as illustrated in the case of PT Perindustrian Njonja Meneer. This study employs a normative legal method with a statutory approach and qualitative data analysis. The findings indicate that the success of a peace agreement depends on the debtor’s compliance and the creditors’ approval.  

This study looks at bad debt resolution strategies and their effect on the financial performance of Semerbak Citra Wangon Saving and Loan Cooperative (KSP) using the SPACE Matrix technique. The financial stability of cooperatives is severely threatened by bad debts, which can reduce liquidity and profitability. The four main dimensions of the SPACE Matrix approach - industry strength (IS), environmental stability (ES), competitive advantage (CA), and financial strength (FS) - were used to evaluate the cooperative's strategic position. The conclusion of the analysis, which places the cooperative in the aggressive quadrant (coordinates 5.00, 2.67), indicates that the cooperative has significant internal strengths and outward growth potential. Some recommended strategies include improved market segmentation, longer loan periods, liability restructuring, and lower interest rates. These strategies are expected to improve the cooperative's long-term financial stability and reduce the likelihood of bad debts.

The corruption case in the BTS 4G project by the Ministry of Communication and Information Technology (Kominfo), which involved the misuse of funds in the construction of BTS towers in Indonesia's 3T (underdeveloped, frontier, and outermost) regions, has become a major public concern in recent years. The Rp 9.8 trillion project is suspected to have been misappropriated by several officials involved. This study aims to examine the role of social media in increasing public participation in the monitoring and mitigation of the corruption case. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach combined with social media analysis. The findings show that social media plays a significant role in accelerating the dissemination of information related to the BTS 4G corruption case, raising public awareness, and exerting social pressure on law enforcement agencies to take action. Furthermore, social media also facilitates digital activism, which mobilizes public support and strengthens oversight of government policies. This study concludes that social media serves as an effective tool for social control, although it also faces challenges in terms of the spread of hoaxes and disinformation.  

Uncollectible receivables have a considerable risk and can reduce the level of company profitability. Therefore, every company needs to pay special attention to the management of receivables so as not to cause losses. One of the appropriate methods for recording bad debts in the financial statements is the reserve method. Therefore, the company forms a reserve based on estimates of receivables that are estimated to be uncollectible. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the way accounting treats receivables and how this impacts the financial statements. Using primary data, this research was conducted at KOPERINDO JATIM Kandat, which is located at Jl. Raya Kediri, Kandat Village, Kandat District, Kediri Regency, East Java 64173. Quantitative descriptive analysis was used to analyze the data. The results of the analysis show that, using the percentage of sales approach, the total amount of bad debts will reach Rp23,272,860 in 2024. In contrast, using the reserve method with the percentage of receivables approach, the amount of bad debts will reach Rp120,669,520 in 2024. Based on these results, the calculation of the reserve method with the percentage of receivables approach is in accordance with the theory, which aims to add the amount of accounts receivable to the total receivable.

Recently, the public has been shocked by the high number of bad debts among Millennials. The development of digital technology brings various conveniences, but also presents new threats to children and teenagers. The high percentage of online loan borrowers aged 19-34 years, as well as children who are caught in online gambling, is a major concern. Around 60 percent of online loan users (pinjol) have an easy target of young people aged 19-34 years, and even 80 thousand children under the age of 10 are caught in online gambling (judol). The problem is, the Millennial generation or those aged 19-34 years are the largest "contributors" to these bad debts. Various experts say that the Millennial generation is in debt because of the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) phenomenon, aka following trends so as not to feel "left behind". Some other experts think that their financial literacy is low.

Online gambling has increasingly become a major social issue, particularly in the context of family and marital stability. This study aims to explore and analyze the impact of online gambling addiction on marital relationships, with a focus on the causes leading to divorce. Employing a qualitative research approach, data were gathered through in-depth interviews with individuals and couples who had experienced divorce as a direct consequence of one partner’s online gambling behavior. The results of this study reveal that online gambling addiction significantly contributes to financial instability, emotional distance, repeated conflicts, and the eventual breakdown of communication and trust within the relationship. Many participants reported experiencing feelings of betrayal, frustration, and emotional exhaustion due to the compulsive gambling behavior of their partners. In several cases, gambling debts resulted in the sale of family assets and prolonged financial insecurity, which further strained the relationship. Moreover, the secrecy surrounding gambling activities often led to the erosion of mutual respect and transparency between spouses. This research underscores the urgent need for public education and policy intervention to mitigate the negative effects of online gambling on families. Support systems such as counseling, rehabilitation programs, and financial planning services are crucial to help affected individuals recover and rebuild their lives. By shedding light on the destructive nature of online gambling on family dynamics, this study aims to contribute to the broader discourse on mental health, addiction, and the preservation of marital stability in the digital age.

Law Number 37 of 2004 Concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, PKPU is an effort to reach an Agreement or Mutual Agreement between the debtor and creditor which is carried out with the intention of submitting a peace plan in the form of an offer of payment of either part or all of the debt that has matured to the creditor regarding the settlement of debts. Furthermore, in the results of the analysis of Decision PKPU Number 188 K/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2013, the Debtor has violated the provisions of Article 222 paragraph (2) of the Law, it is explained that for debtors who have more than one creditor and the debtor does not pay at least one debt that has matured and can be collected, he is declared bankrupt by a court decision, either at the request of the debtor himself or at the request of one or more of his creditors, Legal Implications of Decision No. 08/PKPU/2012/PN.Niaga.Mks Debtor PT.Kopi Jaya Comrpora as the debtor, seeing from the trial facts, the author agrees with the decision of the panel of judges.

Law Number 37 of 2004 Concerning Bankruptcy and Suspension of Debt Payment Obligations, PKPU is an effort to reach an Agreement or Mutual Agreement between the debtor and creditor which is carried out with the intention of submitting a peace plan in the form of an offer to pay either part or all of the debt that has matured to the Creditor regarding the settlement of debts. Then in the decision NUMBER 188 K/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2013 the Debtor has violated the provisions of the Law, Article 222 paragraph (2) explains that for debtors who have more than one creditor and the debtor does not pay at least one debt that has matured and can be collected, he is declared bankrupt by court decision, either at the request of the debtor himself or at the request of one or more of his creditors, Legal Implications in Decision No. 08/PKPU/2012/PN.Niaga.Mks Debtor PT.Kopi Jaya Comrpora as the debtor, seeing from the trial facts, the author agrees with the decision of the panel of judges.